《2022年适应差距报告》英-84正式版.doc

Too Little, Too SlowClimate adaptation failureputs world at riskAdaptation Gap Report 2022© 2022 United Nations Environment ProgrammeISBN: 978-92-807-3982-4Job Number: DEW/2480/NAThis publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Environment Programme would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source.No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Communication Division, United Nations Environment Programme, P. O. Box 30552, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.DisclaimersThe designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.Some illustrations or graphics appearing in this publication may have been adapted from content published by third parties. This may have been done to illustrate and communicate the authors own interpretations of the key messages emerging from illustrations or graphics produced by third parties. In such cases, material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of United Nations Environment Programme concerning the source materials used as a basis for such graphics or illustrations.Mention of a commercial company or product in this document does not imply endorsement by the United Nations Environment Programme or the authors. The use of information from this document for publicity or advertising is not permitted. Trademark names and symbols are used in an editorial fashion with no intention on infringement of trademark or copyright laws.The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Environment Programme. We regret any errors or omissions that may have been unwittingly made.© Maps, photos, and illustrations as specifiedSuggested citationUnited Nations Environment Programme (2022). Adaptation Gap Report 2022: Too Little, Too Slow Climate adaptation failure puts world at risk. Nairobi. https:/www.unep.org/adaptation-gap-report-2022Co-produced with:UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre and the World Adaptation Science Programme (WASP)Supported by:UNEP promotesenvironmentally soundpractices globally andin its own activities. Ourdistribution policy aims to reduceUNEP's carbon footprint.Too Little, Too SlowClimate adaptation failureputs world at riskAdaptation Gap Report 2022Adaptation Gap Report 2022: Too Little, Too SlowAcknowledgementsThe United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) would like to thank the reports Steering Committee members, the lead and contributing authors, the reviewers and the project coordination team for their contribution to the development of this report.The individuals mentioned below contributed to the production of the report. Authors and reviewers contributed in their individual capacities and their affiliations are only mentioned for identification purposes.STEERING COMMITTEEEdith Adera (African Development Bank), Angela Andrade (Conservation International), Barbara Buchner (Climate Policy Initiative), Barney Dickson (UNEP), Omar El-Arini (Government of Egypt), Jian Liu (UNEP), Anil Markandya (Basque Centre for Climate Change), Youssef Nassef (Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC), Anne Olhoff (CONCITO Denmarks green think tank), Jyotsna Puri (International Fund for Agricultural Development IFAD), Debra Roberts (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC and eThekwini Municipality), Cynthia Rosenzweig (NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia University).AUTHORS, ORGANIZED BY CHAPTER Chapter 1. Setting the sceneLead authors: Alexandre Magnan (IDDRI), María del Pilar Bueno Rubial (CONICET Universidad Nacional de Rosario), Lars Christiansen (UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre), Thomas Dale (UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre), Henry Neufeldt (UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre).Chapter 2. Global progress on adaptation planningLead authors: Fatin Tawf ig (Secretariat of the UNFCCC), Motsomi Maletjane (Secretariat of the UNFCCC), Michal Nachmany (Climate Policy Radar).Contributing authors: Maryam Navi (Secretariat of the UNFCCC), Marcus Davies (Climate Policy Radar), Danny Waite (Climate Policy Radar).Chapter 3. Global progress on adaptation financeLead authors: Paul Watkiss (Paul Watkiss Associates), Dipesh Chapagain (Center for Development Research), Pieter Pauw (Eindhoven University of Technology), Georgia Savvidou (Chalmers University of Technology).Contributing authors: Blanche Butera (independent), Arjuna Dibley (University of Melbourne and University of Oxford).Chapter 4. Global progress on adaptation implementationLead authors: Timo Leiter (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science), Debora Ley (United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECLAC), Henry Neufeldt (UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre).Contributing authors: Michael König (Frankfurt School of Finance and Management), Alcade C. Segnon (University of Abomey-Calavi), Georgia Savvidou (Chalmers University of Technology).Chapter 5. Effectiveness of adaptationLead authors: Chandni Singh (Indian Institute for Human Settlements), Nick Brooks (Garama 3C and University of East Anglia), Henry Neufeldt (UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre).Contributing authors: Lea Berrang-Ford (University of Leeds), Robbert Biesbroek (Wageningen University), Edmond Totin (Universite Nationale d'Agriculture, Benin), Adelle Thomas (University of The Bahamas and Climate Analytics).Chapter 6. Synthesis on global adaptation progressLead authors: Alexandre Magnan (IDDRI), Henry Neufeldt (UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre), María del Pilar Bueno Rubial (Universidad Nacional de Rosario), Lars Christiansen (UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre).Contributing authors: Thomas Dale (UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre), Timo Leiter (London School of Economics), Pieter Paw (Eindhoven University of Technology), Chandi Singh (Indian Institute of Human Settlements), Fatin Tawfig (Secretariat of the UNFCCC), Paul Watkiss (Paul Watkiss Associates).REVIEWERSEdith Adera (African Development Bank), Maria Teresa Abogado (UNEP), Portia Adade Williams (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR), Mozaharul Alam (UNEP), Tarek Alkhoury Abdul Ahaad (UNEP), Alice Anders (UNEP Finance Initiative UNEP FI), Angela Andrade (Conservation International), Ariadna Anisimov (IDDRI), Emilie Beauchamp (International Institute for Sustainable Development IISD), Ruci Botei (UNEP), Dennis Bours (Adaptation Fund Technical Evaluation Reference Group), Barbara Buchner (Climate Policy Initiative), David Carlin (UNEP FI), Sander Chan (German Institute of Development and Sustainability), Hoon Chan (UN Capital Development Fund UNCDF), Alvin Chandra (UNEP), SununguraiIVDominica Chingarande (Women's University in Africa), Brett Cohen (University of Cape Town), Bruce Currie-Alder (International Development Research Centre IDRC), Craig Davies (CADLAS), Angie Dazé (IISD), Manishka De Mel (Columbia University), Johanna Dichtl (UNEP FI), Barney Dickson (UNEP), Ophélie Clara Drouault (UNEP), Nokuthula Dube (independent), Omar El-Arini (Government of Egypt), Susannah Fisher (University College London), James Ford (University of Leeds), Francesco Gaetani (UNEP), Christopher Gordon (University of Ghana), Anne Hammill (IISD), Andrea Hinwood (UNEP), Alistair Hunt (University of Bath), Hans Olav Ibrekk (Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Lili Ilieva (UNEP), Oscar Ivanova (UNEP), Jason Jabbour (UNEP), Maarten Kappelle (UNEP), Sumalee Khosla (UNEP), Thaddeus Idi Kiplimo (UNEP), Nicolina Lamhauge (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD), Jian Liu (UNEP), Natalia López (UNEP), Anil Markandya (Basque Centre for Climate Change), Jade Maron (UNEP), Annett Moehner (Secretariat of the UNFCCC), Marta Moneo (UNEP), Abdelmenam Mohamed (UNEP), Richard Munang (UNEP), Susan Mutebi-Richards (UNEP), Youssef Nassef (Secretariat of the UNFCCC), Hanson Nyantakyi-Frimpong (University of Denver), Anne Olhoff (CONCITO Denmarks green think tank), Gigi Owen (University of Arizona), Jean Palutikof (Griffith University), Angela Prias (UNEP), Jyotsna Puri (IFAD), Mikaela Rambali (OECD), Morgan Richmond (Climate Policy Initiative), Debra Roberts (IPCC and eThekwini Municipality), Erin Roberts (Climate Leadership Initiative), Cynthia Rosenzweig (NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia University), Ghulam Muhammad Shah (International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development ICIMOD), Nicholas Simpson (University of Cape Town), Paul Smith (UNEP FI), Maxime Souvignet (United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security UNU-EHS), Maria Tapia (Global Center on Adaptation GCA), Adelle Thomas (Climate Analytics), Kaisa Uusimaa (UNEP), Kees van der Geest (UNU-EHS), María Paula Viscardo Sesma (UNEP), Korinna von Teichman-Utesch (Secretariat of the UNFCCC), Florian Waldschmidt (UNU-EHS), Yvonne Walz (UNU-EHS), Charlene Watson (Overseas Development Institute ODI), Romain Weikmans (Finnish Institute of International Affairs), Fleur Wouterse (Global Center on Adaptation GCA), Suyeon Yang (UNEP), Edoardo Zandri (UNEP), Jinhua Zhang (UNEP).Adaptation Gap Report 2022: Too Little, Too SlowEDITORSHenry Neufeldt (Chief Scientific Editor, UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre), Lars Christiansen (UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre), Thomas Dale (UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre).SECRETARIAT AND PROJECT COORDINATIONLars Christiansen (UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre), Thomas Dale (UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre), Henry Neufeldt (UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre), Kaisa Uusimaa (UNEP), Maarten Kappelle (UNEP), Edoardo Zandri (UNEP).COMMUNICATIONS AND MEDIAUNEP: Matthew Bannon, Daniel Cooney, Katie Elles, Maria Vittoria Galassi, Miranda Grant, Nancy Groves, Artan Jama, Rune Kier, Michael Logan, Beverley McDonald, Duncan Moore, Pooja Munshi, Keishamaza Rukikaire, Nicolien Schoneveld-de Lange, Reagan Sirengo, Neha Sud, and several other members of the UNEP Communication Division.UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre: Monna Hammershøy Blegvad, Lasse Hemmingsen, Mette Annelie Rasmussen.LANGUAGE EDITING AND TRANSLATION OF THE EXECUTIVE SUMMARYStrategic AgendaDESIGN AND LAYOUTPhoenix Design Aid (figures), Strategic Agenda (layout), Beverley McDonald, UNEP (cover)THANKS ALSO TO:UNEP: Angeline Djampou, Niklas Hagelberg, Polina Koroleva, Abdelmenam Mohamed, Jane Muriithi, Paz López-Rey, Lou Perpes, Pinya Sarasas, Nandita Surendran, Ying Wang.Finally, UNEP would like to thank the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), and the Belgian Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation for their support to the production of the 2022 edition of UNEPs Adaptation Gap Report.VAdaptation Gap Report 2022: Too Little, Too SlowA village in Pakistan is devastated byflooding. In 2022, much of the countrywas severely inundated.VIPhoto: © Shutterstock/Saigh AneesAdaptation Gap Report 2022: Too Little, Too SlowContentsAcknowledgementsIVGlossaryVIIIForewordXIExecutive summaryXIIChapter 1 Setting the scene11.1The climate policy context of the Adaptation Gap Report 202221.2Status of global climate risk31.3Framing of the Adaptation Gap Report 20225Chapter 2 Global progress on adaptation planning92.1Introduction102.2Progress in national adaptation planning worldwide112.3Assessment of adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation planning122.4Promoting adaptationmitigation interlinkages in adaptation planning15Chapter 3 Global progress on adaptation financing in developing countries173.1Introduction183.2The costs of adaptation and adaptation finance needs for developing countries193.3Overarching global estimates and trends in adaptation-related finance fordeveloping countries213.4Interlinkages between mitigation and adaptation243.5Estimating the adaptation finance gap24Chapter 4 Global progress on adaptation implementation274.1Introduction284.2Implemented adaptation actions in developing countries284.3Implemented adaptation actions in developed countries304.4Estimating the potential for risk reduction304.5Interlinkages between implementing adaptation and mitigation32Chapter 5 Effectiveness of adaptation375.1Introduction385.2Illustrating adaptation outcomes over time and space405.3Addressing gaps and shortcomings in adaptation practice435.4Principles for effective adaptation445.5Conclusions and recommendations45Chapter 6 Synthesis on global adaptation progress496.1Overarching takeaways: are current adaptation efforts making a difference?506.2Cross-chapter synthesis51References56VIIAdaptation Gap Report 2022: Too Little, Too SlowGlossaryThe entries in this glossary are primarily taken or modified from definitions provided by reports published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) or previous editions of the Adaptation Gap Report.Adaptation: The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects. (IPCC 20221).Adaptation costs: Costs of plann