module 4 fine arts grammar.ppt

Module FourModule 4 Grammar 1the infinitive as object1.动词不定式的语法功能：动词不定式的语法功能：1）作主语）作主语:2）作表语）作表语 3）作宾语）作宾语 4）作宾语补足语）作宾语补足语5）作定语）作定语 6）作状语）作状语 7）独立成分）独立成分To improve the agricultural land needs a lot of money.The first lesson was to teach the girl how to play.They refused to give up their own customs and way of life.Would you like me to do something for you?Do you like anything to eat?To tell you the truth,I dont believe him.the infinitive and ing form as object2.常见的直接跟不定式作宾语的动词：常见的直接跟不定式作宾语的动词：1.)want,hope,desire,wish,expect,offer,fail,ask,decide,long,determine,agree,afford,arrange,manage,pretend,promise,happen,wait,refuse,dare,plan,hesitate,neglect,prepare,bother,undertake,demand,fear,intend,attempt我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes.2.)不定式作宾语时，也可以用不定式作宾语时，也可以用it 作形式宾语。这样的作形式宾语。这样的动词有：动词有：consider,think,believe,feel,make,findI find it difficult to speak English fluently.3.有些动词后一般跟“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语，如：consider,discover,discuss,explain,guess,know,inquire,observe,show,teach,understand,wonder,ask,advise,learn,tell,think,forget,remember,find out等。I know who to invite.Ask my elder brother where to put the car.He dont know what to say/when to go/where to go/which to choose.4.不定式中的省略：不定式中的省略：1)以下动词不定式做宾语补足语时，要省略不定式前的to;但是改为被动语态后，to 要还原。“五看”-see,watch,notice,observe,look at.“三使役”-have,make,let,“二听”-hear，listen to “一感觉”-feel “半帮助”-helpThe teacher let me do it alone.I heard him sing the song.I saw him come into building.He made me work long hours.I help mother(to)do housework.2)一些情态动词（词组）构成的句型，如：一些情态动词（词组）构成的句型，如：had better,would ratherthan,rather than,may well do（有充分理由可以做（有充分理由可以做）,may as well do(还是还是好好了了)，can not but等。等。Rather than wait here,I decided to go home by taxi.3)在在do(did,does,done)nothing(anything,everything)but(except)do 结构中。结构中。I can do nothing but follow your advice.注：注：这里的动词这里的动词“do”是实意动词，是实意动词，如果如果but 或或 except 之前没有之前没有do,其后的其后的to不能省略。不能省略。There is no choice but to wait.Module 4 Grammar 1the infinitive and ing form as objecting form as object1)直接接动名词作宾语的动词或短语。直接接动名词作宾语的动词或短语。如：如：enjoy,finish,excuse,keep,mind,advise,allow,practice,avoid,risk,suggest,imagine,appreciate,miss,delay,stand,consider,understand,escape,deny,forgive,include,cant help,dislike,admit,pardon,feel like,give up,insist on,put off,set about(开始)2)有些短语中有些短语中 to 为介词，为介词，后面只能接动名词，后面只能接动名词，名词或代词。名词或代词。如：如：keep to,apply to,look forward to,with an eye to（着眼于;指望着）,stand up to,turn to,be superior to（好于）,get down to,attributeto,live up to(不辜负),admit (to),owing to,devoteto,thanks to,object to,be accustomed to,be used to,stick to3)在deserve(值得),need,require,want,等词后接动名词作宾语表示被动含义，即主动表被动。亦可接动词不定式，但必须接动词不定式的被动形式。a).My socks want mending/to be mended.b).This grammatical rules deserves mentioning.c).The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned.4)在在have difficulty/trouble/a problem/a difficult time“in”doing sth.等结构中必须用动名词等结构中必须用动名词 The teachers have had some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the students.在决定什么时候该把期末考试发回给学生方面，老师们有一些问题。5）下列动词后可接不定式和动名词，但意义不同。）下列动词后可接不定式和动名词，但意义不同。remember,forget,stop,go on,regret,try,mean请记得吃药请记得吃药Please remember _(take)the medicine.约翰不在这，约翰不在这，请试着给他家里打电话。请试着给他家里打电话。John isnt here.Try _(phone)his home number.我不打算那么粗鲁的，我不打算那么粗鲁的，但是你能停止吸烟么？但是你能停止吸烟么？I dont mean _(be)rude,but could you stop smoking?我很遗憾的告诉你，我很遗憾的告诉你，你没通过测试你没通过测试I regret _(tell)you that you failed the test.to takephoningto beto tell1.Our teachers often tell us,The harder you study,the more questions you will think of_.2.A.asking B.to ask C.being asked D.to be asked2.Having finished her project,she was invited to by the school _to the new students.A.speaking B.having spoken C.to speak D.to have spoken3.We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition.A.finding B.to find C.find D.to be found 4.If he takes on his work,he will have no choice but _an even greater challenge.A.meets B.meeting C.meet D.to meet 5.Your floor is dirty.It needs _.A.cleaning B.to clean C.clean D.cleaned6.We are considering _English in pairs after class.A.practising speaking B.practising to speak C.to practise speaking D.to practise to speak 7.Bill suggested _ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.A.having held B.to hold C.holding D.hold 8.I still remember _to the temple and what I saw there.A.to take B.to be taken C.taking D.being taken 9.-I really appreciate _to holiday with you on this nice island.-Its my pleasure.A.have time B.having time C.to have time D.to having time 10.Can you imagine what difficulty people had this year _against the several natural disasters.?A.fighting B.to fight C.fought D.fight 11.She likes _but she doesnt like _this afternoon.Shed like _ some other day.A.swimming;swimming;to swim B.to swim;swimming;to swim C.to swim;to swim;swimming D.swimming;to swim;to swim12.In the accident,he was lucky to escape_.A.killing B.to be killing C.killed D.being killed 13.I dont know whether you happen _,but Im going to study in the USA this September.A.to be heard B.to be hearing C.to hear D.to have heard 14.She and her husband are now at work on a new dictionary _next year.A.to publish B.being published C.published D.to be published15._the goal of“Education for All”,the Chinese government is making every effort.A.To achieve B.Achieving C.Achieve D.Having achieved Grammar 2动名词在句子中起名词的作用，能够充当名词充当的成分动名词在句子中起名词的作用，能够充当名词充当的成分1.单个的动名词，动名词短语作主语时，单个的动名词，动名词短语作主语时，谓语动词谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，如：用第三人称单数形式，如：Reading is important in learning English.2.在下列在下列it 作形式主语句型中，作形式主语句型中，动名词作真正的动名词作真正的主语主语句型一：句型一：It is/was a waste(of)no(little)good/usehardly any good/usedoinguselessIts no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收覆水难收Its a waste of time talking about such a thing.There is/was doing3.固定句型固定句型no sense inno point inno use/good innothing worse than There is no point in doing so.注意：注意：1.动名词和不定式都可以作主语。动名词和不定式都可以作主语。动名词作主语，动名词作主语，表示一般或抽象的多次行为；表示一般或抽象的多次行为；不定式作主语往往不定式作主语往往表示具体或一次性的动作。表示具体或一次性的动作。To complete the program needs much effort.完成这项计划需要很大的努力。完成这项计划需要很大的努力。Riding a bike can make a man smart.骑单车能使一个人敏捷。骑单车能使一个人敏捷。1._is no good only _without doing anything.2.A.It;speaking B.This;say3.C.It;talk D.That;shouting4.2._in a famous university is what most students wish for.5.A.To educate B.Educated 6.C.Being educated D.Educating7.3.I would appreciate _ back this afternoon.8.A.you to call B.you call 9.C.your calling D.youre calling