研究生入学考试 英语一 真题 答案 解析.pdf
欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2015 研究生入学考试 英语一 真题 答案 解析 Section 1 Use of English Directions:Readthe following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank andmark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Though not biologically related,friends are as related as fourth cousins,sharing about 1%of genes.That is 1 a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,has 2.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.The same people were used in both 5.While 1%may seem 6,it is not so to a geneticist.As co-author of the study James Fowler,professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says,Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.The team also developed a friendship score which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity.Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain,for now.10,as the team suggests,it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it.There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than functional kinship of being friends with 14!One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes.Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years,with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds,say the researchers.Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction,care was taken to 20 that all subjects,friends and strangers were taken from the same population.The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.1 A what B why C how D when 2 A defended B concluded C withdrawn D advised 3 A for B with C by D on 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！4 A separated B sought C compared D connected 5 A tests B objects C samples D examples 6 A insignificant B unexpected C unreliable D incredible 7 A visit B miss C know D seek 8 A surpass B influence C favor D resemble 9 A again B also C instead D thus 10 A Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D Perhaps 11 A about B to C from D like 12 A limit B observe C confuse D drive 13 A according to B rather than C regardless of D along with 14 A chances B responses C benefits D missions 15 A faster B slower C later D earlier 16 A forecast B remember C express D understand 17 A unpredicted B contributory C controllable D disruptive 18 A tendency B decision C arrangement D endeavor 19 A political B religious C ethnic D economic 20 A see B show C prove D tell 答案解析 1、A what 本句的句意是：这就是加利福尼亚大学和耶鲁大学在美国国家科学院报告上联合发表的研究成果。第一个空考察表语从句的引导词。2、B concluded 本句的句意是：这就是加利福尼亚大学和耶鲁大学在美国国家科学院报告上联合发表的研究成果。第二个空为针对从句谓语进行的词义考察。3、D on 本句前半句的句意是：这项研究是一个基于 1932 个独特个体的基因组广谱分析。考察 Conduct on 词组，进行。从句意为：它对成对儿的非亲缘朋友和陌生人进行比较。欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！4、C compared 比较，根据上下文及后一句的 same 知道，比较为最佳。5、C samples 词义题，样本，C 为最佳选项。6、A insignificant 词义题，1%，以及后面的 not so 转折，判断，A insignificant 不显著，为最佳选项。7、C know 句意为：一些人虽然并不认识他们第四代的表亲，但他们选择的朋友却和这些亲戚颇有相似之处。8、D resemble 词义题，和上一个空形成转折。9、B also 上下文逻辑题，发现了，还发现了。Also 为最佳选项。10、D Perhaps 结合上下文：这一现象很难解释，后面接原因，原因“可能”是最符合文章大意。11、B to 介词题，意为：就像这个科研团队所发现的，这个因素不仅把我们带到详细的环境中来，更有一些深层次的影响。12、D drive 词义题，根据上下文，对我们产生影响，驱使我们drive 为最佳选项。13、B rather than 逻辑题，基因上相似的，功能上相似的，二者对立不能同时存在，rather than 不是而是最符合。14、C benefits 跟“功能”搭配，选个褒义词，带来好处的，最佳。15、A faster 词义题，根据后半句解释，这就是为什么“picked pace”加速，这里只能选 faster，一些比另外一些进化得更快，符合文意。16、D understand 词义题，这个研究可以帮助我们理解一个事实。17、B contributory 本句意为：社会环境是最主要的一个因素。Contributory 贡献，最佳。18、A tendency 结合文章主旨，选择基因相似的人做朋友是普遍现象，tendency 趋势倾向最符合。19、C ethnic 同义替换，基因背景相似，种族的，民族的，最符合。20、A see 本句意为：尽管所有的研究对象都取自欧洲血统，研究者也花心思确保了所有(用于比对的)朋友和陌生人也源自该血统中的同一支系。欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Section Reading Comprehension Part A Directions：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1 King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted kings dont abdicate,they die in their sleep.But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So,dies the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days?Does that mean the uniting is on the wall for all European royals,with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case previous arguments both for and against monarchy when public opinion is particularly.Polarized,as it was following the end of the France regime,monarchs can rise above“mere”politics and“embody”a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of states.And so,the Middle East expected,Europe is the most monarch-infested region is the world,with 10 kingdoms not counting Vatican city and Andorra.But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia,most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respect public figure.Even so,kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside,symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very historyand sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.At a time when Thomes Piketty and other ecumenists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth,it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Prince and princess have day-jobs and ride bicycles,not horses(or helicopters).Even so,these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%,and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to strive for some time to come,it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy reputation with her rather ordinary(if well-healed)granny style.The danger will come with Charles,who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a serviceas non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as English history shows,it is kings of republicans,who 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！are the monarchys worst enemies.21、according to the first two paragraphs,king Juan Carl of span A used to enjoy high public support B was unpopular among European royals C ended his reign in embarrassment D eased his relationship with his rivals 22、monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly A owing to their undoubted and respectable status B to achieve a balance between tradition and reality C to give voters more public figures to look up to D due to their everlasting political embodiment 23.Which of the following is shown to be odd,according to Paragraph 4?A Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.B The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.C The role of the nobility in modern democracies.D The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24.The British royals“have most to fear”because Charles A takes a tough line on political issues.B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.C takes republicans as his potential allies.D fails to adapt himself to his future role.25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！A Carlos,Glory and Disgrace Combined B Carlos,a Lesson for All European Monarchs C Charles,Slow to React to the Coming Threats D Charles,Anxious to Succeed to the Throne 答案解析：21 D ended his reign in embarrassment 此题属于细节题。根据关键词 King Juan Carlos of Spain 定位到第一段第一和第二句。But embarrassing scandalshave forced him to eat his words and stand down.此处 stand down 译为放弃席位。因此 D ended his reign in embarrassment 是原文内容的同义替换。22 A owing to their undoubted and respectable status 此题属于细节题。根据关键词定位到第三段第一句 it is this apparent that explains as heads of state.和第三句 But unlike their absolutistmost royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for.respected public figure.绝大多数皇室家族使得选民避免了寻找受人尊敬的公众人物的麻烦。因此 A owing to their undoubted and respectable status 是原文内容的同义替换。23 B the role of the nobility in modern democracies 此题属于细节题。根据关键词定位到第四段最后一句话it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states 奇怪的是有钱的贵族家庭仍然处于现代民主国家的核心地位。因此 B the role of the nobility in modern democracies 是原文内容的同义替换。24 B fails to change his lifestyle as advised 此题属于细节题。根据关键词”have most of fear”定位到第六段，Charles 定位到最后一段的地二句 Charles 后面 who 引导定语从句 who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and world 因此 B fails to change his lifestyle as advised 是原文内容的同义替换。欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！25 C Carlos，a Lesson for All European Monarchs 此题属于全文主旨题。着眼全文，通篇都在围绕 monarchs 展开。第一段由 Carlos 引出当今君主制面临的危机。因此 Carlos，a Lesson for All European Monarchs 是全文内容的精确概括。Text 2 Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.It is hard,the state argues,for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice.Enough of the implications are discernable,even obvious,so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone-a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say,going through a suspects purse.The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook,of an arrestee without a warrant.But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home.A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history,financial history,medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence.The development of“cloud computing,”meanwhile,has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole.New,disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution s protections.Orin Kerr,a law professor,compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th:The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then;they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26.The Supreme Court,will work out whether,during an arrest,it is legitimate to A search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.B check suspects phone contents without being authorized.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！C prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.D prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27.The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of A tolerance.B indifference.C disapproval.D cautiousness.28.The author believes that exploring ones phone content is comparable to A getting into ones residence.B handing ones historical records.C scanning ones correspondences.D going through ones wallet.29.In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that A principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B the court is giving police less room for action.C phones are used to store sensitive information.D citizens privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that (A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！T2 答案解析：26 答案 B check suspects phone contents without being authorized 解析：细节题。根据自然段定位原则，定位到首段。根据题干关键词 supreme court，whether 精确定位到第一段最后一句 whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone.，与选项进行对应，即为 B 在不授权的情况下检查嫌疑人的电话信息。注意 A 选项应是 search contents。27 答案 C disapproval 解析：态度题。根据题干 Californias argument 定位到第二段最后一句及第三段首句，这些句子中提到 hard recklessly modest等负向词，表达的是负面态度。看选项属于负面的就是 disapproval。A 容忍，B 冷漠是典型错误，D 粗心。28 答案 A getting into ones residence 解析：细节题。题干问：作者认为搜索电话薄就相当于什么?根据段落界定原则定位到第四段转折处，提到 But exploring ones smart phone is more like entering his or her home.与选项对应，A 中的 residence 对应 home，是原文的同意替换。注意 D 选项不是作者的观点，不能将文中人物观点当作作者观点。29 答案 D citizens privacy is not effective protected 解析：细节题。根据题干定位到 5 段和 6 段，题干问作者最关注的是什么，即是相应段落的段落中心。因此，该题表面是细节题，实质为段落核心。5 段首句为中心句提到，应采取措施保护数据隐私;6 段又继续陈述原则的不恰当之处。根据这些内容，对应答案 D 市民隐私未能得到有效保护。30 答案 B New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution 解析：例证题。题干问的是引用 Orin Kerr 的目的是什么，即 Orin Kerr 是论据，其目的是论点。论点往往在论据的前面，所以要找例子前面的一句话，即 New,disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections.与选项对应，就是 B new technology 是原词复现，require 等同于 demands，reinterpretation of the Constitution 同义替换 applications of the Constitutions protections。Text 3 The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process,editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similar efforts from other journals,after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE).Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors,or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change,McNutt said:“The creation of the statistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part o
