初升高英语衔接.docx

初升高衔接教材英目刖 S第讲英语字母的认识第一节字母的书写第二节字母的读音第二讲单词的读音第一节音标的认识第二节音节的认识第三节字母的发音规则第四节语法词缀的读音第三讲句子的朗读第一节意群与停顿第二节连读第三节不完全爆破第四节音的颗化第五节节奏第六节语调第四讲词汇类别第一节名词第二节代词第三节数词第四节动词第五节形容词第六节副词第七节介词第八节连词第九节冠词第十节助词第五讲句子成分第一节主语第二节谓语第三节表语第四节宾语第六节定语第七节状语第八节同位语第六讲简单句的基本句型第一节简单句的概念第二节简单句的几种基本句型第七讲句子的种类第一节陈述句第二节祈使句第三节感叹句第四节疑问句第八讲动词的时态和语态第一节动词时态第二节动词的语态第三节时态的呼应第九章课堂英语第一节学生用语第二节教师用语第十讲高中英语学习的方法第四讲词汇类别英语中，根据词汇在句子中的地位和作用，可将英语词汇分为十大类，即：名词、代词、 数词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、冠词、助动词等。其中，名词、代词、数词、动词、形容词、副词等六类词汇，不仅有本身的词义，而且 还在句子中担任某一句子成分，于是被叫作实词；而介词、连词、冠词、助词等四类词汇， 虽然有些词汇具有本身的词义，但是它们在句子中不充当任何句子成分，于是被叫作虚词。 见下表：实词名词nounwater, milk, tea, air, idea, desk, pen, book, newspaper代词 pronounyou, me, this, that, some, many, everyone, all, both, each数词 numeralone, two, three, four, five; first, second, third, fourth, fifth动词verbread, see, write, teach, listen, speak, eat, have, make, take形容词adjectiveinteresting, interested, beautiful, wonderful, great, polite副词adverbhow, however, finally, therefore, carefully, hard虚词介词 prepositionin, at, on, of, for, to, through, across, over冠词 articlea / an, the连词 conjunctiveand, but, or, for助词 auxiliary verbbe, do, have; can, may, must第一节名词名词指用来表示人、事物、活动的名称的词，可分为可数名词和不可数名词。其中，可 数名词有单复数变化形式。单数可数名词前必须有冠词、指示代词、物主代词或不定代词修 饰，而不可数名词前可以没有这些词。如：a / his / this / another / some / one bookThis is water / a pen.名词一般在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语，有时，也可作定语或状语。如：English is not difficult to learn at alL （主语）Can you speak Chinese?（宾语）My brother is a soldier.（表语）Mr. Li, our math teacher, is very kind.（同位语）Mary is a student cadre in our class.（定语）I didn't see her this morning.（状语）第二节代词代词指用来直接指代人、事物、活动的词，可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指 示代词、不定代词等。代词一般在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。如：He is ill, so he can't come here.（主语）The students all like him.（宾语）Ifs me.俵语）This is my shirt.（定语）第三节数词数词是指表示人或事物的数量、或排列顺序的词。如：one, two, three first, second, third, .在句子中，数词一般作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。如：Six can be divided by three.（主语）If you take three out of ten, you get seven.（宾语）Five and three is eight.（表语）I have three English books.（定语）第四节动词动词是指表示动作、行为的词。它可分为系动词和实义动词（行为动词）。实义动词又 可分为及物动词（vt.）和不及物动词（vi.）。及物动词意思还不够完整，必须带宾语；而及 物动词意思完整，不要带宾语。在句子中，系动词必须与表语一起作谓语；而实义动词直接充当谓语。如：He looked very pleased.（谓语）Mary gave a talk at the meeting.（谓语）I go to work by bike every day.（谓语）系动词可大致分为三类，BP：（1）表示心理、特征或存在的系动词，如be, appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste 等；（2）表示状态延续的系动词，如：continue, keep, remain, stay, stand（3）表示状态变化的系动词，如 become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn 等。曜此外，动词中还有情态动词和助动词两类，由于它们不能单独使用，也不充当句子成分, 于是，把它归入助词类进行介绍。第五节形容词形容词是指用来描述、修饰、限制、说明人或事物、活动的词。如：nice, good, big, large, small, short, high, tall, empty, full 等。形容词在句子中可作定语、表语，有些形容词可作状语，或者与定冠词连用相当于名词， 作主语、宾语等。如：This is an interesting story （定语）The city is beautiful.（表语）Hungry and cold、he left his post.（状语）The poor need help.（主语）She looked after the wounded in the war.（宾语）第六节副词副词是指用来描述、说明事物发展程度、方式、状态的词。如：very, quite, rather, fast, slowly, carefully, wonderfully, helpfully 等。副词在句子中一般作状语。但是，地点、方位副词也可作表语或定语。如：He wrote carefuHy.（状语）However, he didn't like it.（状语）He is there.俵语）The boys there are very interested in what he said.（定语）第七节介词介词是指用来表示人或事物的位置、处所或相互关系的词。如：at, in, for, besides, except, despite, above, over, under, beneath 等。介词不能单独使用、不能充当句子的任何成分，但是可接名词、代词、动名词、从句等 构成介词短语。介词短语可作状语、定语、表语等。如：The students are playing football on the play2nHind.（状语）The boy under the tree is Li Ming's brother.（定语）I was at home last night.（表语）注意：（1）除了 but, except外，其它介词一般不能接动词不定式。（2）除了 in, but, except外，其它介词一般不能接that从句。第八节连词连词是指用来将词与词、短语、句子与句子连接起来的词，如：and, or, but等。连词在句子中只起连接作用，连接两个词性相同或相近、作用对等的部分，而不作任何 句子成分。如：he and I （连接两个代词）he or Mary （连接代词和名词）sing and dance （连接两个动词）big and clean （连接两个形容词）fast and well （连接两个副词）in the sun or near a fire （连接两个短语）I like reading, and he likes writing.（连接两个句子）第九节冠词冠词是英语中一种特有的词，可分为定冠词（the）、不定冠词（a/an）和零冠词（不用 冠词）三类。英语中，名词前须用冠词，但不作任何句子成分。如：water （零冠词，表物质类别）the water （定冠词，表特定的水）a book （不定冠词，泛指一本书）an apple （不定冠词，泛指一个苹果）第十节助词助词是指帮助句子表达某种意义的词，包括助动词和情态动词两类。1 .助动词助动词有do, be, have, will, shall等，本身没有意义，也不作句子成分，主要与动词一起 构成不同的时态、语态、语气；或使句子成为否定、疑问句；或对动作进行强调等。如：（1） “be+动词-ing”构成进行时Fm reading a story now.（2） “be+动词过去分词”构成被动语态The tree was planted last year.（3） “have+动词过去分词”构成完成时He has finished his homework.（4） "will/shall +动词原形”构成将来时He will come here soon.I shall go to the railway station to meet him.（5） “do+动词原形”构成对动作的强调He does like English.（6） “do/be/have/will/shall + not” 构成否定I haven't seen her this morning.（7） udo / be / have / will / shall + 主语”构成疑问句Will you be free this afternoon?（8） “be + to do”表示希望、义务、可能、约定等。I'm to see him this weekend.2. 情态动词有 can, could; may, might; must, have to; need, dare, will, would, used to; shall, should, ought to; had better; would rather 等。情态动词属于助词的一种，它们虽然有本身的意义，表示义务、要求、请求、建议、推 测、劝告、征求对方的意见等，但是不能单独作句子的成分，而只能与其它动词一起构成谓 语。情态动词可以被提前到句首，使句子变成疑问句；也可在情态动词后面接否定词not, 构成否定句。如:I can swim in the river.Can you swim in the river?I can't swim in the river.注意：情态动词的用法将在模块四中详细学习。第五讲句子成分与汉语相比，英语的句子成分既有相似之处，也有一些较大的差异，它是构成英语语法 的框架。要读懂复杂的句子、写出较有深度的句子，了解和掌握英语的句子成分是非常必要 的。句子成分的定义：组成一个句子的各个部分，叫做句子成分。包括：主语、谓语、宾语、 表语、定语、状语以及同位语。主语和谓语构成句子的骨架，而定语和状语则是修饰骨架的 血肉，是修饰语。句子成分主要由实词担任。实词包括：名词、动词、代词、形容词、副词 和数词。虚词在句中只起连接、限定或表达喜怒哀乐感情等作用，不做句子成分。虚词包括: 介词、连词、冠词和感叹词等。第一节主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不 是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、 数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：Henry has done his best.（名词）I feel fine about it.（代词）One-fifth of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To find your way can be a problem.（不定式）Smoking cigarettes causes trouble in the lungs.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）Whenever you are ready will be fine.（主语从句）ggIt作形式主语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句等表示的真正主语。例如：It is necessary to master a foreign language, （it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）It is no use pumping a dry well, （it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的动词ing）It is strange that nobody knows her. （it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的从句）第二节谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。 谓语的构成如下：一、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.二、复合谓语：（一）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.（二）山系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.第三节表语表语用以说明主语的身份、年龄、性别、外部特征和心理状态等。它一般位于系动词 （be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem ）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、 数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名 词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one.（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby is playing fbotbalL （动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. /The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）第四节宾语宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：They saw a media and technology exhibition yesterday.（名词）We couldn't ask fbr anything more.（代词）How many friends do you have? I have five.（数词）The idle are forced to work.（名词化形容词）The disabled are to receive more money.（名词化的过去分词）To find your way can be a problem.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think （that） he is fit fbr his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：一、双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)：1.宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物(多指人),能带双宾语的动词常用的有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等，间接宾语, 般须与直接宾语连用，通常放在直接宾语之前。例如:Lend me your dictionary, please.I have found him a place.2如果直接宾语是代词，则必须放在间接宾语之前，并且在二者之间加上介词to或fbr。例如:Give it to me, Lily.不能说 Give me it, Lily.There two pencils on the desk, pass them to me. 不能说 pass me them. 二、复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.第五节补足语补足语是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补 足语，补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补足语.The man, cruel beyond belief, didn't listen to their pleadings.His father named him Jimmy.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustn't force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）Wc will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）句子的宾语是动词不定式、动词ing形式或从句时，常用it作形式宾语，将真正的宾 语提到宾语补足语之后。常见的动词有 think, find, consider, judge, feel, make, take, suppose, believe等。例如：The chairman thought necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting.（2005全国卷DA thatB itC thisD him【解释】Bo此题考查考生对it的掌握和运用能力。此句式为：think/ consider/ feel/ suppose/ believe etc.+ it +adj. + （for sb） to do something.此句 it 作形式宾语，代替后面的不定 式 to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting o第六节定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语用来说明所修饰的名词或代词的品质 与特征，位置灵活，可以是前置，也可以后置。定语可由以下成分表示:She is a natural musician.（形容i司）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）There are thirty girl students in our class.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Her promise to write was forgotten.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） The world today is quite different.（副词）第七节状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。状 语在句中可以表示：时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、比较、方 向以及伴随等情况，位置灵活，可以在句首、句中或句末。可由以下形式表示：He speaks the language badly but reads it well.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didn't go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesn't rain.（条件状语）Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）第八节同位语当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一 个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语。这两个句子成分多山名词（代词）担任，同位语通 常放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。We have two children, a boy and a girl.（名词）They all wanted to see him.（代词）Are you two ready?（数词）Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.（不 定式）The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down, （v-ing）the art of writing （介词短语）The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.（从句）第六讲简单句的基本句型第一节简单句的概念简单句是指只由一个主谓结构(有时可能会有并列的主语或谓语)构成的句子。请看以 下例句：1. 1 saw him walking to the office this morning.(句子中只有I saw是主谓结构。saw是谓语动词；walking是非谓语动词，因此句子 还是简单句。)2. White and Mike were nearly killed by a falling tree.(由于White and Mike是and连接的两个名词作主语，而句子中也只有White and Mike were nearly killed 一个主谓结构。was killed是被动语态：cutting, filling是非谓语动词，因 此句子还是简单句。)3. You can either stay here or come with us.(由于主语是You,而动词stay, come是由or连接起来作谓语，句子还是一个主谓结 构，can是情态动词，因此句子还是简单句。)第二节简单句的几种基本句型英语语言虽然千变万化，但是始终没有脱离英语的六个基本句型，因此掌握这些基本句 型是学好英语的基础。句型一、“主一系一表”结构这个句型主要用来说明主语的身份、状态、特征、类属等。如：I'm a senior high student.He is very strong.What he said sounds very interesting.It is getting warm.常见用于这一句型的系动词有：(1) be, appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste 等表示心理、特征或存在的状态：(2) continue, keep, remain, stay, stand 等表示状态的延续；(3) become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, tum 等表示状态的变化。句型二、“主-谓”结构这个句型常用来表示主语的动作。谓语动词为不及物动词，后面不能接宾语，但是可以 接副词、介词短语、不定式、分词或从句作状语。如：He left.The sun rises in the east.He came to get his book back.He will come here when he finishes his homework.句型三、“主-谓-宾”结构这个句型主要表示主语动作的内容，谓语由及物动词充当。如：I want a Chinese-English dictionary.He reads Chinese every morning.Mary likes playing the piano very much.句型四、“主_谓一宾一宾2”结构这个句型主要表示主语的动作涉及了人和事两个方面，其中宾语I指人，叫做间接宾语, 而第二个宾语2指事情，叫做直接宾语。如：Mother gave me a watch yesterday.My aunt bought me a compute匚这个句型也可改换为“主+谓+宾2+介词(to/fbr) +宾1”结构。如上面句子可改为：Mother gave a watch to me yesterday.My aunt bought a computer fbr me.上面句型转换时(1) 下歹动词 ask, bring, fetch, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, read, return, sell, send, show, teach, tell, write等后面用to,表示动作的方向，意为“给,对，向”等。下歹恸词 buy, call, choose, cook, draw, find, get, make, order, read, sing, save, spare 等 后面用for,意为“为:句型五、“主一谓宾-补”结构这个句型主要表示主语要求宾语做某事或者使宾语怎么样。用于这个句型的动词后面如 果不接宾语补足语，句子意思久还不完整。如：He asked me to have a talk with him.We consider it very important to learn English well.(1)常见用于这个句型的动词有：ask, consider, find, force, get, have, help, let, make 以 及感官动词 feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch 等。(2) have, help, let, make 及感官动词 feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch 接不定式作宾 语补足语时，不定式符号to须省略，但是将它们变为被动语态时，不定式必须带to。句型六、"There be”结构这个句型主要表示某时或某地存在着某东西。用于这个句型的动词除了 be外，还有arrive, come, exist, lie, live, go, remain, stand 等，常可译为“某时或某地有",或“某时或某地存在(发生、矗立着、躺着)如:There was a tall tree in front of the building.There lived a king who loved drawing very much.(1)句型中动词的形式由它后面的名词的数及时间状语确定；(2)句型中动i司前可以有情态动词can, may, must, have to, used to等修饰，表示“可能 有，肯定有，从前有等意思；(3)句型中动词前可以有appear to, seem to, h叩pen to等表示“似乎有"，“碰巧有”等意思。巩固练习标出下列句子划线部分的句子成分1. Mike's father is an English teacher.2. Jack's sister works in that factory over there.3. He sat there alone, reading a story.4. Reading in bed is bad fbr your eyes.5. There are some children playing on the playground.6. It's very important to get on well with the workers.7. What he told us this morning proved true.8. We think it very necessary to teach the students how to live.9.1 don't know if he can spare me a few minutes.10. He will come to join us when he finishes his work.第七讲句子的种类第一节陈述句(1)陈述句是用来陈述事实、事件或道理的句子，说明主语是什么，主语怎么样或者 主语做什么等，英语中常用实心圆点结束其句子。如：English is widely used all over the world.We must work harder to get the task finished on time.Mr. Black will come to give us a talk on science.(2)陈述句的否定 助动词(系动词be、情态动词)+not,如：I don*t like sweets.These exercises are not difficult.I can't follow you.I have not said anything to anybody about it. 助动词(系动词 be、情态动词)+ never, hardly, seldom, little, few 如：I have never / hardly (ever)/ seldom spoken to Mr. George. no, none 以及其它由 no构成的复合词(nothing, nobody, no one, nowhere 等)。I have spoken to nobody / no one about it.I have said nothing to anybody about it.I have no money.I have none.neither和nor,主要在以下句式中：-I haven't spoken to Mr. George.一Neither / Nor have I.当用作连词时，neither要在nor之前。如：Neither Bob nor I broke the window.We neither want nor need any help from you, thank you.利用否定词缀:dis-, il-, in-, -im, -ir, un-, -less 如：I dislike going to the cinema.He is very unhappy.第二节祈使句祈使句是用来向对方发出命令、提出警告或要求的句子，主语为第二人称，但是常省略。 如：Come here!Open your books at Page 46, please.Be careful when crossing the street.注意：(1)祈使句的否定式为在句首加Dont如：Don't go out at night.Don't be late again.(2) 口语中，有时为了引起对方重视，采用直呼其名，并加