考研英语指导.docx

如何把握不同句子的重点。具体内容如下：-、一般步骤对于一般的难句，可以用“主干寻找法”：先抓主干主句的主语、谓语和宾语，尤其是谓语，找出句子最核心的部分，再层层向下扩展，理清各部分的修饰成分。,个句子通常只有一个谓语（并列句除外），如何把握不同句子的重点。具体内容如下：一、一般步骤对于-一般的难句，可以用“主干寻找法”：先抓主干主句的主语、谓语和宾语，尤其是谓语，找出句子最核心的部分，再层层向下扩展，理清各部分的修饰成分。个句子通常只有一个谓语（并列句除外），所以可以先排除非谓语成分,如不带助动词的分词结构一般不是谓语。对于主语也是一样，注意核心名词的修饰成分。例如，When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.结构分析本句的主干是it is advisable to find out. for. it is possible that.,句首的When引导,个时间状语从句，句中的for. it is possible.（至句末）是一个并列分句，表示原因，其中for后面的however形容词farfetched and unreasonable引导状语从句，表示让步。在主干it is advisable to find out.中，it是形式主语，后面的不定式结构to find out what its advocates are aiming at是真正的主语。二、具体方法对于特殊句型，如虚拟语气，可以将其理解成一种反事实假设，也就是作者的观点和态度与之相反。对于分隔结构而言，其主干一般在破折号、逗号和定语从句之外，阅读时可以先跳过修饰成分。对于关联结构，要学会寻找第二部分，因为第二部分有时是句子的重点。如在notbut之中，重点在but之后。例如，The astonishing distrust of the news media isn, t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.结构分析本句的主干是distrust . isn' t rooted in. but in.（不信任的根源不是而是），其中be rooted in.的意思是“根源在于”。注意：这是种特殊句式，重点在but之后的部分。三、结合真题无论是背单词，还是学难句，都要在上下文中进行。研究表明，孤立地记忆词汇和理解难句效果较差，所以要结合真题的上下文进行复习。如读完一课的难句后,可以把整个原文再看-遍，以便加深对难句和核心词汇的理解和记忆。英译汉的主要做题步骤与技巧为：-、拆分结构1.确定主句和从句，以及主句和从句中的主要成分(即主谓宾)。2.划分意群将意义相对独立的单位,如主句与从句，从句之间等划分开来。二、确定词义1.一词多义常见词一般具有多义性，翻译时要根据搭配英译汉的主要做题步骤与技巧为：一、拆分结构1 .确定主句和从句，以及主句和从句中的主要成分(即主谓宾)。2 .划分意群将意义相对独立的单位，如主句与从句，从句之间等划分开来。二、确定词义1. 一词多义常见词一般具有多义性，翻译时要根据搭配和上下文确定意义，如develop除了“发展”的意思外，还有“形成”的意思。2. 词组或固定搭配词组或固定搭配，一般有固定的译法，翻译时要注意，不能完全根据字面翻译。3. 看上下句确定词义有时，尤其是句首出现代词时，需要阅读划线部分之前的句子，才能弄清句子的意思，这时应该阅读划线部分之前的句子。三、组合逻辑按照中文表达习惯和逻辑关系重新安排句子顺序，如定语和状语前置。四、核对完整1 .名词和动词的意思2 .搭配是否符合汉语习惯：主谓之间、动宾之间、修饰语和被修饰语之间3 .重要词组和结构是否全部译出例如Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(2003-62)1 .拆分结构本句有三个动词：is, seeks, use,所以翻译时可以拆分成三部分：1) 本句的主干：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry 2)定语从句 which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the samereasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner：修饰 that branch of intellectual enquiry3） 定语从句 that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena,修饰先行词 manner2 .确定词义1）第一个意群：social science 社会科学;branch 分支；intellectual enquiry 知识探索2）第二个意群：seek 力图；endeavor 行为，努力；reasoned 理性的；dispassioned 冷静的,客观的；inmanner以方式3）第三个意群：natural scientist自然科学家3 .组合逻辑定语从句 which seeks to study humans and their endeavors，较长，可以与前面的主句分开翻译；in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner做状语，修饰study,翻译时可以放在study前面；定语从句 that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena 可以前置修饰mannero4 .核对完整根据搭配要求,注意intellectual enquiry中的intellectual （知识）的翻译,以及 in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner 中的dispassioned （冷静的）的翻译。参考译文社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。今天分语言点总结英译汉技巧。涉及的语言点有定语从句、状语从句、被动语态与指代关系。一、定语从句的翻译定语从句就是起定语作用的从句，分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两大类，关系代词主要有which, that, who, where, when等。定语从句的译法有今天分语言点总结英译汉技巧。涉及的语言点有定语从句、状语从句、被动语态与指代关系。一、定语从句的翻译定语从句就是起定语作用的从句，分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两大类，关系代词主要有which, that, who, where, when等。定语从句的译法有三种：定语前置、独立成句或译成状语从句。例如：There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.（2001-71）1 .拆分结构本句有三个动词：be, disable, offend,可以分为三个部分。重点是定语从句 that will disable them when they offend 的翻译。2 .确定词义第一个意群:There will be将来会出现（注意时态）television chat shows 电视谈话节目host主持第二个意群：monitors监控器with装有第三个意群：disable使（汽车）不能行驶/运行them指代前面的cars they 也指代cars offend违规/超标（本义是“冒犯”）3 .组合逻辑先行词pollution monitors是定语从句的主语（由that代替），翻译时必须重复。4 .核对完整注意offend的搭配。参考译文届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标时，监控器就会使其停驶。二、状语从句的翻译英语中的状语从句翻译时一般前置。如果原文与汉语顺序，即结构和内涵与汉语的状语一致，就按照原句的顺序翻译；如果不一致，就按照汉语顺序排列句中顺序。例如，如果句中先有从句，后有主句，就按原句顺序排列。具体而言，时间状语、地点状语、条件状语和方式状语翻译时都放到谓语动词前。结果状语从句和原因状语从句在主句后面时，翻译时句子顺序可以不变。例如The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.(2002-62)1 .拆分结构本句是一个主句，带两个原因状语从句。注意原因状语从句的翻译。有三个动词：have been, seem to be, have been,可以分为三个部分。2 .确定词义behavioral sciences 行为科学partly because部分原因是explanatory解释性的explanatory items用来解释行为的依据3 .组合逻辑原因状语从句放在后面。4 .核对完整注意本句原因的译法：之所以部分原因是；注意explanatory items 中explanatory与items在汉语中的搭配。参考译文行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。三、被动语态被动语态在学术文章中用得较多，常表达-种冷静客观的语气和语态。翻译时不可不加区分地一律译为“被”，而应根据需要灵活翻译。例如The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.(2002-63)1 .拆分结构本句是个并列句，由and连接两个句子，两个句子都使用了被动语态。2 .确定词义role作用、角色natural selection 自然选择formulate明确表达；用公式表达evolution 进化selective选择的，选择性的shape塑造，使形成maintain保持，维持3 .组合逻辑注意被动语态的翻译。参考译文自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。四、指代关系指代关系也是考研翻译中一个常见的考点。要确定代词的指代对象，有时需要阅读上文。指代关系在考试中主要涉及两种情况：1 .句内指代可以根据代词的单复数形式去判定所指对象，但翻译时要避免过于重复，比如有时可以用“它”或“它们”等代替名词。2 .句间指代1)指代前文某个单词。如果是这种情况，可以将代词翻译成所指代的名词即可。2)指代前面整个句子，如such, this, that, it等常指代句子，翻译时为了避免重复，可以用概括性的词汇对句子意思进行归纳，如“这一说法”、“这一问题”、“这种情况”等。例如Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.(2000-71)1 .拆分结构本句结构简单，注意代词this的翻译。2 .确定词义this 指代前一句中 assumption 的内容：the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the communityvarying各种各样的，程度不同的hence因此，从而operational research experts运行研究专家，运筹学专家3 .组合逻辑this可以翻译成“这”。参考译文在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。限于篇幅，关于其他语言点的总结，可以参考相关书籍。No pains, no gains （不劳无获）写作模拟练习二今天练习大作文。总结的词汇是关于自然与生态环境的，建议熟悉它们。有同学提出现在的热门话题假报告、假研究等，有关词汇与写法将会在后面总结。We have but one earth （我们只有一个地球）greenhouse effect 温室效应 global warming写作模拟练习二今天练习大作文。总结的词汇是关于自然与生态环境的，建议熟悉它们。有同学提出现在的热门话题假报告、假研究等，有关词汇与写法将会在后面总结。We have but one earth （我们只有一个地球）greenhouse effect 温室效应global warming 全球变暖acid rain 酸雨energy crisis能源危机shortage of fresh water 淡水短缺oil leakage原油泄漏environmental awareness 环保意识survival of the fittest 适者生存food chain食物链ecosystem生态系统garbage disposal 垃圾处理artificial precipitation 人工降雨tree-planting day 植树节environmental （air/water/noise） pollution 环境（空气/水/噪音）污染 resources exhaustion 资源枯竭wildlife extinction野生动物灭绝endangered species 濒危物种natural habitat自然栖息地reserve areas野生动物保护区whale killing 捕鲸sand/dust storms 沙尘暴El Nino厄尔尼诺deforestation 滥砍滥伐over-fishing过度捕捞overgrazing过度放牧soil erosion 土壤侵蚀water and soil conservation 水土保持desertification 沙漠化natural disaster 自然灾害flood threat洪涝威胁fire hazard火灾隐患storm暴风雨drought 旱灾famine饥荒disruption of ecological balance 生态失衡earthquake 地震avalanche 雪崩landslide滑坡/泥石流 hurricane 飓风 devastate/ruin/destroy 毁坏shortage of water resources 水资源短缺harmful chemicals 有害化合物poisonous/toxic gases 有毒气体carbon monoxide b氧化碳urban smog城市烟雾industrial waste 工业废料hazardous nuclear waste 有害核废料radioactive pollutants 放射性污染物waste gas sent off from automobiles 汽车排放废气car emission standard 汽车排放标准non-biodegradab 1 e material 不可生物降解材料throw-away lunchbox 一次性饭盒recyclable product 可循环产品renewable resources 可更新资源conserve natural resources 保护自然资源plastic bags 塑料袋tropical rain forests 热带雨林Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the illustration provided. Your essay should1) describe the picture;2) interpret the meaning of the picture; and3) give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)范文The picture provided shows a man and his son out for a walk in what was once probably a beautiful landscape. The scene features wide open spaces, mountains, and a river. Behind the vast hills is a city. Unfortunately, the city has poisoned the surrounding environment. The hills are black and bare, the plains are home to no plants or animals, and the river is black and obviously polluted, as there are dead fish lining its banks.This sad picture is meant to show us the error in our ways. In an ongoing quest to become more advanced and prosperous, we have failed to keep our home in a livable condition. We can no longer swim in the rivers that our fathers did, nor can we enjoy the peaceful serenity of nature. There is nothing left to take pleasure in.I believe that we have a debt to future generations to clean up the mess we have made in the last one hundred years. We should enact laws that reward corporations that clean up their messes and punish those who continue to pollute. If the human race is going to continue to evolve and prosper, we must clean up our world.写作模拟练习一图画作文的一个重要特点是阐述图画的寓意，一般都是做道德提升。所以，写这类文章首先要熟悉的是表示个性与品质，尤其是表示正面个性与品质的词汇。现总结如下：美德virtue自信self-confident有抱负 ambitious; have aspirations; aim h写作模拟练习一图画作文的一个重要特点是阐述图画的寓意，一般都是做道德提升。所以，写这类文章首先要熟悉的是表示个性与品质，尤其是表示正面个性与品质的词汇。现总结如下：美德virtue自信 self-confident有抱负 ambitious; have aspirations; aim high有上进心 self-motivated; enterprising有判断力 have good judgment有分辨力 discerning有希望 promising有智慧 intelligent有毅力 persevering道德高尚 of high morality全面的 all-around (development)爱国的 demonstrate deep love for one' s own country; patriotic克服困难 overcome difficulties挑战自我 challenge oneself; push oneself to limits接受挑战 take challenges; rise to challenges 实现自身价值achieve self-worth素质教育 ethics education; character education助人为乐helpful有爱心caring有同情心sympathetic正义感 sense of justice适应社会 adjust oneslef to a changing society建设和谐社会 build a harmonious society八荣八耻'eight honors' and 'eight disgracesJ以为荣(deem it an honor to.)丑恶现象 unseemly scene不和谐 disharmonious对于类似上面的词汇，可以借助汉英词典提前准备。这种准备效果极好。Success can be prepared (成功源于准备)Section IH WritingPart A51. Directions:You have finished your college degree and are looking to start your career. Write a 100 word letter to a company you are interested in, applying for a job. Your letter should include:1) a description of your education to date;2) relevant work experience; and3) why you are interested in their company.参考范文：To Whom It May Concern:I am a recent graduate of Peking University，s English program. Throughout my time at PKU, I maintained a 4.0 grade point average, and was a member of many school clubs. Following my time at PKU I interned at Tobias Corp.I feel that I am highly qualified for the position available at your company. I am hardworking and dedicated to my tasks.I am particularly interested in your company. I have been following your progress for quite some time, and also have talked to a number of your employees. Your company comes highly recommended by everyone I have spoken to about it.Thank you for your time.Yours truly,Li Ming一、7选5一）做题步骤1.阅读各个空的前后句，标记关键词在阅读文章的开始部分、明确文章的基本话题以后，要阅读五个空各自的前后句，并将前后句中的解题线索，即关键词标记下来。关键词包括句中的核心名词或名词词组（如带有形容词的名词词组）、专有名一、7选5一）做题步骤1 .阅读各个空的前后句，标记关键词在阅读文章的开始部分、明确文章的基本话题以后，要阅读五个空各自的前后句,并将前后句中的解题线索，即关键词标记下来。关键词包括句中的核心名词或名词词组（如带有形容词的名词词组）、专有名词、时间数字、代词、连词等。2 .阅读各个选项，尤其是选项的首句，标记关键词3 .比较上述两类关键词，确定答案4 .将确定的答案代入原文，看读起来是否通顺。二）判断方法在标记了原文与选项的关键词以后，可以按照下列原则判断原文的空与选项是否匹配：1 .词汇衔接正确选项中的关键词一般重复前一句的关键词，也与下一句的关键词相呼应。2 .逻辑衔接正确选项与原文空之前的句子在逻辑上是连贯的。例如，前句使用although,那么正确选项的内容应该与之相反。3 .代词衔接正确选项中代词之后的关键词一定在原文的前一-句谈论过。例如，如果选项中说 this reward,而且这一选项是正确答案，那么原文中的空之前的句中一定出现过reward这个词或它的同义词。下面以2006年的真题为例说明上述做题步骤与技巧。Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams,52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, last approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left . On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a “Fun Card”, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user' s gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic heroin”.(41), In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat locked at 5 a. m, then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a. m . Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998, a friend of Williams' s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams, s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a cease admissions” letter. Noting the amedical/psychologicalnature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) .The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning,“Enjoy the fun and always bet with your head, not over it." Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams, s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was helplessly addicted to gambling,“ intentionally worked to “lure" him to engage in conduct against his will. w Well.(43) .The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says upathological gambling “ involves president, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44), Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders skin to physical disabilities.(45) .Forty-four states have lotteries,29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on - you might say addicted to -revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition