考研英语语法2015.docx
第一部分考研英语语法基础前言:考研语法学习的三先三后原则先框架,后细节:考研语法的基本框架是词汇的分类、简单陈述句的结构、非谓语动词短语和从句。其它内容属于细节。先一般,后特殊:本书中的基本语法知识均用号标注,其它内容为特殊语法规侧,用的较少。英语基础不太好的同学可以先掌握一般内容,在深入学习特殊规则。先整体,后局部:对于固定搭配、并列结构、非谓语动词短语以及从句,采用模块分割法,先整体搞清楚各个模块从哪里开始,到哪里结束,再分析该模块整体上做什么成分,最后再分析模块的内部结构。-英语词汇分类概述英语词汇按照词义、词形及其在句子中的功用可分为十大类,即:词性简写功能名词n.表示人或事物的名称代词pron.代替名词或数词形容词adj./a说明人或事物的性质和特征副词adv./ad.修饰动词、形容词或副词数词num.表示数量或顺序动词V.表示动作或状态冠词art.表示名词的泛指或特指介词prep.表示名词或代词与其它词的关系连词conj.连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子感叹词inter j.表示说话时的感情二英语句法概述句子的基本成分句子成分指构成句子、在其中起着不同语法作用的部分。常见的句子成分有:(一)主语:表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”,通常由名词、代词或与之相当的短语或句子担任。(-)谓语:说明主语的动作或所处的状态,由动词或动词短语担任。(三)表语:说明主语的性质、特征、状态、名称或身份等,表语和主语之间是修饰限定或等同关系,与连系动词(一般是“be是”)-2-一起使用,由名词、代词和形容词或与之相当的短语或句子担任。(四)宾词:表示动作的对象或内容,或用于介词后构成介词宾语,由名词、代词或与之相当的短语或句子担任。部分动词,后跟间接宾语和直接宾语,其中,间接宾语一般指动作的对象,直接宾语一般指动作的内容。(五)补语:补充说明主语或宾语,由形容词、名词或其它相当的短语或非谓语动词短语担任。补语与被补充说明的主语或宾语之间是修饰、等同或说明补语的动作。(六)定语:修饰或限定名词,由形容词、介词短语或与之相当的从句或短语担任。(七)状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,由副词或与之相当的短语或从句担任。句子的基本类型按照句子的主要成分划分,有两种基本类型:(-)主语+连系动词+表语+其它成分。包括 there be结构(表示某地存在某物或人)和含有被动语态的简单句。(二)主语+谓语+其它成分。时态-谓语和连系动词的变化动词的时态用以表示不同的时间和动作方面的动词形式。四种时间和四种状态组合出十六种时态。句子的时态变化体现在连系动词或谓语上。连系动词的时态变化过去现在将来过去将来一般was/weream/is/arewill beam/is/aregoing to bewould be was/were going to be进行was/were beingam/is/are beingNullNull完成hadbeenhave/hasbeenwill have been am/is/are going to have beenwould have been was/weregoing to have been注释:英语语法中有一个习惯,句子中be been being不能连续出现两个,导致了系表结构部分时态不复存在.谓语的时态变化过去现在将来过去将来一过去式do/doeswill dowould do-4-般am/is/are going to dowas/were going to do进行was/weredoingam/is/are doingwill be doing am/is/are going to be doingwould be doing was/were going to be doing兀成had donehave/hasdonewill have done am/is/are going to have donewould have done was/were going to have done完成进行had been doinghave/has beendoingwill have been doing am/is/are going to have beenwould have been doing was/were going to havedoingbeen doing特殊的主系表结构-被动语态英语有主动和语态两种语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。被动结构中用动词的过去分词形式做表语。被动语态中可用by短语表示被动语态动作的发出者。情态动词-谓语和系动词的进一步变化情态动词(常用的有can may must could might should will ought to)是表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动词,本身有一定的含义,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其它动词原形构成谓语或和be构成连系动词。情态动词可以和完成时态连用。We must speed up our literature too.As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures.Schools could be a counterbalance.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged.句子的基本成分分析示例1. I am a university student.我是一大学学生。主系表(名词短语)我是一名大学生.2. Mv home is in the South of China.我的家是在中国南部。主系表(介词短语)我家在中国的南部。3. There are five people in my family.那儿W (有)五人在我的家。表系主(名词短语)状(介词短语)我家有五口人。4. Rice is grown in my hometown.稻米一是被种植在我的家乡主系表(被动)状(介词短语)我的家乡种植稻米。5. My father teaches English at a middle school.我的父亲教至一所中学。主(名词短语)谓宾状(介词短语)我父亲在一所中学教英语。6. My mother also teaches.我的母亲也教学.主(名词短语)状谓我母亲也教学.7. She teaches children to read.她£孩子们阅读。主谓宾宾补(动词不定式)她教孩子们阅读。8. My brothers go to school.我的弟弟去上学.主(名词短语)谓(动词短语)我的弟弟们在上学。9. Mv parents find teaching very exciting.我的父母亲一发现教学很令人激动。主(名词短语)谓宾宾补(形容词性短语)我的父母亲发现教学很有意思。10. They often tell my brothers interesting stories in the evening.他们经常讲述我的弟弟们有趣的故事在晚上。主状谓间接宾语(名短)直接宾语(名短)状(介词短语)在晚上,他们经常给我的弟弟讲有趣的故事。11. We had some shoes like those a month azo.我们 W些鞋子象那些一月以前主谓宾(名短)定语(介短)状一个月之前,我们有一些象那样的鞋子。12.They were in fashion last year.他们是流行的去年。主系表(介短)状去年,它们很流行。13 .He is 日。inR t。leave for France tomorrow.他将要离开前往法国明天主谓状(介短)状他明天将要动身去法国。14 .He is going to be away for a long time.他将会是离开长达一长的时间。主系表状(介短)他将会离开很长一段时间。15 .We will miss him.我们将会怀念他。主谓宾16 .There will be only three people in this building.那儿将会是(有)只三人在这楼。表系主(名词短语)状(介短)这栋楼里将会只有三个人。17 .He has been to America for many times.他已经是到美国经过很多次。主系表(介短)状(介短)他已经到过美国很多次了。18 .He has gone to America.他已经去美国。主谓(动短)宾他已经去了美国。19.1 had finiihed my work before supDer.'我曾经完成我的工作在.之前晚饭。主谓宾(名短)状(介短)我已经在吃晚饭之前干完了我的工作。2O.She had been a typist before 2001.她曾经是一打字员在2001年前主系表状(介短)在2001年以前,她曾经是一名打字员。1 1.1 will have been there by 4 o'clock.我将要已经是那儿到四点钟。主系表状(介短)我将会在四点钟之前到那儿。22 .He will have forgotten all about this matter before long.他将要已经忘记所有有关这事很快。主谓宾定(介短后置)状不久之后,他将把这件事忘的一干二净。23 .George is reading a book now.乔治是在读一书现在。主谓宾状乔治现在正在读一本书.24 .The palace is beinc built.这宫殿是在是被修建。主语系表(被动)这座宫殿正在建设。25 .We were talking about vou this morning.我们是在谈话有关你今天早上。主谓宾状我们今天早上一直在谈论你的事。26 .This problem was being discussed vesterdav afternoon.这问题是在是被讨论昨天下午。主系表(被动)状昨天下午在讨论这个问题。27.1 will he visiting my parents this time tomorrow.我将要是在看望我的父母这时间明天。主谓宾状明天的这时候,我要去看望我父母。28.Our company will be inspected next week.我们的公布将要是被视察下一星期。主系表(被动)状。下星期,将有人来我们公司视察。29.She said she would be setti”n off on the four o 'clock train.她说她将要是在出发在四点钟火车。主谓左从主谓#(介短、名段)她说她打算乘坐四点钟的火车走。3O.She told me that she would be greeted at the airport.她告诉我他将会是被接在机场。主谓间宾宾从直宾主 X装(被动)状她告诉我将会有人在机场接她。31.1 have been living here for ten years.我已经是在住这儿经过十年主谓状状我已经在这儿住了十年了。32.This stadium has been built since 1998.一博物馆已经是,彘自从1998年。主系表状这个博物馆从1998年起就已经筹建了33.1 had been looking for the book for hours before I found it.我曾经是在寻找这书长达数小时在.之前我找到它.主谓宾状状从主谓宾在找到这本书之前,我一直找了好几个小时.34.Trees had been planted for years before theflood.一届曾经是被种植长达数年在.之前这洪水。主系表(被动)状状(介短)在发洪水以前的数年中,人们一直在种树.35.1 will have been working here for twenty years by the end of the year.我将会已经是在工作在这儿长达二十年至IJ.这末的这年主谓状状(介短)状(介短)到今年年底,我将在这儿工作20年了.构成句子成分的复杂元素之一非谓语动词短语非谓语动词短语指在句子中起名词、形容词或副词作用的动词短语形式。非谓语动词包括动名词短语、分词短语和动词不定式短语。非谓语动词短语不能单独作谓语;非谓语动词可以带有自己的宾-14-语、状语或逻辑主语。非谓语动词短语有语态和时态的变化。非谓语动词短语由非谓语动词主干和其它成分构成。分析非谓语动词短语的基本方法是:先整体,后局部。即先整体搞清楚非谓语动词短语从哪里开始,到哪里结束,再分析非谓语动词短语整体上做什么成分,最后再分析非谓语动词短语的内部结构,即主干和其它成分。Climbing mountain is a good exercise.爬山是一项好运动。Do you know the man wearing a white shirt.你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗?He gets up early to catch the first bus.他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。非谓语动词短语主干的形式及其变化不定式主干的形式:状态主动被动一般to writeto be written进行to be writing完成to have writtento have been written完成进行to have beenwriting现在分词与动名词主干的形式:状态主动被动一般writingbeing written完成having writtenhaving been written过去分词:一般written,没有时态和语态。动词不定式短语动词不定式短语的结构:动词不定式短语的主干是由to +动词原形构成,动词不定式短语内部的动词可以跟自己的宾语、状语、表语等成分。动词不定式短语整体上在句中起名词,形容词和副词的作用,可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。动词不定式短语在句子中的作用动词不定式短语做主语:To master a language is not an easy thing.掌握一门语言不是一件容易的事情。It's my pleasure to help you.帮助你是我的乐趣。动词不定式做主语时可以放在后面,而用it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。It's necessary to find the witness.有必要找到目击者。动词不定式短语作宾语:I like to help others as much as possible.如果有可能的话,我喜欢帮助别人.动词不定式短语作宾语补语:表示不定式的动作是由宾语发出。We expect you lo be with us.我们希望你和我们在一起。动词+宾语+不带to的不定式作宾语补足语:感官动词:see, watch, notice, look at, hear;使役动词:make, let, have(使得),help(可带to,也可不带to)The teacher has his students write a composition every other week.老师让同学们每隔一周写一篇作文。Many things【make people ihink artists are weird .很多事情使人们觉得艺术家们很奇怪。动词不定式短语作表语:The most urgent thing is to take legal measures immediately.当务之急是马上采取法律措施。动词不定式短语作定语:There are many ways to solve the problem.有许多方法能解决这个问题。动词不定式短语作状语:经常表示目的。We went to the hospital to see our teacher.我们去医院看了我们的老师。She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibel flower.她在做试验,以从一种西藏花中提取某种有用的药物。动词不定式主干的否定形式:not + to +动词原形The teacher told us not to swim in that river.老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。It's unfair not to tell us.没告诉我们真是不公平。带疑问词的动词不定式短语:疑问词 who, what, which, when, where, how, why以及whether可以加在动词不定式短语的前面,构成不定式短语,使含义更加具体。整体上相当于一个名词短语。Where to go is not known yet.去什么地方还不知道。I don't know when to begin.我不知道什么时间开始。带逻辑主语的动词不定式短语:为了特别说明动词不定式短语动作的发出者,动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语,构成方法是:for+逻辑主语+不定式。注意:逻辑主语用宾格形式,for本身无实际意义,它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。It's necessary for us lo help each other.我们互相帮忙是必要的。There is much work for me lo finish,_有许多工作要我去完成。动词不定式短语的时态:动词不定式短语一般时态:表示动作和句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在之后发生。I helped him t。put the things into the car.我帮助他把东西放进了汽车。I want to see you again.我想再见到你。动词不定式短语的完成时:表示动作在句中谓语动词的动作之前发生。They seem to have known the answers.他们好像知道了答案。They are said to have been paid for telling their stories.据说他们因为讲故事已经拿到了钱。动词不定式进行时:表示动作同句中谓语动词的动作同时发生,强调动作正在进行。They seem to be working hard.他们好像在努力工作。动词不定式的被动形式:表示不定式动词同所修饰的名词是被动关系。He is the man to be examined.他是受检杳的人。There is much work to be done.有好多工作要做。动名词短语动名词短语主干的形式状态主动被动一般writingbeing written完成having writtenhaving been written动名词短语除主干外,还可以带自己的表语、宾语、状语等成分。动名词短语在句中的作用,在句了中主要做主语和宾语,特别是介词宾语,偶尔也做表语和定语。动名词做主语:Talking like that is not polite.那样谈话不礼貌。Being a man is always dangerous.做个男人总是很危险。动名词短语做主语时,可以像动词不定式短语一样,用it做形式主语,而把动名词写在后面。It's no use waiting here.在这儿等是没用的。It's very difficult climbing this mountain.爬这座山很困难。动名词短语作表语Seeing is believing.眼见为实。动名词短语作宾语I like reading in the forest.我喜欢在树林里读书。She is fond of collecting stamps.她喜欢集邮。动名词短语作定语,主要表示被修饰词的用途。She is studying in the reading room.她在阅览室学习。He slept in the sleeping bag.他在睡袋里睡觉。动名词短语的否定形式:not +动名词短语He pretended not knowing it at all.他假装全然不知。We considered nol doing it now.我们考虑现在不做这件事。动名词短语的时态:动名词短语的一般时态:动名词短语的般时表示动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词的动作之后发生。Mao enjoyed swimming in the big river.毛喜欢在大江大河里游泳。I am used to watching TV in ihe evening.我习惯于晚上看电视。动名词的完成时:动名词的完成时表示动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。She regrets not having studied the computer hard.她后悔没有努力学习计算机。动名词短语的逻辑主语:当需要特别之处动名词短语动作的发出者时,用名词所有格或者形容词形物主代词做动名词的逻辑主语。I don't mind your opening the window.I don't mind opening the window.动名词短语的被动形式:当动名词短语和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时,用动名词的被动形式来表示。His being looked down upon made his father sick.他被人冷落使他父亲很伤感,I can't really stand being treated like that.我简直受不了这样的对待。分词短语分词短语:包括现在分词短语和过去分词短语两种。现在分词与动名词主干的形式状态主动被动一般writingbeing written完成having writtenhaving been written过去分词:一般written,没有时态和语态。分词短语在句中的作用:在句中起形容词或副词的作用,可以作定语、补语、状语。现在分词表示主动与进行,过去分词表示被动与过去。分词短语作定语China is a developing country.中国是一个发展中国家。The girl singing for us is ten years old.给我们唱歌的女孩十岁了。作定语的分词要放在被修饰的名词之前,如果是分词短语则放在被修饰的名词之后。The boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately.被汽车撞伤的小孩马上被送到了医院。分词短语作状语:主要做原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语.Being a student, he likes to_hglu_Qihers.作为一个学生,他喜欢帮助别人。Wearing a new pair of glasses, she can read easily.戴了一副新眼镜,她看书就好多了。Told by the teacher, she knew sh&Jffiasrong.经老师一说,她知道自己不对。分词短语作宾语补语I saw him walking in the street.我看见他在街上走。I heard them singing in the classroom,我听见他们在教室里唱歌。We found the boy sleeping.我们发现小孩睡着了。have后面的宾语补足语用过去分词常表示动作不是句子的主语发出的,而是由别人做的。They have their house rebuilt.他们重修了房子。分词短语作表语The glass is broken.玻璃杯破了。The water is boiled.水是开的。分词短语的否定形式:not+分词短语*Not knowing whaf to do /zext, she stopped 如L不知道下一步干什么,她停下来等着Not having finished the homework, the little girl doesn't dare teLsJsL.S£hQQl-小女孩没完成作业不敢去学校。现在分词短语的时态现在分词的一般时表示动作同谓语动词的动作同时发生或之前发生。Seeing the teacher is coming, the students stopped playing.看到老师进来,学生们停下来不玩了。Coming into the room, he lied on his bed.回到家后,他就躺在床上。现在分词的完成时表示的动作在谓语动词的前面发生。Having received a letter, I knew everything is all right,收到一封信后,我知道一切都很好。现在分词短语的被动形式分词的被动形式表示分词动作同所修饰的名词有一种被动关系。The building being built will be completed next year.正在建设的大楼明年完工。分词短语的独立主格结构当分词短语的逻辑主语和主句的主语不一致,要用分词的独立主格结构,即逻辑主语+分词短语,它们整体上作句子的状语,类似于一个状语从句。All ihings considered, ihc planned trip had to be called off.When all things were considered, the planned trip had to be called off.考虑到所有的事情,筹划中的旅行不得不被取消。Classes being over, the students left for home.When classes were over, the students left for home.下课了,学生离开回家了。构成句子成分的复杂元素之二-从句从句指一个句子作为一个整体,去做另一个句子的某一个成分。根据所担任的成分,从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句统称名词性从句。定语从句又叫形容词性从句。状语从句又叫副词性从句。分析非谓语动词短语的基本方法是:先整体,后局部。先整体:搞清楚从句从哪里开始,到哪里结束,再分析从句整体上做什么成分,做什么成分即什么语从句。后局部:分析从句的内部结构。从句本身是一个完整的句子,有自己的主语、谓语和其它成分或主语、连系动词和表语以及其它成分。把握连接词或引导词:看连接词或引导词有没有意义,做不做从句的成分,能不能省略。名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词短语,它在句子中整体h 能担任主语、宾语(包括动词宾语、介词宾语以及部分系表结构后的宾语)、表语和同位语。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连接词:that, whether, if不充当从句的任何成分:that没有汉语含义,在非正式问题中引导宾语从句时经常省略;whether表示“是否”,不可省略;if表示“是否”,只能引导宾语从句,不能省略;连接代词:what (什么,的事情),whatever (无论什么),who (谁),whoever (无论谁),whom (谁),whose (谁的),which (哪一个、哪些),在从句内部充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。连接副词:when (何时),where (哪里),how (怎样),why (为什么),在从句内部充当状语。主语从句举例:That she was chosen made us very happy.她被选中令我们非常高兴。How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者。Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.这一计划是否可行还有等证实。It is quite clear thal ihe whole projecl is doomed t。failure.很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。主语从句都可以置于句末,用it充当形式主语。It made us very happy that she was chosen.她被选中令我们非常高兴。It is not important who will go.谁去并不重要。It is still unknown which team will win the match.哪个队会赢得比赛现在仍然是未知的。h's a pity Ihat you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。It is not yet decided who will do that job.还没决定谁做这项工作。宾语从句举例In one's own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。I am glad that vou are satisfied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.她怀疑我们是否能够前来。That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。1 worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。表语从句举例The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。The point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。同位语从句举例The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office,近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们在调查他是否值得信赖。名词性从句中的否定转移1 .将 think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。I donft think I know you.我想我并不认识你。I don't believe he will come 我相信他不回来。2 .将seem, appear等后的从句的否定转移到前面。It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。定语从句定语从句在句子中整体做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词、词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。关系代词:有 who, whom, whose, that, which;在定语从句中替代被修饰词,其含义不固定:在定语从句内部充当主语、宾语、定语(whose);在限定性定语从句内部做宾语时,可以省略。关系副词:有when,