美国政治制度ppt课件.ppt

America PoliticsAmerican PoliticsAmerican Eagle-National Emblemself-protectionthe pursuit of peace and prosperityone out of many合众合众为一一ObjectivesBy being exposed to facts and reviews of American politics in this unit,students are supposed to have an overall understanding of:1.the birth and perfection of the U.S.Constitution;2.a political system featured by a written constitution and federalism;3.the three branches of the federal government;4.party politics in the U.S.Contents I.The Constitution and Federalism 宪法和法和联邦制邦制II.The Executive Branch of the Federal Government 联邦政府的行政部门III.The Legislative Branch of the Federal government联邦邦政府的立法部政府的立法部门IV.The Judicial Branch of the Federal Government V.Political Parties I.The Constitution and Federalism 1.Articles of Confederation 联邦条款邦条款2.Constitution of the United States美利美利坚合众国合众国宪法法3.Bill of Rights人人权法案法案4.Federalism联邦制邦制5.Checks and Balances政府机关彼此之政府机关彼此之间的相互制衡的相互制衡I.The Constitution and Federalism 1.Articles of Confederation联邦条款邦条款The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union-the first constitution-like official document联邦和永久联盟的章程-第一部宪法，如官方文件drafted in June 1776,proposed to the States for ratification in 1777,and completed in 1781起草于六月1776，向美国提出的1777个批准，并完成了1781failed and was replaced by the US Constitution in 1788失败了，被美国宪法所取代1788The former 13 British colonies became 13 states of the new nation.They were not very clear about the future political system of the United States and about the relationships between the states and the government of the new nation.A document drafted to make them like a one country Each new state had its own government and was organized very much like an independent nation Congress,a weak central government stipulated by Articles of Confederation国会，一个由联邦政府规定的力量弱小的中央政府,failed to govern the states in a good way.The Article of Confederation failed because the states did not cooperate with the Congress or with each other.The Congress asked each state to send delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia to discuss the changes which would be necessary to strengthen the Articles of Confederation.The Articles were replaced by the US Constitution on June 21,1788.I.The Constitution and Federalism 2.Constitution of the United States美国美国宪法法uthe supreme law of the United States and the foundation for politics in the U.S.uadopted by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia,Pennsylvania宾夕法尼亚,and later ratified（被批准）by conventions in each stateSceneattheSigningoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesSceneattheSigningoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesbyHowardChandlerChristy(1873-1952)byHowardChandlerChristy(1873-1952)The Constitutional Convention began in May of 1787.In the course of it,the delegates designed a new form of government for the United States.The plan for the government was written in very simple language in a document called the Constitution of the United States.The Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government.A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts,with some rights reserved to each.In writing the Constitution,the delegates had to deal with two main fears shared by most Americans.Power tends to corrupt,and absolute power corrupts absolutely.”-Lord Acton(1834-1902),English Catholic historian,politician,and writerOne fear was that one person or group,including the majority,might become too powerful or be able to seize control of the country and create a tyranny.To guard against this possibility,the delegates set up a government consisting of three parts,or branches,the executive,the legislative and the judicial.Each branch has powers that the others do not have and each branch has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrongful action by another branch.Another fear was that the new central government might weaken or take away the power of the state governments to run their own affairs.To deal with this the Constitution specified exactly what power the central government had and which power was reserved for the states.The states were allowed to run their own governments as they wished,provided that their governments were republican.For Fear 1:one person or group,including the majority,might become to powerful or be able to seize control of the country and create a tyranny.Three branchesSeparation of Powers the executive-the legislative -the judicialEach branch has powers that the others do not have Each branch has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrongful action by another branchThe membership and powers of congressUSUS congresscongressHouse of House of representativesrepresentatives众议院众议院SenateSenate参议院参议院House of representativessenateNumber of people435100Serves year2 year6 yearleaderThe speakerVice presidentpowerSmallerbiggerqualification25 year oldAmerican citizen30 year oldAmerican citizenLeadership and committees in congress (senate)Vice presidentPresident pro temporeOther member临时主席Leadership and committees in congress(house of representatives)The speaker The majority leaderOther memberThe power of congressThe power of congressThe right to collect taxesRegulate foreign and domestic commerceCoin moneyDeclare war Support an army and navyEstabish lower federal courtsQuality to elected to congress The party strength in the area Personal character and appeal First-term or incumbent statusOccasional national tidesCampaign strategies and fundraising abilities Four types of committees四种委员会 standingstandingselectselectconferenceconferencejointjointPermanent,fixed powerTemporary,examine specific issuesDeal with the differences inlegislation between Two houseThe issues concern to congressand investigate problemsHow a bill becomes a lawThe President and the JudiciaryThe president and his powers 1 The organization of executive branch23The state court system4The federal court systemAmerican presidentBecause the United States is a,presidential system the president fulfills the roles of head of state and head of government.The power of American presidentExecutive powers Powers related to LegislationPowers of Appointment委任的权利 Executive clemency 行政赦免Foreign affairs Emergency Powers The organization of executive branch（行政分支）The federal court systemsThe supreme court(final jurisdiction)Two systemsThe state courtsFederal courts systemappealappealdistrictdistrictsupremesupremeMain functionBoth trial and appellate courtsThe district courts Bring to federal courts of appealThe courts of appealHighest court in the federal systemThe supreme courtThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.Superior courts a state supreme courtAppellate courtsA hierarchy of three levelsThe state court system Political Parities and Elections The United states has two-party system.Only the two major parties,Democrats and Republicans,have the chance to win the general election and control of Congress.Contents4The development of political parties1235The structure and function of political partiesDifferences:Democrats and RepublicansVoting and electionsElecting PresidentThe development of political parties 18世纪世纪90年代初年代初1824年年 第一个重要时期第一个重要时期1824年年内战前内战前 第二个重要时期第二个重要时期内战时期内战时期 重要转折点重要转折点 美国两党制形成的奠基时期，在此期间，美国政党政治开创了两党轮流执政的局面，两党各自也确立了全国代表大会制度。内战结束以后，美国的两党政治进入一个新的历史时期，即民主党与共和党长期垄断国家政权的历史时期。在这一时期，两大政党已经完全拜托了近代政党的组织模式和观念，发展成为现代的政党。之后美国的两党政治发展起来，存在着之后美国的两党政治发展起来，存在着一些不平衡，直到一些不平衡，直到1952年两党才均衡地交替年两党才均衡地交替执政执政The development 美国两党政治兴起的历史时期，对以后美国两党政治的发展具有重要的影响。The structure of political partiesHave the chance to win the general election Two major parties Have the chance to control of congressDemocraticDemocratic party partyRepublican Republican partypartyC o m p a r eC o m p a r eDemocrats“左派”“自由派”,代表中产阶层和贫民阶层,城市力量较强,主要支持者是工会和知识分子,及社会边缘化势力 The differencesRepublicans“右派”“保守派”,代表资产阶层和社会保守势力,主要支持者有宗教组织,大企业,退伍军人,白人等.共和党共和党(Republican Party):又称为老大党,简称GOP(Grand Old Party),象征是大象,是所谓的鹰派,代表色为红色 民主党民主党(Democratic Party):象征是驴,是所谓的“鸽派”,代表色为蓝色驴驴 象象 之之 争争 Voting and elections 美国总统选举实行间接选举制。首先由各州选民投票选出本州选举人（人数与本州国会议员人数相等），再由各州选举人同时在各州首府投票选举正、副总统。议员选举实行直接选举制。众议员由各州选民直接选举,参议员也由各州选民直接选举。州长、议员和某些州的法官、重要行政官员都由选民选举产生。Electing President 美国是标准的总统制国家。美国的总统既是国家元首又是政府行政首脑，由全民直接选举产生。四年一度的美国总统选举过程漫长而复杂，主要包括预选、各党召开全国代表大会确定总统候选人、总统候选人竞选、全国选举、选举人团投票表决和当选总统就职。US ELECTIONS 2008美国大选The structure of political partiesHave the chance to win the general election Two major parties Have the chance to control of congressDemocraticDemocratic party partyRepublican Republican partypartyTwo major parties共和党共和党Republican Party 民主党民主党 Democratic Party两党四人 驴象PK竞选副手竞选副手拜登拜登 年龄：年龄：66岁 人格特质：人格特质：拥有丰富的外交、国防和法律事务经验 学历：学历：毕业于特拉华大学 总统侯选人总统侯选人奥巴马奥巴马 年龄：年龄：47岁 人格特质：人格特质：首位非洲裔的主要党派总统候选人 学历：学历：哈佛大学法学博士学位 竞选副手竞选副手佩林佩林 年龄：年龄：44岁 人格特质：人格特质：共和党保守派、政治新星、漂亮能干学历：学历：爱达荷大学新闻系学位 总统侯选人总统侯选人麦凯恩麦凯恩 年龄：年龄：71岁 人格特质：人格特质：性子太直、狂妄自大、漫不经心 学历：学历：美国海军军官学校 演讲现场200万人的现场奥巴马总统和夫人向人群挥手示意就职典礼现场的美国妇女奥巴马总统的就职典礼高潮迭起，场面激动人心。面对冒着严寒和风雪前来观礼的美国民众，奥巴马发表了振奋人心的讲话。选举投票