2010年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析.pdf
欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2010 年考研英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank.andmarkA，B，CorDonANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a seriesof experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting _1_ workers productivity.Instead，thestudies ended_2_ giving their name to the“Hawthorneeffect”theextremely influential idea the very_3_to being experimented upon changedsubjectsbehaviorThe idea arose because of the_4_behavior of the women in the plant.Accordingto _5_of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased,but also when it was dimmed.It did not _6_what was done in the experiment._7_something was changed productivity rose.A(n)_8_ that they were beingexperimented upon seemed to be _9_to alter workers behavior _10_ itselfAfter several decades，thesame data were _11_to econometric the analysisHawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic _13_was found that levels of productivity were related to changesin lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have letto _14_interpretation of what happened._15_，lightingwas always changed on aSunday When work started again on Monday,output _16_ rose compared with theprevious Saturday and _17_ to rise for the next couple of days _18_，a comparisonwith data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always wentup on Monday,workers _19_to be diligent for the first few days of the week inany case，before_20_a plateau and then slackening off.This suggests that thealleged“Hawthorneeffect”is hard to pin down1.A affected Bachieved Cextracted Drestored2.Aat Bup Cwith Doff3.Atruth Bsight Cact Dproof4.Acontroversial Bperplexing Cmischievous Dambiguous5.Arequirements Bexplanations Caccounts Dassessments6.Aconclude Bmatter Cindicate Dwork7.Aas far as Bfor fear that Cin case that Dso long as8.Aawareness Bexpectation Csentiment Dillusion9.Asuitable Bexcessive Cenough Dabundant欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！10.Aabout Bfor Con Dby11.Acompared Bshown Csubjected Dconveyed12.Acontrary to Bconsistent with Cparallel with Dpeculiar to13.Aevidence Bguidance Cimplication Dsource14.Adisputable Benlightening Creliable Dmisleading15.AIn contrast BFor example CIn consequence DAs usual16.Aduly Baccidentally Cunpredictably Dsuddenly17.Afailed Bceased Cstarted Dcontinued20.Abreaking Bclimbing Csurpassing DhittingSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text bychoosingA，B，CorD.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 2Over the past decade,thousands of patents have seen granted for what are calledbusiness methods.Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online payment systemMerrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventorpatented a technique for lying a box。Now the nations top patent court appears completely ready to scale hack onbusiness-method patents,which have been controversial ever since they were firstauthorized 10 years ago.In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz theU.S court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use particular case toconduct a broad review of business-method patents.In re Bilski,as the case is known,is“a very big deal”，says DermisD,Crouch of the University of Missouri Schoolof law.It“has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it wasthe federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision inthe so-called state Street Bank case,approving a patent on a way of poolingmutual-fund assets.That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patentfilings,initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusivepints to specific types of online transactions.Later,move established companiesraced to add such patents to their files,if only as a defensive move against rivalsthat might bent them to the punch.In 2005,IBM noted in a court filing that it hadbeen issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questionedthe legal basis for granting them.Similarly,some Wall Street investment films armed欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！themselves with patents for financial products,even as they took positions in courtcases opposing the practice。The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in theenergy market.The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the casewould be heard by all 12 of the courts judges,rather than a typical panel of three,and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should“reconsider”its statestreet Bank ruling。The Federal Circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisionsby the supreme.Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.Last April,for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheldfor“inventions”that are obvious.The judges on the Federal circuit are“reactionto the anti-patent trend at the supreme court”says Harole C Wegner,a par tendattorney and professor at Washington University Law School。26.Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because ofA their limited value to business B their connection with asset allocationC the possible restriction on their granting D the controversy overauthorization27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?A Its ruling complies with the court decisions B It involves a very bigbusiness transactionC It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit D It may change the legalpractices in the U.S。28.The word“about-face”(Line 1,Paro 3)most probably meansA loss of good will Bincrease of hostilityCchange of attitude D enhancement of disunity29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patentsA are immune to legal challenges B are of ten unnecessarily issuedC lower the esteem for patent holders D increase the incidence of risks30.Which of the following would be the subject of the text?AA looming threat to business-method patentsBProtection for business-method patent holdersCA legal case regarding business-method patentsD A prevailing tread against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics aredriven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals,often欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！called influentials who are unusual informed,persuasive,or we connect.The ideais intuitively compelling but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread。The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding butlargely untested theory called the tow-step flow of communication.Informationflows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.Marketershave embraced the two-step flow became it suggests that if they can just find andinfluence the influentials,those select people will do most of the work for them.The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people waswearing,promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain specialpeople call drive trends。In their recent work,however,some researchers have come up with the findingthat influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.In fact,they dont seem to be required of all.The researchers argument stemsfrom a simple observation about social influence,with the exception of a fewcelebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function ofmedia,not interpersonal influence-even the most influential members of a populationsimply dont interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely thesenon-celebrating influentials who according to the two-step-flow theory are supposedto drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.Fora social epidemic to occur however each person so affected must then influence hisor her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just howmany others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initialinfluential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initialinfluential prove resistant,for example from the initial influential,proveresistant,for example the cascade of change wont propagate very far or affect manypeople。Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence,the researchersstudied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating ofpopulations,manipulating a number of variables relating to peoples ability toinfluence others and their tendency to be。31.By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends toA analyze the consequences of social epidemicsB discuss influentials function in spreading ideasC exemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemicsD describe the essential characteristics of influentials32.The author suggests that the“two-step-flow theory”欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy,a European commissioner,warnedthe IASB that it did”not live in a political vacuum”but”in the real word”and the Europe could yet develop different rules。It was banks that were on the wrong planet,with accounts that vastly overvaluedassets.Today they argue that market prices overstate losses,because they Largelyreflect the temporary illiquidity of markets,not the likely extent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years.But banks shares trade below their bookvalue,suggesting that investors are skeptical.And dead markets partly reflect theparalysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet arereluctant to buy all those supposed bargains。To get the system working again,losses must be recognized and dealt with.Americas new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assetsto levels which buyers find attractive.Successful markets require independent andeven combative standard-setters.The FASB and IASB have been exactly that,cleaningup rules on stock options and pensions,for example,against hostility interests.But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions。36.Bankers complained that they were forced toAfollow unfavorable asset evaluation rules Bcollect payments from thirdpartiesCcooperate with the price managers Dreevaluate some of their assets37.According to the author,the rule changes of the FASB may result inAthe diminishing role of management B the revival of the banking systemCthe banks long-term asset losses Dthe weakening of its independence38.According to Paragraph 4,McCreevy objects to the IASBs attempt toA keep away from political influences B evade the pressure from their peersC act on their own in rule-setting Dtake gradual measures in reform39、The author thinks the banks were“on the wrong planet”in that theyAmisinterpreted market price indicatorsBexaggerated the real value of their assetsCneglected the likely existence of bad debtsDdenied booking losses in their sale of assets40、The authors attitude towards standard-setters is one ofAsatisfaction Bskepticism Cobjectiveness DsympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G andfill them into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text Paragraph E has been欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！correctly placed.There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text.Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)A The first and more important is the consumers growing preference for eatingout;the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen fromabout 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expectedto approach 38 percent by 2005.This development is boosting wholesale demand fromthe food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year Europe compared with growth inretail demand of 1 to 2 percent.Meanwhile as the recession is looming large,peopleare getting anxious.They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and considereating at home a realistic alternative。B Retail sales of food and drink in Europes largest markets are at astandstill,leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow.Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce,with limit success,andexpansion abroad.But almost all have ignored the big,profitable opportunity intheir own backyard the wholesale food and drink trade,which appears to be just thekind of market retailers need。C Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of thefood and drink market?Definitely not.The functioning of the market is based onflexible trends dominated by potential buyers.In other words,it is up to the buyerrather than the seller to decide what to buy.At any rate this change will ultimatelybe acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumersregardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold。D All in all,this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers thatmaster the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake insubstantial profits there by.At least,that is how it looks as a whole.Closerinspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets,especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures,as well as thecompetitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories.Big retailers mustunderstand these differences before they can identify the segments of Europeanwholesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenchedcompetitors.New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too。E Despite variations in detail,wholesale markets in the countries that havebeen closely examinedFrance,Germany,Italy,and Spainare made out of samebuilding blocks.Demand comes mainly from two sources:independent morn-and-popgrocery stores which,unlike large retail chains,are two small to buy straight fromproducers,and food service operators range from snack machines to largeinstitutional catering ventures,but most of these businesses are known in the trade欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！as“horeca”：hotels,restaurants,and cafes.Overall,Europes retail wholesalemarket,but the figures,when added together,masks two opposing trends。F For example,wholesale food and drink sales come to$268 billion in France,Germany,Italy,Spain and the United Kingdom in 2000-more than 40 percent of retailsales.Moreover,average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail;wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeanseat out more often;and chang
