IRENA-加速七国集团的氢部署：《氢行动公约》的建议（英）-2022.11-144正式版.pdf
ACCELERATING HYDROGEN DEPLOYMENT IN THE G7RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE HYDROGEN ACTION PACT2 IRENA 2022Unless otherwise stated,material in this publication may be freely used,shared,copied,reproduced,printed and/or stored,provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA as the source and copyright holder.Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions,and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before any use of such material.ISBN:978-92-9260-479-0Citation:IRENA(2022),Accelerating hydrogen deployment in the G7:Recommendations for the Hydrogen Action Pact,International Renewable Energy Agency,Abu Dhabi.ABOUT IRENAThe International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA)is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future,and serves as the principal platform for international co-operation,a centre of excellence,and a repository of policy,technology,resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy.IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy,including bioenergy,geothermal,hydropower,ocean,solar and wind energy,in the pursuit of sustainable development,energy access,energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity.www.irena.orgACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIRENA is grateful for the external reviews and feedback received from Jean-Philippe Bernier(NRCan/Canada),Noam Boussidan(WEF),Hlne Chraye(European Commission),Tudor Constantinescu(European Commission),Marcello Capra(Ministry of Ecological Transition/Italy),Laura Droste(DENA),Clarisse Durand(Ministry of Ecological Transition/France),Christine Falken-Groer(BMWK/Germany),Aaron Hoskin(NRCan/Canada),Ruud Kempener(European Commission),Florian Knobloch(BMWK/Germany),Mary Marquez(NRCan/Canada),Yury Melnikov(Consultant),Jos Miguel Bermdez Menndez(IEA),Heino von Meyer(PtX Hub),Mikako Miki(METI/Japan),Frank Mischler(GIZ),Daria Nochevnik(Hydrogen Council),Marion Noel(Ministry of Ecological Transition/France),Misa Okano(METI/Japan),Alessandro Polito(European Commission),Stefano Raimondi(Ministry of Ecological Transition/Italy),Claudie Roy(NRCan/Canada),Matthjis Soede(European Commission),Kai Tateda(METI/Japan)and Hiroki Yoshida(METI/Japan);as well as officials at the Department for Business,Energy and Industrial Strategy(United Kingdom),and representatives from the United States Department of Energy for reviewing portions of this report.IRENA would also like to thank the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action for their support in making this report possible.The report was authored by Emanuele Bianco,Herib Blanco and Barbara Jinks(IRENA)under the guidance of Dolf Gielen(former Director,IRENA Innovation and Technology Centre).Additional valuable comments,suggestions and support were provided by IRENA colleagues Francisco Boshell,Ute Collier,Jaidev Dhavle,Benjamin Gibson,Steven Go,Francesco Pasimeni and Faran Rana.Design by weeks.de,Munich.DISCLAIMERThis publication and the material herein are provided“as is”.All reasonable precautions have been taken by IRENA to verify the reliability of the material in this publication.However,neither IRENA nor any of its officials,agents,data or other third-party content providers provides a warranty of any kind,either expressed or implied,and they accept no responsibility or liability for any consequence of use of the publication or material herein.The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of all Members of IRENA.The mention of specific companies or certain projects or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by IRENA in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.The designations employed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of IRENA concerning the legal status of any region,country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries.3ACCELERATING HYDROGEN DEPLOYMENT IN THE G7Francesco La CameraDirector-GeneralInternational Renewable Energy AgencyIt has become clear that hydrogen must play a key role in the energy transition if the world is to meet the 1.5 C target of the Paris Agreement.In particular,low carbon and green hydrogen offer vital opportunities for the development of hard-to-decarbonise sectors that cannot be electrified,or which have no viable alternatives to fossil fuels such as industry and heavy transport including aviation,shipping and road haulage.The potential of hydrogen is well understood,and has been a subject of IRENA analyses and studies since 2018.What is more important now is to implement policies and regulatory frameworks,and to provide incentives to establish and ramp-up a new hydrogen industry.Given that individual nations are unable to do this alone,the focus must be on fostering closer collaboration between countries to develop the mechanism to enable new hydrogen markets.The announcement by the German G7 Presidency of the G7 Hydrogen Action Pact in May 2022 signalled the Groups intent to strengthen joint development of hydrogen and power-to-X value chains,and to streamline the implementation of existing multilateral initiatives that are committed to deploying hydrogen.The analysis undertaken by IRENA to assist the development of the Hydrogen Action Pact resulted in the recommendations presented in this report.These aim to support the efforts by G7 leaders to align policy making and prioritise actions to harmonise standards and certification;share lessons from early implementation;balance the focus on supply with demand creation;promote hydrogen uptake in industrial applications;and establish more targeted collaboration with industry stakeholders and civil society.This work was made possible by the engagement of delegates of the G7 countries,under the leadership of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Action(BMWK).The G7 group of countries has the opportunity to play a leading role in accelerating the development of a global hydrogen market.The recommendations presented in this report mark the start of this journey for the policy makers and stakeholders who will facilitate a new hydrogen trade.It is time for action and IRENA remains committed to working with G7 leaders to ensure a fair,sustainable and secure energy transition.FOREWORD4CONTENTS01.G7 AND THE HYDROGEN SECTOR.16 1.1.Introduction.161.2.Energy and hydrogen overview in the G7.191.3.Country-specific factsheets.40CANADA.40EUROPEAN UNION.48FRANCE.56GERMANY.65ITALY.73JAPAN.80UNITED KINGDOM.88UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.96 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .10 Figures.06Tables and Boxes.08Abbreviations.09ACCELERATING HYDROGEN DEPLOYMENT IN THE G7502.CROSS STRATEGY ANALYSIS.1052.1.Policy framing.1062.2.Hydrogen priorities.1072.3.Hydrogen policies.1112.4.Hydrogen valleys.1152.5.Hydrogen definition and support.1152.6.Uneven hydrogen diplomacy.1162.7.Differentiated stages of deployment.11703.RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE G7.119 PILLAR 01 Align efforts on standards and certification.121 PILLAR 02 Collaborate internationally and share lessons from early implementation.123 PILLAR 03 Balance focus on supply with demand creation.125 PILLAR 04 Promote hydrogen uptake in industrial applications.127 PILLAR 05 Conduct outreach to civil society and industry stakeholders.129References .131Annex Methodology for estimating renewable potential.1376ACCELERATING HYDROGEN DEPLOYMENT IN THE G7ACCELERATING HYDROGEN DEPLOYMENT IN THE G7FIGURESFigure S1 Recommendations for G7 members.12Figure 1.1 Primary energy supply mix and electricity mix in 2020 by G7 member.20Figure 1.2 Global hydrogen demand in 2020 and share from G7 members and China(MtH2).22Figure 1.3 Hydrogen strategy published or under development,July 2022.23Figure 1.4 Hydrogen demand growth to 2050 by G7 member(including uncertainty).24Figure 1.5 Estimated hydrogen production cost from solar PV for G7 members in 2021 as a function of CAPEX and WACC.26Figure 1.6 G7 members share of high value inventions over the total inventions and countries high value invention share in hydrogen technologies.29Figure 1.7 Flow of international inventions for G7 members.30Figure 1.8 Specialisation index of G7 members plus China concerning hydrogen technology areas,comparing average values in the periods 2010-2014 and 2015-2019.31Figure 1.9 Carbon pricing level,coverage,and total emissions across G7 members.33Figure 1.10 Hydrogen Certification Market Initiatives.36Figure 1.11 Land types and exclusion criteria for renewable potential estimation in Canada.42Figure 1.12 Supply cost curve for Canada in a low-cost scenario in 2030.43Figure 1.13 Hydrogen exports from Canada across scenarios for 2050.44Figure 1.14 Land types and exclusion criteria for renewable potential estimation in the European Union.50Figure 1.15 Supply cost curve for the European Union in a low-cost scenario in 2030.51Figure 1.16 Total hydrogen imports to the European Union across scenarios for 2050.52Figure 1.17 Survey of hydrogen demand estimates for 2050 in France.57Figure 1.18 Land types and exclusion criteria for renewable potential estimation in France.59Figure 1.19 Supply cost curve for France in a low-cost scenario in 2030.60Figure 1.20 Total hydrogen imports to France across scenarios for 2050.61Figure 1.21 Land types and exclusion criteria for renewable potential estimation in Germany.67Figure 1.22 Supply cost curve for Germany in a low-cost scenario in 2030.68Figure 1.23 Total hydrogen imports to Germany across scenarios for 2050.69Figure 1.24 Land types and exclusion criteria for renewable potential estimation in Italy.75Figure 1.25 Supply cost curve for Italy in a low-cost scenario in 2030.76Figure 1.26 Total hydrogen imports to Italy across scenarios for 2050.777FIGURESFigure 1.27 Land types and exclusion criteria for renewable potential estimation in Japan.82Figure 1.28 Supply cost curve for Japan in a low-cost scenario in 2030.83Figure 1.29 Total hydrogen imports to Japan across scenarios for 2050.84Figure 1.30 Land types and exclusion criteria for renewable potential estimation in the United Kingdom.90Figure 1.31 Supply cost curve for the United Kingdom in a low-cost scenario in 2030.91Figure 1.32 Land types and exclusion criteria for renewable potential estimation in the United States.98Figure 1.33 Supply cost curve for the United States in a low-cost scenario in 2030.99Figure 1.34 Total hydrogen export flows from the United States across scenarios for 2050.101Figure 2.1 Complementarity between electrification and hydrogen across end use applications.110Figure 2.2 Policy options to deal with the cost gap for hydrogen derivatives and offtake.112Figure 2.3 Use of a stage approach in five of the G7 members strategies.117Figure 3.1 Recommendations for G7 members.120Figure A.1 Types of renewable potentials and applicable constraints.138Figure A.2 Range of WACC by technology and scenario.1438ACCELERATING HYDROGEN DEPLOYMENT IN THE G7TABLESBOXESTable 1.1.Comparison of voluntary mechanisms for hydrogen certification .38Table 1.2.Comparison of mandatory mechanisms for hydrogen certification .39Table 1.3.Analysis of Canadian hydrogen strategic documents.45Table 1.1.Analysis of European hydrogen strategic documents.53Table 1.5.Analysis of French hydrogen strategic documents.62Table 1.6.Analysis of German hydrogen strategic documents.70Table 1.7.Analysis of Italian hydrogen strategic documents.78Table 1.8.Analysis of Japanese hydrogen strategic documents.85 Table 1.9.Analysis of UK hydrogen strategy.93 Table 1.10.Analysis of U.S.hydrogen strategic documents.102Table 2.1.Stated policy framing in the hydrogen strategic documents and policies.106Table 2.2.Stated policy priority across G7 strategic documents.108Table 2.3.Terminology used for hydrogen across strategies.115Table A.1.Sources and datasets used for land eligibility criteria.139Table A.2.CAPEX assumptions for renewable energy in 2030 and 2050 in G7 members for an optimistic scenario.142Table A.3.CAPEX assumptions for renewable energy in 2030 and 2050 in G7 members for a pessimistic scenario.142Box 1.1.The H2Global programme.729ABBREVIATIONSUNITS OF MEASUREACES advanced clean energy storageBCA border carbon adjustmentBEIS Department for Business,Energy and Industrial Strategy(UK)BIL Bipartisan Infrastructure Law(US)CAD Canadian dollarCAPEX capital expenditureCBAM carbon border adjustments mechanismCCfD carbon contracts for differenceCCS carbon capture and storageCCUS carbon capture,utilisation and storageCEN European Committee for StandardisationCFP calls for proposalCO2 carbon dioxideDRI direct-iron-reducingDoE Department of Energy(US)DPA Defense Production Act(US)ECMWF European Centre for Medium-Range Weather ForecastsERA5 fifth-generation ECMWF reanalysisETS emissions trading schemeEU European UnionEUR euroFCEV fuel cell electric vehicle GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGBP United Kingdom poundGDP gross domestic product GHG greenhouse gas GWP global warming potentialH2 hydrogenHAP Hydrogen Action PactHINT.CO Hydrogen Intermediary Network CompanyHRS hydrogen refuelling stationsICAO International Civil Aviation OrganizationIDA Industrial Decarbonisation AgendaIEC International Electrotechnical CommissionIMO International Maritime OrganizationIPCEI Important Projects of Common European InterestIPHE International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the EconomyISO International Standard Organisation IUCN International Union for Conservation of NatureJPY Japanese yenLCOH levelised cost of hydrogenLNG liquefied fossil gas MCH methylcyclohexaneNDC nationally determined contributionNECP National Energy and Climate Plan(France)NH3 ammoniaPEM polymer electrolyte membranePTX Power to XPV photovoltaicR&D research and development SoT State of the Transition SPP sustainable public procurementTES total energy supply TFEC total final energy consumptionUSD United States dollar VRE variable renewable energyWACC weighted average cost of capitalWTO World Trade Organization ZEV zero emission vehiclebcm billion cubic metresCO2eq carbon dioxide equivalentEJ exajoulegCO2 gramme of carbon dioxideGJ gigajouleGt gigatonneGW gigawattkg kilogrammekgCO2 kilogramme of carbon dioxide kgH2 kilogramme of hydrogenkm kilometrekm2 square kilometrektCO2eq kilotonne of carbon dioxide equivalentktH2 kilotonne of hydrogenkW kilowattkWel electric kilowattkWh kilowatt hourL litrem3 cubic metreMMBtu metric million British thermal unit Mt million tonneMtCO2 million tonne of carbon dioxideMtH2 million tonne of hydrogenMW megawattNm3/h normal cubic metre per hourt/d tonne per daytCO2 tonne of carbon dioxideTW terawatt TWh terawatt hourABBREVIATIONS AND UNITS OF MEASURE10ACCELERATING HYDROGEN DEPLOYMENT IN THE G7EXECUTIVE SUMMARY”G7 members are committed to net-zero emissions by 2050 at the latest.To achieve this,they will need to rely
