2018考研英语一试题与答案解析(完整版).pdf

欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Born to win2018 年考研英语一试题与答案解析（完整版）跨考教育英语教研室SectionIUse ofEnglishDirections：Read thefollowing text.Choose thebestword(s)foreach numbered blank andmark A,B,C orD on theANSWERSHEET.(10points)Trustisa tricky business.On theone hand,its a necessary condition _(1)many worthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.On theotherhand,putting your_(2)in thewrong placeoftencarries ahigh_(3)._(4),why do we trust atall?Well,becauseitfeels good._(5)peopleplacetheir trust in an individual or an institution,their brainsrelease oxytocin,ahormone that _(6)pleasurable feelings and triggers theherdinginstruct that leadssheeptoflocktogether forsafety and promptshumans to_(7)withone another.SwissScientistshavefoundthat exposure_(8)this hormone putsusina trusting_(9):Ina study,researchers sprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjects were readytolendsignificantlyhigheramounts ofmoney tostrangersthanweretheir _(10)who inhaled somethingelse._(11)forus,we alsohave a sixth sensefordishonesty thatmay _(12)us.A Canadian studyfound thatchildren as young as 14 months can differentiate_(13)a credible personand a dishonest one.Sixtytoddlers were each_(14)toan adulttester holdinga plastic container.The tester would ask,“Whatsinhere?”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,and exclaiming,“Wow!”Each subject wastheninvited to look _(15).Half of them found a toy;theotherhalf_(16)the container was empty-andrealized thetester had_(17)them.Amongthechildren who had notbeen tricked,themajority were _(18)tocooperate withthetester inlearning a new skill,demonstrating thattheytrusted hisleadership._(19),onlyfiveofthe30 children pairedwiththe_(20)testerparticipatedinafollow-up activity.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Born to win1.A onB likeC forD from2.A faithB concernC attentionD interest3.A benefitB debtC hopeD price4.A ThereforeB ThenC InsteadD Again5.A UntilB UnlessC AlthoughD When6.A selectsB producesC appliesD maintains7.A consultB competeC connectD compare8.A atB byC ofD to9.A contextB moodC periodD circle10.A counterparts B substitutesC colleaguesD supporters11.A FunnyB LuckyC OddD Ironic12.A monitorB protectC surpriseD delight13.A betweenB withinC towardD over14.A transferredB addedC introducedD entrusted15.A outB backC aroundD inside16.A discoveredB provedC insistedD remembered17.A betrayedB wrongedC fooledD mocked18.A forcedB willingC hesitantD entitled19.A IncontrastB As a resultC On thewholeDForinstance20.A inflexible B incapableC unreliableD unsuitable1.【答案】C【解析】该题选择的是介词，与后面的many worthwhile things 一块做后置定语修饰前面的condition,表明对于许多重要事情来说是一个必要的条件。而A 选项from（来自于），B 选项like（像）D 选项on（关于）均语义不搭。2.【答案】A【解析】此处考察语义一致和对上下文辨析的问题。该空是做put的宾语，通过前面的On theone hand,its a necessary condition _(1)many worthwhilethings:欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Born to winchild care,friendships,etc.(一方面,信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比如照看孩子，友谊等)；on theotherhand 可以得知该题仍然是在讲述关于主题trust的问题，所以只有faith（信任）最合适。而B 选项concern（关心，关注），C选项attention（注意），D 选项interest（兴趣，利益）均不符题意。3.【答案】D【解析】此处考察词义辨析。前文说到putting your_inthewrong placeoftencarries ahigh_（把放在错误的地方通常会带来巨大的），可以知道该空肯定也是填贬义，但肯定不能是debt债务这种具体含义，所以只能选price，并且carries ahighprice 也指付出高昂的代价。4.【答案】B【解析】此题考察上下文逻辑关系。上一段分析的是信任的利弊，该段所指内容_,why do we trust atall?（我们为什么会要信任？）所以采用了递进关系，进一步说明信任的具体内容。只有D 选项then(然后，那么)最符合语义搭配。而A 选项again（再次）表示强调；B 选项instead（然而）表转折；而 C 选项therefore（因此）表结果，均不符合。5.【答案】D【解析】此处再一次考察逻辑关系。该空_people placetheir trust inanindividual oran institution,their brains release oxytocin，a hormone（_人们信任一个人或者一个机构，大脑都会释放一种荷尔蒙）,只有when（当时）符合上下文语境和逻辑语境。6.【答案】B【解析】该题是考察定语从句的动宾搭配问题。上一句说当人们产生信任感，大脑就会产生一种荷尔蒙，a hormone that _(6)pleasurablefeelings 这个that 就是定语从句，指这种荷尔蒙能_令人愉悦的感觉，只能是produce 最符合语欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Born to win境。7.【答案】C【解析】考察词义辨析。该空所填为动词，并且要求与之后的with形成搭配。and triggers theherdinginstruct thatleadssheep to flocktogether forsafetyandpromptshumans to_withone another.说明这种荷尔蒙能够引发一种群居本能，这种本能能让羊群聚在一起，and的后面的内容也与前面的flocktogether 同义复现。所以只有connect最符合语境。8.【答案】D【解析】该题考察固定搭配。与exposureto构成固定搭配的关系。表示“接触”9.【答案】B【解析】该题考察上下文语义。上文中说到这种荷尔蒙会给人带来一种愉悦的情绪，通过这个结论，可以得出这种荷尔蒙能让人有让人信任的情绪/心绪。只有mood 是最合适的答案。10.【答案】A【解析】此处仍然是考察上下文语境。上文中Ina study,researchers sprayedoxytocin intothenosesofhalfthesubjects;能从下文得知这也是指本句讲另外一组受试者。counterparts表示对应物，对应的人。11.【答案】B【解析】此处考察上下文逻辑关系。从后文中的also可以看出前后一致的关系。前文对于这种天赋都是褒义的色彩，所以答案此时应该是lucky。12.【答案】B【解析】同样也是因为also，说明前后一致关系。只能选择protect.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Born to win13.【答案】A【解析】考察固定搭配。A Canadianstudyfoundthat children asyoung as14 monthscandifferentiate_ a credible personand a dishonest one.选则between意为：14 个月大的孩子能在诚实和不诚实的人之间进行区分。14.【答案】C【解析】考察搭配。结合原文语境，“Sixtytoddlers wereeachtoadult tester holdinga plastic container”选项C“be introduced tosth”表示“初次认识某物。”符合原文语境。15.【答案】D【解析】本题考察借此搭配及词义复现。根据原文“whatsinhere?”before lookingintothecontainer.Eachsubject was theninvited to_.”选项D 与前文所表达的inhere和 looking into相关。因此D 为正选。16.【答案】A【解析】本题考察词义复现。根据语境“half ofthem founda toy;theotherhalf16thecontainer was empty.”这是用分好并列连接的两个句子，属于并列关系。因此，前半句讲一般的受测者在盒子里面找到了玩具，后半句在肯定其他人会怎么说。像个小分局的结构基本一直。因此本题填入的含义应该与found 含义相同。因此，A 选项发现为正选。17.【答案】C【解析】根据本题语境，此句在破折号后面，是对前面的意思解释说明。前面提到了另一半人发现盒子是空的，并且易世达测试者对他们怎么样。既然盒子是空的，那么肯定认识到测试者是在戏弄他们，所以对此题必须要理解测试者是主语，宾语是Them指的是受测者。主语的含义决定了谓语的含义为戏弄。因此C 选项为正选。18.【答案】B欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Born to win【解析】考察搭配。根据句子结构我们可以看出逗号之前是一个介词短语，意为在所有没有被戏弄过的孩子里面，大多数的孩子在习得一种新技能的时候与测试者的合作是如何的。Demonstrating that theytrusted hisleadership 表明这些孩子信任他的领导。因此，既然信任他们就表示愿意合作。所 B 选项willing todo 构成固定搭配。19.【答案】A【解析】本题考察逻辑关系。根据原文语境“”onlyfiveofthe30 children paired withthe“20”tester participatedina follow-up activity.”通过该句中的only，可以看出与上文的“大多数”形成鲜明对比。因此，本题应该选择转折逻辑关系。A 选项为正选。20.【答案】C【解析】本题考察词义辨析。根据原文语境；在接下来的活动中，30 个孩子中有 5个孩子与.样的测试者能合作，所以结合上文提到的大部分孩子信任测试者，但是5/30属于小部分，大部分测试者对应的是信任，而小部分应该对应的是不信任。因此，C 选项“不可靠”为正选。Section Reading ComprehensionPartADirections:Read thefollowing fourtexts.Answer thequestionsbelow each textby choosingA,B,C orD.Mark your answerson theANSWERSHEET.（40 points）Text1Amongtheannoyingchallenges facing themiddleclass isone thatwillprobablygo unmentioned inthenextpresidentialcampaign:What happenswhen therobotscome fortheir jobs?Dontdismissthatpossibilityentirely.About halfofU.S.jobsareathighriskof欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Born to winbeingautomated,accordingtoa University of Oxford study,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-income jobslikegardeningor day caredontappeal to robots.But manymiddle-class occupations-trucking,financial advice,softwareengineering have arousedtheir interest,or soon will.The richown therobots,sotheywill befine.This isnt to be alarmist.Optimistspointout thattechnological upheavalhasbenefited workersinthepast.The IndustrialRevolution didnt go sowellforLudditeswhose jobswere displacedby mechanized looms,but iteventually raisedlivingstandardsand createdmore jobs than itdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventually boostproductivity,stimulate demand by drivingdown prices,and freeworkersfrom hard,boringwork.But inthemedium term,middle-class workersmayneedalot ofhelpadjusting.The first step,as ErikBrynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argueinThe SecondMachine Age,shouldbe rethinking education and jobtraining.Curriculumsfromgrammar schooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocusless on memorizingfacts and moreon creativityand complex communication.Vocational schoolsshoulddo a better jobof fostering problem-solving skills and helpingstudentswork alongsiderobots.Onlineeducation cansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmake extra training andinstructionaffordable.Professionalstrying toacquire new skills willbe abletodo sowithout goingintodebt.The challenge of copingwith automationunderlines theneed fortheU.S.torevive its fadingbusiness dynamism:Starting new companiesmust be made easier.Inpreviouserasof drastic technological change,entrepreneurs smoothed thetransitionby dreamingup ways tocombine laborand machines.The bestusesof 3D printersand virtual reality havent been invented yet.The U.S.needsthenew companiesthatwill invent them.Finally,becauseautomationthreatens towiden thegap between capital income andlaborincome,taxesand thesafety netwillhave tobe rethought.Taxes on low-wagelaborneed tobe cut,and wage subsidies suchastheearnedincome taxcredit should欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Born to winbe expanded:Thiswould boostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.Technologywillimprovesociety inways bigand smalloverthenextfew years,yetthiswillbe little comforttothosewho findtheir lives and careers upended byautomation.Destroying themachinesthat arecoming forourjobswould be nuts.Butpolicies tohelpworkersadaptwill beindispensable.21.【题干】Who willbemostthreatened by automation?【选项】A Leadingpoliticians.B Low-wage laborers.C Robotowners.D Middle-class workers.21 答案D Middle-class workers这是一道具体细节题，题干问道“那些人受自动化威胁最大？”根据段落定位原则，第一题应该到第一段和第二段寻找答案，A 选项主要的政治领导人，而原文只是在一段提到了presidentialcampaign，并未提到政治领导人受自动化影响；B 选项低收入劳动者，在二段说道lower-incomejobsdontappealtorobots，说明不会受到影响；C 选项机器人的所有者，在二段末句提到therichown therobots,sotheywillbe fine.可以看到他们也是不受影响的；故选择C，可以从二段的But 后找到根据。22.【题干】Which ofthefollowing bestrepresent theauthors view?【选项】A Worriesaboutautomation areinfact groundless.B Optimists opinions on new techfindlittlesupport.C Issues arising fromautomation needtobetackledD Negativeconsequences ofnew techcanbeavoided22 答案C Issues arising from automationneed tobe tackled欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Born to win这是一道作者观点细节题，题干问道“下列哪项最能代表作者观点”根据上一题可知，这道题应该从第三段寻找答案，这种题一般到首句、末句或转折后寻找观点。首句就说到上面提到的威胁不是alarmist 危言耸听的；末句提到中产阶级工人需要很多帮助来调整自己。根据这两部分可知选项C 是正确的，A 选项说对自动化的担心是groundless 的和文意相反；B 选项说乐观主义者对新技术的支持几乎没有找到支持不符合本段第二句和第三句，与原文相反；D 选项新技术的负面影响可以避免与本段末句不符，既然需要中产阶级去适应，那就说明是不可避免的，也应排除。23.【题干】Education intheageofautomation shouldputmore emphasison_.【选项】A creative potential.B job-hunting skills.C individual needs.D cooperative spirit.23 答案A creative potential这是一道具体细节题，题干问到“自动化时代的教育应该重视什么”可定位到第四段，第一句就提到了应对这个时代的第一步就是rethinkingeducation and jobtraining。具体方法在后面也给出来了，curriculums shouldfocusmore on creativityandcomplex communication，更重视创新和复杂的交际，故A 选项是正确的。这道题的对应非常直接，其他几个选项几乎不构成干扰。24.【题干】The authorsuggests that taxpolicies beaimed at_.【选项】A encouraging thedevelopmentofautomation.B increasing thereturn on capital investment.C easing thehostilitybetweenrichand poor.D preventing theincomegapfrom widening.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Born to win24.答案D preventingtheincome gap from widening.这是一道观点细节题，问作者认为税收政策应该以什么为目标。根据题干关键词定位至第六段，六段首句说因为自动化预示着劳资双方的收入在扩大，所以，税收和安全保障也将必须重新考虑。接着第二句就在具体解释税收政策该如何改变，如应该免去低工资工人的税，个人所得税应该增加，最后一句话指出，这将提高收入，鼓励就业，激励那些创造就业的公司，减少不平等。由此可得知，关于税收政策的目标就是阻止收入差距扩大，答案是D。25.【题干】Inthis text,theauthor presents aproblemwith_.【选项】A pposingviewson it.B possible solutions toit.C its alarming impacts.D its majorvariations.25.答案B possible solutions toit.纵观全文，作者在前两段提出了一个问题，即自动化将威胁到中产阶级工人的工作，第三段指出乐观主义者认为这也许对工人们是有利的，只不过中产阶级工人可能需要做出一定的改变。从第四段到第六段就是作者给出的一些解决办法，如教育上要改变，培养学生的创造性和实际技能，以及对于税收政策的调整等，最后一段是概括总结，所以这是一篇提出问题，分析问题并解决问题的文章，所以，答案是B，作者提出了问题，并且给出了可能的解决措施。Text2A new survey by Harvard University findsmore than two-thirds of youngAmericans disapproveof President Trumps use of Twitter.The implication isthatMillennials prefer news from theWhite House tobe filteredthroughothersource,Notapresidentssocial mediaplatform.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Born to winMost Americansrelyon social media tocheckdaily headlines.Yet asdistrust hasrisen towardallmedia,peoplemay be starting tobeefup their media literacy skills.Such a trendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016 presidentialcampaign,nearly a quarterofweb content sharedby Twitter usersinthepoliticallycriticalstate ofMichiganwasfakenews,according totheUniversity ofOxford.And a surveyconductedforBuzzFeed News found 44 percentof Facebook usersrarely ornevertrust news from themediagiant.Young people who are digital nativesare indeed becoming more skillful atseparating factfrom fiction incyberspace.A KnightFoundationfocus-group surveyof young peoplebetween ages14and24 found theyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories.Theycross-check sourcesandprefer newsfromdifferentperspectivesespeciallythosethatareopen aboutany bias.“Many young peopleassume a greatdealofpersonal responsibilityforeducating themselves and activelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,”thesurveyconcluded.Such activeresearchcan have anothereffect.A 2014 survey conductedinAustralia,Britain,and theUnitedStatesby theUniversity of Wisconsin-Madisonfound that young peoplesrelianceon socialmedia led to greaterpoliticalengagement.Socialmedia allows usersto experiencenews eventsmore intimately andimmediatelywhilealsopermitting them to re-share news as a projection of theirvaluesand interests.Thisforcesuserstobe more conscious oftheir roleinpassingalonginformation.A surveyby Barna research groupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericans forthefakenews phenomenon is“readererror,”more so thanmade-upstories or factual mistakesinreporting.About a third say theproblemoffakenewslies in“misinterpretationorexaggeration ofactual news”viasocial media Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenews on social media may be theheartoftheissue.“Thisindicates thereisa realpersonal responsibilityincounteracting thisproblem,”saysRoxanne Stone,editor inchief atBarnaGroup.So when young peoplearecriticalof an over-tweeting president,theyreveala欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Born to winmentaldiscipline inthinking skills and intheir choiceson when toshareon socialmedia.26.【题干】AccordingtotheParagraphs 1 and 2,many young Americanscastdoubtson【选项】A thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice.B peoples preference forsocial mediaplatforms.C theadministrationsability tohandleinformation.D social mediawas a reliable sourceofnews.答案Dsocial mediawas areliable sourceofnews解析：细节题。根据题干信息定位到文中第一段与第二段。文章第一段提到在美国超过2/3的年轻人反对总统特朗普使用推特。接着提到美国公民更希望从别的渠道获得白宫的信息，而不是从总统的社交平台。第二段第二句指出由于美国人越来越不信任媒体，他们可能想办法提高自身的媒体文化素养。由此可见，很多美国年轻人怀疑社交媒体值不值得信任。因此D 选项符合文意。27.【题干】The phrase“beerup”(Line2,Para.2)isclosest inmeaningto【选项】AA sharpenB defineC boastD share答案Asharpen解析：猜词题。根据题干定位到第二段第二句。上文提到大部分美国人依靠社交媒体来查看每日头条。第二句紧接着指出“由于美国人越来越不信任媒体，他们开始beefup 自身的媒体文化素养”。由此推测，美国人开始对媒体产生怀疑，所以是想办法强化自身的知识来辨别媒体可不可靠。选项中只有A 项有(强化，加强)的含义。故A 项为正确答案。欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Born to win28.【题干】Accordingtotheknightfoundation survey,young people【选项】A tendtovoicetheir opinions incyberspace.B verify news by referring todiverse resources.C havestrong senseofresponsibility.D like toexchangeviewson“distributedtrust”答案Bverify news by referring todiverse resources.解析：根据题目中的survey可以得出，本题目为细节题的研究结论型。题干中已知的关键词theknightfoundation survey告诉我们本题在第三段第二句话的位置，原句指出“A knightfoundation focusgroup surveyofyoung people.foundtheyusedistributedtrust toverify stories.”，意思是他们使用distributedtrust 来 verify stories。而且下一句又详细指出，theycross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives。结合选项可看出 B 选项verify 与原文一致，news 对应原文的stories，referring todiverse resources即 distributedtrust，B 为正确答案。29.【题干】The Barnasurveyfoundthat amain causeforthefakenews problemis【选项】A readers outdated values.B journalistsbi