2013考研英语一真题及答案解析.pdf
欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！112013 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题Section Use of EnglishPeople are,on the whole,poor at considering background information when makingindividual decisions.At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to makejudgments which are unbiased by 2 factors.But Dr.Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability toconsider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of informationthey were working with.4,he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might bemore likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants onlyto probation on that day.To 8 this idea,he turned to the university-admissions process.In theory,the 9 of an applicantshould not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day,but DrSimonsohn suspected the truth was 11.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews,12 by 31 admissions officers.Theinterviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five.This scale 14 numerous factors intoconsideration.The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicants score on the GraduateManagement Admission Test,or GMAT,a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points,tomake a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of intervieweeswas 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that,then the score for the next applicantwould 18 by an average of 0.075 points.This might sound small,but to 19 the effects of such adecrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20.1.A grant B submits C transmits D delivers2.A minor Bobjective C crucial D external3.A issue B vision C picture D moment4.A For example B On average C In principleD Above all5.A fond Bfearful C capable D thoughtless6.A in B on C to D for7.A if Buntil C though D unless8.A promote Bemphasize C share D test9.A decision B quality C status D success10.A chosen Bstupid Cfound D identified11.A exceptional B defensible C replaceable D otherwise12.A inspired Bexpressed C conducted D secured欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！1213.A assigned Brated C matched D arranged14.A put Bgot Cgave D took15.Ainstead Bthen C ever D rather16.Aselected Bpassed C marked D introduced17.Abefore B after C above D below18.A jump B float C drop D fluctuate19.Aachieve Bundo C maintain Ddisregard20.A promising B possible C necessary D helpfulSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada,Miranda Priestly,played by Meryl Streep,scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her.Priestly explainshow the deep blue color of the assistants sweater descended over the years from fashion shows todepartment stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be more out of date or at oddswith feverish world described in Overdressed,Elizabeth Clines three-year indictment of“fastfashion”.In the last decades or so,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels suchas Zara,H&M,and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory,more frequent releases,and more profit.Thoselabels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal meant to last only awash or two,although they dont advertise thatand to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices,Cline argues,these brands have hijacked fashioncycles,shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution,of course,are not limited to designers.For H&M to offer a5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world,it must rely on low-wage,overseaslabor,order in volumes that strain natural resources,and use massive amount of harmfulchemicals.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！13Overdressed is the fashion worlds answer to consumer activist bestsellers like MichaelPollans The Omnivores Dilemma.Mass-produced clothing,like fast food,fills a hunger andneed,yet is non-durable,and wasteful,”Cline argues,Americans,she finds,buy roughly 20 billiongarments a yearabout 64 items per personand no matter how much they give away,thisexcess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed,Cline introduced her ideal,a Brooklyn woman named SKB,who,since 2008 has make all of her own clothesand beautifully.But as Cline is the first to note,ittook Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;her example,cant be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor andthe environmentincluding H&M,with its green Conscious Collection LineCline believeslasting-change can only be effected by the customer.She exhibits the idealism common to manyadvocates of sustainability,be it in food or in energy.Vanity is a constant;people will only startshopping more sustainably when they cant afford to it.21.Priestly criticizes her assistant for herA poor bargaining skill.B insensitivity to fashion.C obsession with high fashion.Dlack of imagination.22.According to Cline,mass-maket labels urge consumers toA combat unnecessary waste.B shut out the feverish fashion world.C resist the influence of advertisements.D shop for their garments more frequently.23.The word“indictment”(Line 3,Para.2)is closest in meaning toA accusation.B enthusiasm.C indifference.D tolerance.24.Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealists.B The fast-fashion industryignores sustainability.C People are more interested in unaffordable garments.D Pricing is vital toenvironment-friendly purchasing.25.What is the subject of the text?A Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.B Challenge to a high-fashion myth.C Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.D Exposure of a mass-market secret.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！14Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is,no oneknows which half.In the internet age,at least in theory,this fraction can be much reduced.Bywatching what people search for,click on and say online,companies can aim“behavioural”ads atthose most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of suchfine-grained information:Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sentbehavioural ads?Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 Americas Federal Trade Cornmission(FTC)proposed adding a do not track(DNT)option to internet browsers,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want tobe followed.Microsofts Internet Explorer and Apples Safari both offer DNT;Googles Chrome isdue to do so this year.In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance(DAA)agreed thatthe industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row:It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due toappear windows 8,would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyoneto stop tracking,although some companies have promised to do so.Unable to tell whethersomeone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsofts default,some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.Atter all,it has an ad business too,which itsays will comply with DNT requests,though it is still working out how.If it is trying to upsetGoogle,which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm.DNT does not seem anobviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its otherproducts favourably with Googles on that count before.Brendon Lynch,Microsofts chief privacyofficer,bloggde:we believe consumers should have more control.Could it really be that simple?26.It is suggested in paragraph 1 that“behavioural”ads help advertisers to:A ease competition among themselvesB lower their operational costsC avoid complaints from consumersDprovide better online services27.“The industry”(Line 6,Para.3)refers to:A online advertisersB e-commerce conductorsC digital information analysisDinternet browser developers28.Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！15A many cut the number of junk adsB fails to affect the ad industryC will not benefit consumersDgoes against human nature29.which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?A DNT may not serve its intended purposeB Advertisers are willing toimplement DNTC DNT is losing its popularity among consumersD Advertisers are obliged to offerbehavioural ads30.The authors attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:A indulgenceB understandingC appreciactionD skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago,our visions of the future were largely-though by no meansuniformly-glowingly positive.Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity,leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the rangeof threats facing us,from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change.You might even betempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many species have enduredfor millions of years-so why shouldnt we?Take a broader look at our species place in theuniverse,and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens,if nothundreds,of thousands of years.Look up Homo sapiens in the Red List of threatened species ofthe International Union for the Conversation of Nature(IUCN),and you will read:Listed asLeast Concern as the species is very widely distributed,adaptable,currently increasing,and thereare no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.So what does our deep future hold?A growing number of researchers and organisations arenow thinking seriously about that question.For example,the Long Now Foundation has itsflagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of yearshence.Perhaps willfully,it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about themore immediate future.The potential evolution of todays technology,and its social consequences,is dazzlingly complicated,and its perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists toexplore the many possibilities we can envisage.Thats one reason why we have launched Arc,anew publication dedicated to the near future.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！16But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerableassurance.As so often,the past holds the key to the future:we have now identified enough of thelong-term patterns shaping the history of the planet,and our species,to make evidence-basedforecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be apassing fad.To be sure,the future is not all rosy.But we are now knowledgeable enough to reducemany of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans,and to improve the lot of thoseto come.31.Our vision of the future used to be inspired byA our desire for lives of fulfillmentB our faith in science and technologyC our awareness of potential risksD our belief in equal opportunity32.The IUCNs“Red List”suggest that human being areA a sustained speciesB a threaten to the environmentC the worlds dominant powerD a misplaced race33.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?A Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.B Technology offers solutions tosocial problem.C The interest in science fiction is on the rise.D Our Immediate future is hardto conceive.34.To ensure the future of mankind,it is crucial toA explore our planets abundant resourcesB adopt an optimistic view of the worldC draw on our experience from the pastD curb our ambition to reshape history35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Uncertainty about Our FutureB Evolution of the Human SpeciesC The Ever-bright Prospects of MankindD Science,Technology and HumanityText 4欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！17On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizonas immigration lawMonday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.But on the more important matterof the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administrations effort to upset thebalance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions ofArizonas controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.TheConstitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to“establish a uniform Rule ofNaturalization”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona hadattempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Courts liberals,ruled thatthe state flew too close to the federal sun.On the overturned provisions the majority held thecongress had deliberately“occupied the field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federalsprivileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status ofpeople who come in contact with law enforcement.Thats because Congress has alwaysenvisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers toshare information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with thisConstitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federalstatute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even morerobust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in hisobjection as“a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House arguedthat Arizonas laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied withfederal statutes to the letter.In effect,the White House claimed that it could invalidate anyotherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control of citizenship andthe borders is among them.But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their ownresources to check immigration status,it cou
