选修课-定语从句.ppt

制作：制作：河南财专外语系河南财专外语系 刘彩霞刘彩霞 English Grammar形容词性从句基本概念w1.也叫也叫“定语从句定语从句”，“关系从关系从/分句分句”。w2.引导词（关系词）：引导词（关系词）：w 关系代词：主语、宾语、介宾关系代词：主语、宾语、介宾,表语表语w 关系限定词：定语（关系限定词：定语（whose,which）w 关系副词：状语关系副词：状语w 一些特殊关系词一些特殊关系词 w(as.but,than,whereby,wherein,whereupon,etc.只用于非限制性定语从句中只用于非限制性定语从句中)w 3.未必总是做定语，未必总是做定语，非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句有有时相当于一个时相当于一个并列分句并列分句或或状语从句状语从句。w例 证-1w1.Any man who smokes cigarettes is,the doctors say,risking his health.w2.My cousin,who is an engineer,went to Europe last week.w3.This is the reason（that）she did so.w4.In the ten days I was there I gained four pounds in weight.w5.This book,which only appeared a year ago,has already gone through several editions.w例 证2(主从句逻辑关系)w6.Many of Welsh people are going to settle in North Carolina,where land is cheap.w7.They had a fine walk,which had done his liver good.w8.Im seeing the manager tomorrow,when he will be back from New York.形容词性从句分类w限制性定语从句w1.关系紧凑，译为“的人/物”；w2.无标点分开；w3.引导词不同；w4.引导词有时候能省。w非限制性定语从句w1.关系疏松，单独翻译成句；甚至译为并列或其他关系。w2.以“，”分开；w3.不用that和why；w4.任何时候，关系词不能省。限制性关系分句关系词1.关系代词：关系代词：主语：who,that 宾语：whom,which(fml)who/that,that,或省略（infml）现代英语强烈趋势：现代英语强烈趋势：(that)介宾：prep.+whom/which(fml)who/that,that,或省略+prep.（infml，介词后置）表语：that2.关系限定词：关系限定词：即定语（whose，which）（注：非从句中则whose 和which）3.关系副词：关系副词：状语（when,where,why）4.一些特殊关系词一些特殊关系词：as.but,than,whereby,wherein,whereupon,etc.w限制性关系分句的关系词限制性关系分句的关系词/引导词引导词主语主语w1.他就是住在我们隔壁的那个人。w He is the man who lives next door to us.w2.他开一辆时速150里的车。w He drives a car that travels 150 miles an hour.限制性关系分句的关系词限制性关系分句的关系词/引导引导词词宾语宾语w3.我今天早上看到的那个人在哪？w Where is the man _ I saw this morning?w 4.这就是你想要的那本书。w This is the book _ you wanted.wanswer:4.whom(who/that/省)w 5.which(that/省)w强烈趋势：(that)w w限制性关系分句的关系词限制性关系分句的关系词/引导词引导词w介宾（介宾（1）w5.This is the house.We wrote to you about it.-This is the house about which we wrote to you.(fml:前置前置)w .that we wrote to you about.(infml w 介词后置介词后置)w .we wrote to you about.(infml)w6.Theyre the boys.I went to school with them.w -Theyre the boys with whom I went to school.w -Theyre the boys that I went to school with.w -Theyre the boys I went to school with.限制性关系分句的关系词限制性关系分句的关系词/引导词引导词介宾（介宾（2）w7.你知道我弟弟给他写信的那个人吗？w Do you know the man my brother writes to?w8.我为之付了1，00美元的那幅画曾经为一位画家所有。w The picture for which I paid$1,000 was once owned by a painter.wThe picture I paid$1,000 for was once owned by a painter.引导词翻译练习（做表语）w10.Dr.Fordham still talks like the man(that)he was ten years ago.w11.When Lauren was born,Dorothy decided her daughter would be the singer(that)she always wanted to be.w12.The 9:15 is the fastest train(that)there has ever been.w注：只用That，且常省略。此处，there be 句型后的真实主语权作为be动词的表语。限制性关系分句的关系限定词限制性关系分句的关系限定词定语定语w1.叫到名字的男孩们站了起来。w The boys whose names were called stood up.w2.这就是我在她家住了五年的珍妮。w This is Jane in whose house Ive lived for 5 years.(或：whose house Ive lived in)w3.We had a meeting the purpose of _ was completely unclear.w限制性关系分句的关系词限制性关系分句的关系词/引导词引导词w状语（关系副词状语（关系副词when和和Why）w1.Every time _ the telephone rings,he gets nervous.w2.In the ten days_ I was there I gained four pounds in weight.w3.The reason _ he comes so early is his own affair.wAnswer:（when,when,why）在非正式文体中，通常省略通常省略when 和why.w 限制性关系分句的关系词限制性关系分句的关系词/引导引导词词状语（关系副词状语（关系副词where）w1.The room _ he worked is now kept in good repair.w2.The room _ he worked in is now kept in good repair.w3.Thats the place _ he stayed when he was in London.wAnswer:where（fml）,w zero（infml）,w zero(先行词为the place)w (见P384)限制性关系分句的关系词限制性关系分句的关系词/引导引导词词方式状语（方式状语（in which/that；zero）w1.The way _ you answered the question was admirable.wAnswer:in which/that（fml）w zero（infml）w (见P385)Why在关系分句关系分句和名词性从句名词性从句中wWhy只用于限制性关系从句：只用于限制性关系从句：w-Do you know the reason why I left early?w-Do you know the reason（that）I left early?w-Do you know why I left early?w 限制性关系分句的关系词限制性关系分句的关系词其他情况（其他情况（P383）w通常用通常用that：w1.做表语时；w2.先行项为all 或其他指物的不定代词如anything,something,nothing等时，关系词做主语用that;做宾语用（that）;w3.先行项指人且带有only,all,any等限定词时，做主语通常用that;w4.先行项带有最高级修饰语时，用that。w不能用不能用that:w1.为避免歧义，必须用who(m)指人，which指物。限制性关系分句的关系词限制性关系分句的关系词省略情况（省略情况（P384）Infml中：中：1.做宾语；2.做表语；3.When,why,the way 做先行项时；4.做主语做主语，但主句是it is,that is,there is时：任何语体中：任何语体中：5.先行项有最高级修饰，从句为there be句型，that省；非限制性关系分句关系词关系词关系词永远不能省！关系词永远不能省！1.关系代词（不用不用that）：指人用who,whom,whose;指物用which;-which可指代先行句先行句或做定语定语；-He may be late,in _ case we ought to wait for him.(which,代整句，且做定语)2.关系副词：when,where（不用不用Why）3.一些特殊关系词：as.but,than,whereby,wherein,whereupon,etc.Which指整句话或半句w1.He tried to stand on his hands for five minutes,which-as you know-is rather a difficult thing to do.w2.I have known men far more able than Bowles,but not half so interesting(as Bowles),which is quite a different thing.w非限制从句中which的其他用法w（关系限定词1）w1.把他的名字叫错了，对此错误我应当道歉。w I called him by the wrong name,for which mistake I should apologize.w2.他在学经济学，这种知识今天很重要。w He is studying economics,which knowledge is very important today.w非限制从句中which的其他用法w（关系限定词2）w3.My sister,whose work is in shanghai,went back soon after the Spring Festival.w4.汤姆在大学待了四年，在此期间他学了法语。w Tome spent four years in college,during which time he learned French.w（介宾（介宾1）只是）只是prep.不后置不后置w非限制性定语从句w1.我不能相信我曾经吃过那么美味饭菜的那家饭店要关门了。wI cannot believe that the restaurant,at which I have eaten such delicious meals,is going to close down.w2.几何学似乎是是一个及其枯燥的科目，我对其一无所知。wGeometry,of/about which I know nothing,seems a very dull subject.w引导词翻译练习（介宾2）wn.+of whom/whichw3.We had a meeting the purpose of _ was completely unclear.w4.我们在房间里学习，房间的窗户对着公园开着。wWe study in the room,the windows of which open to the park.w5.她的两个弟弟都在苏格兰工作，他们每周都给她打电话。wHis brothers,both of whom work in Scotland,ring her up every week.w引导词翻译练习（介宾2续）wn.+of whom/which6.We need an instrument.Its size must be small.w-We need an instrument，the size of which must be small.w7.I saw several houses.Most of them were quite w unsuitable.w-I saw several houses,most of which were quite unsuitable.w8.He introduced me to his students.Most of them w were from abroad.w-He introduced me to his students,most of whom were from abroad.引导词翻译练习(非限制性)w1.When he was seventeen he went to a technical school in Zurich,Switzerland,he studied mathematics and physics.w2.The speech,he had written on little bits of paper,seemed endless.w3.They have four children,all of are now at school.w4.This book,only appeared a year ago,has already gone through several editions.w5.The driver,was very young,had only just got his licence.wAnswer:where,which,whom,which,whow(注：1.不能省；2.不用that,why)练 习wMedical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems _(他们至今还没有答案)。w_(which)_they havent solution toDeath Comes for the Master Terrorist:Osama bin Laden(1957-2011)wAlmost 10 years ago,Osama bin Laden ghosted away from the Afghan battlefields.Since then,it is as if the doomsday sheikh had slipped into a twilight zone where the only proof that he was alive was the chilling voice on a spool of tape,the occasional video image-and a string of terrorist outrages and wars lengthening around the globe that claim inspiration from him and his cause.w Outside the White House,despite the late hour,a group of young people had gathered to cheer.George W.Bush,under whose presidency the 9/11 attacks occured,released a statement saying,The fight against terror goes on,but tonight America has sent an unmistakable message:No matter how long it takes,justice will be done.wBin Ladens seeming temperance（温和）makes his manifest（显然的，明显的）bloody-mindedness all the harder to fathom.Here was a man who was attentive to those around him,considerate of their needs and respectful of their views,yet who believed in and facilitated（促进，帮助，使有利发展）killing wholesale.The gap between demeanor and deed can be explained in part by the distinction bin Laden made between people.