物流国际术语大全(英文版)32642.docx

物流国际术术语（英文文版）The LLanguuage of LLogissticssA SSupplly Chhain and Logiisticcs GllossaaryCopyrrightt 19997 byy Edwward H. BBlickksteiinDupplicaatingg forrsharringwitth ottherss， byy anyy meaans， is iilleggal. Prinnted in UUSAYeaar 20000 IIssueePurrposeeWriittenn andd commpileed foor thhe beenefiit off loggistiics aand ttranssporttatioon prrofesssionnals， studdentss of the fielld， aand ffor ccliennts oof TrranSoolutiions Conssultiing. It iis hooped thatt thiis toool wwill enabble tthe uuser to ggain a beetterr unddersttandiing oof loogisttics by pproviidingg a uusefuul annd eaasy-tto-unndersstandd gloossarry thhat wwill be uup-daated annuuallyy. Thhe auuthorr andd TraanSollutioons CConsuultinng accknowwledgge immporttant conttribuutionns frrom mmany of iits ccliennt's logiisticcs annd trranspportaationn perrsonnnel aas weell aas innformmatioon deeriveed frrom ootherr exppert sourrces in tthe ccompiilatiion oof thhis gglosssary.Thiis isssue of TThe LLanguuage of LLogissticss atttemptts too inccludee thee newwest termminollogy and acroonymss utiilizeed inn thee fieeld oof buusineess llogissticss. Sppeciaal atttenttion has beenn madde too commpilee terrms aand oofferr advvice in cconneectioon wiith yyear 20000 bussinesss isssuess （noot thhe Y22K isssue） likee e-ccommeerce. Howweverr， I makee no claiim thhat tthis issuue iss 1000% coompleete aas thhe chhalleenge of ccompiilingg， reesearrchinng， ddefinning， and occaasionnallyy creeatinng meeaninngfull terrminoologyy is neveer enndingg. Wrriterrs inn thee fieeld oof loogisttics and suppply-cchainn mannagemment， conssultiing ffirmss， inndusttry pproviiderss of 3PL servvicess， trranspportaationn commpaniies， and shippperss aree connstanntly conttribuutingg to the deveelopmment of nnew ttermiinoloogy tthrouugh ttheirr efffortss to imprrove the effeectivvenesss off suppply-chaiin maanageementt. Coonseqquenttly， the langguagee of logiisticcs iss alwways expaandinng duue too thee evoolvinng naaturee of the fielld.As you use thiss toool yoou wiill nnote thatt theere iis a new emphhasiss on techhnoloogy， the Inteernett， annd e-commmercee. Whhile mostt eveeryonne iss awaare oof thhe cuurrennt coonsummer oorienntatiion oof thhe Innternnet aand ee-commmercce， tthe ggreattest growwth oover the nextt sevverall yeaars wwill be iin thhe usse off thee Intterneet inn bussinesss-too-bussinesss （BB2B） appllicattionss nott in busiinesss to conssumerr （B22C）。 Thesse apppliccatioons， for logiisticcs annd suupplyy chaain iimproovemeent， willl rannge ffrom proccuremment， inveentorry maanageementt， diistriibutiion， and trannsporrtatiion tto saales （inccludiing oorderr enttry） and custtomerr serrvicee.As a reesultt， loogisttics and suppply cchainn proofesssionaals wwill conttinuee to be cconsttantlly chhalleengedd by the speeed off chaange and emphhasiss on costt redductiion iin thheir comppaniees ass welll ass in busiinesss in geneeral. It is hhopedd thaat thhis ppubliicatiion wwill assiist tthesee proofesssionaals iin thheir workk by beinng a goodd refferennce ssourcce.Stuudentts off suppply chaiin annd loogisttics shouuld ccontiinue to ffind thiss pubblicaationn benneficcial as wwell. In 19999， unniverrsityy andd colllegee stuudentts woorldwwide accoounteed foor allmostt 50% of downnloadds off thiis puubliccatioon. AAlso， in ffuturre edditioons II willl atttemppt too do a beetterr jobb at 'intternaationnalizzing“ thiss pubblicaationn.Lasst buut noot leeast， mostt of the obseervattionss andd opiinionns reefleccted in tthis publlicattion are the resuult oof prrojecct woork pperfoormedd forr ourr cliientss oveer thhe laast ssix yyearss. Thhis iincluudes our parttnersship workk witth Mooore & Asssociiatess.Sectiion 11： Suupplyy Chaain MManaggemennt annd LoogistticsSuppply-chaiin maanageementt is one of tthe hhotteest ttopiccs off disscusssion todaay ammongsst CEEO's and otheer seeniorr offficerrs off bussinessses worlldwidde. AArticcles permmeatee thee bussinesss prress and manyy pubblicaationns haave ddesiggnateed itt as the lastt froontieer foor crreatiing sstrattegicc commpetiitivee advvantaage. Why all the inteerestt？ Thhe annswerr is thatt commpaniies wworlddwidee aree noww coggnizaant oof thhe grreat poteentiaal foor coost rreducctionn andd inccreassed ccustoomer servvice fromm succcesssful suppply-cchainn mannagemment.Thee payyoff poteentiaal caan reesultt froom reeducttion or eelimiinatiion oof innventtoriees， bbeingg ablle too resspondd quiicklyy to custtomizzed oorderrs， rreducctionn or elimminattion of sstepss in moviing ggoodss to markket， enhaancedd cusstomeer seervicce， uupstrream venddor rrelattionsshipss， annd trranspportaationn impproveementts inncludding carrrier proggramss.In thiss reggard， logiisticcs caan heelp iimproove aa commpanyy's ssaless by addiing vvaluee in a vaarietty off wayys. SSpeciificaally， by pproviidingg a mmeanss forr enssurinng thhat ggoodss aree preepareed foor saale ppropeerly and deliivereed quuicklly. TThis coulld innvolvve sppeciaalizeed paackagging， labeelingg， kiittinng， cconsttructting flooor reeady palllets， shippmentt connsoliidatiions， poolling， and mergge-inn-traansitt proogramms， aanythhing thatt getts prroduccts ddownsstreaam faasterr. Exxcelllent custtomerr serrvicee cann difffereentiaate aa commpanyy in the markketpllace and helpp thaat coompanny wiin coontraacts.Errror ffree deliiveryy acccompllisheed onn a cconsiistennt baasis is aa keyy difffereentiaator. In deallingss witth ouur cllientts annd 3PPLs， TrannSoluutionns Coonsulltingg finnds tthat mostt of the timee thee abiilityy to havee almmost reall-timme viisibiilityy to infoormattion is aan opperatting advaantagge orr a mmarkeetingg advvantaage ddepenndingg on whetther you are the clieent oor thhe 3PPL. TThis is iimporrtantt beccausee suppply chaiins aare bbeingg shoortenned aand ccompaaniess aree deppendiing oon moore ffrequuent shippmentts frrom ttheirr parrtnerr-suppplieers sso thhat vvisibbilitty too commponeent wwhereeabouuts iis exxtremmely critticall. Alll off thee neww loggistiics sstrattegiees shhouldd be remoovingg siggnifiicantt cosst frrom ssupplly chhainss butt as manyy commpaniies hhave founnd， iit iss alll in the execcutioon.Forr 19999， aaccorrdingg to The Conttrolller'ss Repport ， tootal logiisticcs coosts rosee 2.221% oover the prevviouss yeaar whhen mmeasuured as pperceentagge off salles aand 33.6% whenn meaasureed byy cosst peer huundreedweiight. Thee cosst ellemennts mmeasuured weree traanspoortattion， wareehoussing， ordeer enntry/custtomerr serrvicee， addminiistraativee， annd innventtory carrryingg. Thhe avveragge coompanny loogisttics costts weere 77.34% of salees annd/orr $744.29 costt perr hunndreddweigght. Mostt proofesssionaals bbelieeve ttheree is amplle rooom ffor iimproovemeent bby opptimiizingg thee suppply chaiin annd inncludding the use of nnew iinvenntoryy mannagemment toolls liike VVMI， e-coommerrce， and by iimprooved plannningg bettweenn parrtnerrs annd innternnal ffuncttionaal grroupss. Exxecuttion is kkey.Thiis fiirst secttion of TThe LLanguuage of LLogissticss deffiness terrms ffrequuentlly ussed bby loogisttics proffessiionalls， wwriterss， annd coonsulltantts annd reepressentss an umbrrellaa appproacch too orgganizzing thesse teerms recoognizzing thatt thee ulttimatte gooal oof loogisttics proffessiionalls iss to inteegratte loogisttics proccessees too thee oveeralll suppply-chaiin off a ccompaany. The secttionss folllowiing fflow in aan orrder relaated to wwhat is uusuallly ggivenn empphasiis fiirst but is nnot iintennded to rrank areaas off oppportuunityy， ass thiis wiill vvary by ccompaany.ABCC： Acctiviity BBasedd Cosstingg is a vaaluabble ttool for costt mannagemment， totaal quualitty maanageementt andd bussinesss prrocesss reeengiineerring. Oriiginaally， a meethodd forr prooductt cosstingg， itt is now usedd forr genneratting accuuratee cosst innformmatioon thhat rrelattes tto a variiety of ddecissionss. ABBC issolattes ddirecct coosts and overrheadds too speecifiic prroduccts， custtomerrs， aand sserviices attrributting actiivityy cossts oonly if tthe aactivvitiees arre peerforrmed on tthe pproduucts or sserviices.Balldrigge Awward： Reffers to tthe MMalcoolm BBaldrrige Natiionall Quaalityy Awaard iinstiituteed byy thee U.SS. Coongreess aand ppreseentedd annnuallly too up to ssix UU.S. comppaniees foor thheir exceellennce iin immprovving quallity.Bennchmaarkinng： AAn appproaach tto immprovving perfformaance throough compparisson oof cuurrennt opperattionss agaainstt anootherr opeeratiion oor moode. Bencchmarrkingg cann be appllied to aany ppart of tthe ssupplly chhain to eevaluuate currrent operratioons aand sset pperfoormannce ggoalss thrroughh thee impplemeentattion of “bbest praccticees”。Besst Prractiices： Reffers to ccompaaniess whoose ooperaationns seet thhe inndusttry sstanddard for perfformaance in oone oor moore aareass.BPII： Buusineess PProceess IImproovemeent. Termm useed whhen llogissticss mannagerrs taake aa proocesss impproveementt appproacch too impprovee thee commpanyy's llogissticss proocesss perrformmancee. A BPI modeel iss connstruuctedd forr appprovaal wiith tthe oobjecctivee beiing ssucceessfuul immplemmentaationn. Ussuallly， tthe nnext invoolvess a bbenchhmarkking effoort （ccase studdy） iin orrder to aapplyy whaat haas beeen llearnned.Cappabillitiees： BBroadder tthan coree commpeteenciees， ccapabbilitties encoompassses proccessees suuch aas orrder cyclle tiime， custtomerr serrvicee， ass welll ass oveeralll bussinesss beehaviior aand ccultuure. Refeer too “coore ccompeetenccies，” “demmand-orieentedd cappabillitiees，” and “suppply-orieentedd cappabillitiees” iin thhis ppubliicatiion.Cattegorry Maanageementt： Thhe maanageementt of indiividuual pproduuct ccateggoriees ass strrateggic bbusinness unitts. EEmphaasizees prrofitts annd saales for entiire pproduuct ggroupps raatherr thaan inndiviiduall braands.C-ccommeerce： “Coollabborattive commmercee”。 TThis invoolvess commbiniing ttradiing ppartnners to rreducce coost tthrouugh tthe sshariing oof loogisttics resoourcees.CDLL： “CConsuumer Direect LLogissticss”。 TThis conssistss of proccessiing aand ffulfiillmeent oof coonsummer oorderrs frrom aa rettail storre orr deddicatted ddistrributtion centter. Amazzon.ccom aand PPeapood arre twwo exxamplles oof coompannies perffectiing tthis channnel.Chaannell： Buusineess ccompoonentts off a ccompaany'ss suppply chaiin suuch aas maanufaacturring suppport， manuufactturinng， ddistrributtion， and retaailinng orr dirrect salees. PProduuct mmovess froom onne chhanneel meemberr， wiith vvaluee beiing aaddedd， too thee nexxt chhanneel meemberr unttil pproduuct rreachhes tthe ccustoomer. A cchannnel mmay aalso be aa geoograpphic areaa or zonee wheereinn vollumess aree shiippedd.Colllabooratiive SSupplly Neetworrk： AA nettworkk thaat maanagees thhe coonverrgencce off exeecutiion nnetwoorks and straategiic pllanniing. Coree Commpeteency： Atttribuutes， proccessees， kknowlledgee， abbilitties and skillls tthat alloow a firmm to achiieve comppetittive advaantagge. OOftenn useed too meaan thhingss a ccompaany ddoes bestt. Seee “ccapabbilitties”。CCMM： Abbbrevviatiion ffor “CCommeerce Chaiin Maanageementt”。 CCCM cconsiists of ssysteems， commmercee nettworkks， pprocuuremeent， and in-hhousee or 3PL logiisticcs.CPFFR： AAbbreeviattion for “Meaans CCollaaboraativee Plaanninng Foorecaastinng annd Reeplennishmment”。 Purppose is tto crreatee effficieent fflow of iinforrmatiion aamonggst ssupplly chhain parttnerss （I.e. vvendoors， custtomerrs）。CR： “Coollabborattive Repllenisshmennt”。 Whenn larrge rretaiilerss shaare aall ttheirr neeeds oon a 52-wweek， indiividuual sstoree bassis wwith theiir suuppliiers.CRPP： “CContiinuouus Reeplennishmment Plannningg/Proogramm”。 TThis is aan innnovaativee loggistiics mmethood thhat iinteggratees thhe loogisttics operratioons oof thhe suuppliier aand tthe ccustoomer intoo onee cooordinnatedd loggistiics eefforrt. IInvenntoriies aare ttrackked eelecttroniicallly annd a repllenisshmennt pllanniing/oorderring systtem ooftenn linnked to PPOS mmanagges aa “puull” typee metthod of iinvenntoryy mannagemment rathher tthen a “ppush” typee.CSCC： “CContiinuouus Suupplyy Chaain”。 Thiss is an iinnovvativve loogisttics prodduct invoolvinng thhe inntegrratioon off a ccompaany'ss loggistiics ooperaationns wiith ssuppllierss intto a coorrdinaated “pulll” eefforrt. TThe mmost impoortannt chharaccteriisticcs off thiis unnderttakinng arre exxecuttion and depeendabbilitty wiith rrepeaated succcess leadding to ccompeetitiive aadvanntagee.CSRR： “CCustoomer Servvice Reprresenntatiive”。 Indiividuuals who takee cusstomeers oorderrs annd reequessts ffor iinforrmatiion vvia ttelepphonee， faax， oor thhrouggh Innternnet wweb ssitess. Thhey aare rrespoonsibble ffor aaccurratelly ennteriing oorderr infformaationn andd forr makking suree theeir ppart of tthis proccess operratess sattisfaactorrily for the custtomerr.De-engiineerring： Thee proocesss of simpplifyying prevvioussly rredessigneed buusineess pproceessess thaat haave bbecomme inneffeectivve annd/orr tooo commpliccatedd.Demmand-Orieentedd Cappabillitiees： CCustoomer-orieentedd loggistiics aapprooach emphhasizzing demaands of tthe eexterrnal custtomerr. Caapabiilitiies eencommpasss timme-addvanttagess， reesponnsiveenesss to targget mmarkeets， and custtomerr serrvicee.Dirrect Prodduct Proffitabbilitty Annalyssis： DPP is aan appproaach tto annalyzzing proffit ffor aa bunndle of pproduucts. It invoolvess dettermiiningg thee marrginaal coost ffor eeach prodduct and deteerminning whicch onnes aare pprofiitablle annd whhich oness aree marrginaal （rrequiiringg tooo mucch ovverheead ccostss）。ECRR： Effficiient conssumerr ressponsse； iinvollves exammininng suupplyy chaain aand ttradee praacticces tto iddentiify oopporrtuniitiess forr chaangess in praccticees orr tecchnollogy to mmake the suppply cchainn morre coompettitivve. TTerm origginattes iin thhe grrocerry inndusttry wwheree it refeers tto a straategyy in whicch diistriibutoors aand ssuppllierss worrk coooperrativvely to bbringg bettter valuue too cusstomeers bby joointlly foocusiing oon effficiiencyy in the totaal grrocerry suupplyy chaain. Accuuratee infformaationn andd higgh-quualitty prroducct fllows are aideed byy a ppaperrlesss sysstem betwween the manuufactturinng liine aand ppointt of salee. Obbjecttive is tto reeducee i