高中英语高考语法关键考点专题复习.docx

高考英语语法关键考点第一节名词语法一、名词主要考点：1.特殊名词的单复数2 .与名词相关的主谓一致关系二、关于特殊名词的具体考点如下：1.容易误用为复数的不可数名词：（这些名词一般不能用作复数，谓语动词用单数）advice建议，忠告living生活，生计equipment装备，设备progress前进，发展furniture家具，设备scenery风景，景色information通知；信息machinery机器，机械knowledge知识，学问traffic交通流量baggage / luggage行李，皮箱trouble烦恼，麻烦cash现金thunder雷声，轰隆声apparatus仪器weather天气，处境clothing衣服work工作，劳动paper纸，钞票luck运气，幸运technology工艺，技术jewelry珠宝2.复数形式的名词用于单数概念，其谓语动词用单数。（这些名词一般为表示学科或疾病的 名词）economics经济学measles麻疹physics物理学mumps腮腺炎mathematics数学rickets软骨病，佝偻病dynamics动力学news新闻The United States美国The New York Times纽约时报3.特殊复数形式的名词：（注意其拼写与读音）单数复数汉语说明analysis E5nAlisisanalyses E5nAlisiz分析变 -sis 为 -sesbasis 5belsls bases 5beisiz 基础变 - sis 为 - sescrisis 5kraisiscrises 5kraisiz 危机变 - sis 为 -sesdiagnosis 7daiE 5nEusisdiagnoses 7daiE 5nEusiz诊断变 - sis 为 -sesbacterium bAk5tiEriEm bacteria bAk5tiEriE细菌变 -um 为 - adatum 5deitEmdata 5deitE数据，资料变 -um 为 一curriculum kE5rikjulEm curricula kE5rikjulE 课程变 -um 为 - amedium 5mi:djEm media5mi:djE媒体变 -um 为 一3criterion krai5tiEriEn criteria krai5tiEriE 标准变 -on 为 -aphenomenon fi5nCminEnphenomena fi5nCinE现象变 一 on 为 -aIf you had taken the medicine yesterday, you would feel much better now.If I were you, I wouldn, t have missed the film last night.【考点二】wish句型 表达“但愿，要是多好”的语气wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语部分有时态变化：表示对现在情况珠虚拟时，动词用一 般过去时（如did）；对过去的情况进行虚拟时，动词用“过去完成时（如had done）或情态动词 的过去时+动词的现在完成时（如could have done）”形式；表示情况的虚拟时，用“情态 动词的过去时形式+动词原形（如might do）。"I wish I had been to the concert last night.I wish he would forgive me.I wish I would remember all the English words in a week.同例： 在as if /as though引导的状语从句中和以if only引起的感叹句中，谓语动词 与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。例：He talked as if he had known Tom for a long time.He talks as if he were the boss.他说起话来就像他是老板。If only I were free now.（注意：if only后面可以不加主句）【考点三】在强制性语气的宾语从句中，即表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动 词+ that + （should） +动词原形，其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括：suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire, require, insist, advise, decree （发布命令； 下令），determine, prefer, stipulate, move （动议，规定）,direct （命令），maintain （坚持）,decide, askI suggest that you （should） not be late again next time.I prefer that you （ should ） not do that.我认为你还是别干那件事的好。注意一：以上动词转化为名词（如：suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command,advice, desire, requirement,request, agreement, determination, preference , resolution, indication 等） 后 接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用"（should） +动词原 形" （should可省略）。We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.His demand is that all of us （should） be present at the meeting.注意二：以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，必须根据句子的意思来 判断。What he said suggested （表明）that he did not agree with us.【考点三】It is/was +形容词/过去分词+ that + （should） +动词原形，这些形 容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性。即某人对某事的反应。important, natural, desirable, possible, astonishing, advisable （可取的， 明智的）， anxious, appropriate, compulsory（义务的；强制的；强迫的），crucial （至关紧要的），eager, essential, fitting, imperative （命令的， 强制的， 必要的）， improper, natural, necessary, obligatory （义不容舌辛的， 必须的），preferable, proper, urgent, vital, wiHing shocked, requestedIt was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline.It is requested that a vote be taken.有人提请投票表决。It is necessary that we all should do our best to protect environment around us.注意：表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊这样的形容词如amazing, strange, odd, ridiculous, surprising, unthinkable, incredible 等后的 that 从句中 should 一般不省略， 而且翻译为“竟然”，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。It is surprising that they should pass the time like that.It is incredible that Jane should have finished her paper so soon.【考点四】在 would rather*, would sooner , had rather*, would just as soon,would prefer意为“宁可，但愿”。从句用虚拟语气，若表示现在或将来的事情，谓语 用过去时；若表示过去的动作，用过去完成时。I would rather that you painted the room green.I' d just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.【考点五】It' s (about/high/ good ) time that，表示“该是。的时候了”，含有 “晚 一点”的意思，表示建议现在应该做什么事，从句一般用一般过去时。It' s time you went to bed.It' s high time that we took action.【考点六】在lest that ，for fear that，in case that 引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用虚拟语气，表示“唯恐，以免。从句用should +动词原形。He put his coat over the child for fear (lest )that he should catch cold.He emphasized it again and again lest she (should) forget.Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot (注意： 该句陈述某一事实)【考点七】含蓄虚拟条件句含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由if引导的条件句，而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如: without, but for, otherwise, or, but that, given, provided, supposing, were it not for 等等。Without your help, we couldn, t have finished the work on time.But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night.I wouldn? t have succeeded without your help.We didn' t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.三非谓语动词所谓非谓语动词，是指不能作谓语的动词，也不受主语人称和数的限制，但非谓语动词具有 动词的某些特征，不仅可以接宾语， 而且还有时态护和语态的变化。 此外它可以做主语、表 语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语和同位语。非谓语动词不仅是语法学习的重点和难点，也是每年必 考的语法知识。具体表现形式有三种：1.动词不定式 to + V ; 2.动名词V-ing; 3.过去分 词V-ed o三者的核心含义和区别如下：动词不定式to + V 一般用来表示目的或结果，或者某个具体的动作。动名词V-ing 一般用来表示动作的主动概念和进行意义。过去分词V-ed 一般用来表示动作的被动概念和完成意义。关于动词不定式的考点如下：【考点一】直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词。这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等affordbeginconsentexpecthesitateneglectpreparethreatenagreebotherdecidefailhinderofferpretendundertakeAskcaredemandfearintendplanrefuseventureattemptchoosedesirehatelearnpledgeresolvevolunteerbegclaimendeavorhelpmanagepreferstartwantHe pledged never to come back until he had made great success.I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes.我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。【考点二】在以下情况下常使用不带（或省略）to的动词不定式：1 .感官动词后面：feel, listen, hear, look at, notice, see, watch, observe, perceive I saw a man enter the shop.2 .个别表示使役意义的动词，如：have, let, make, The teacher has us write a composition every week.3 .些T青态动词,had better, would rather-than-*, would soonerthan,rather than,may we 11 do, may as well do (还是一好了)，can not but-, can not help but等句 型，Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi.We might as well put up here for tonight.4 .在 do (did, does, done) nothing (anything, everything )but (except) do 句型中。I can do nothing but follow your advice.如果but或except之前没有do, help,其后的to不能省略。There is no choice but to wait and see.5 .由all, what引导的主语从句或者主语被only, first, one, least或形容词最高级 修饰时，而且从句中含有do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。What I have to do is take a rest.The only thing I could do was do it myself.6 .由并列连词and, except, but, than, or连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式 时，第二个动词不定式不带to。I' d like to stay with you, help you and learn from you.She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back.注意：但是如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，则不能省略to.To try and fail is better than not to try at all.尝试而失败也比不尝试好。He hasn' t decided weather to quit or to stay.他还没有决定是去还是留。To be or not to be, that is a question.是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。【考点三】有些动词后一般跟带“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语，如：consider, discover, discuss, explain, guess, know, inquire, observe, show, teach, understand, wonder 等。I wonder who to invite.我不矢口请谁。Ask my brother where to put the car.问一下我哥车停在哪儿。关于动名词的考点如下：【考点一】直接接动名词做宾语的动词。admitavoiddreadexcuseforgivepermitrecallstopadviseconsiderencouragefancyimaginepostponerecollectgive upallowdelayendurefeel likeinvolvepractiseresentcan, t helpanticipatedenyenjoyfinishmindpreventresistcan' t standappreciatedislikeescapeforbidmissproposerisksuggestForbid smoking on trains.火车上禁止吸烟We have to postpone sending our answer to the request.我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书的答复。注意：上述动词中 allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend 在有人作宾语时，则后 接不定式作宾语补足语。如：Allow somebody to do something.I recommended going by subway.我建议坐地铁去。The doctor recommended me to take a few days' rest.医生劝我休息几天。【考点二】下列短语中to为介词，后面只能接动名词或名词。keep toapply toindifference tolook forward towith an eye toamount tocommittobe familiar tostand up towith regard totake toowe tobe faithful toput one' swith a viewNo woman could succeed to the throne.妇女不能继承王位。mind tototurn toresign* tobe superior toget down tobe opposed tosucceed toattribute tobe sensitive tolive up toin relationtoadmit todedicate tobe devoted toowing toaid topoint tolimit tobe committed tothanks toobject toI am looking forward to seeing you again.我盼着再见至U你。【考点三】在demand, deserve, need, require, want, worth 等词后面接动名词形式表示被动的意思，即用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用不定式的被动形式。My socks want mending / to be mended.This grammatical rule deserves mentioning.That novel is well worth reading.【考点四】在下列it作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中，用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。It is no use （no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time 等名词） + doing sth.It is good（ nice, interesting, useless 等形容词）+ doing sth.;There is no point （ use, sense, good 等名词）+ doing sth.It' s no use crying over spilt milk.（后悔没有用）It' s simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.There is no point in my going out to date someone.现在让我出去和别人拍托没有用。I find it no good advising him to go with us.我发现建议他和我们一起去美什么好处。【考点五】 在 “have difficulty （ trouble, problem, pleasure, a difficult time ） （in） doing sth,结构中，后接动名词； 但注意 take the trouble to do sth. , have no time to do sth.后接不定式.The teachers have had some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the students.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.【考点六】下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事 情尚未发生；而动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。这些动词有：remember to do sth.记得将要去做某事remember doing sth.记得已经做过某事Please remember to take the medicine.（还没吃）I remember taking the medicine.（已经吃过）forget to do sth. 忘记了该做的事情forget doing sth.忘记了已经做过了的事情I forgot to mail the letter. （ 没有发信）I forgot mailing the letter.（忘记曾经发过信）stop to do sth.停止手中的事去做另一件事stop doing sth.停止正在做的事情We stopped to have a rest.I really must stop smoking.go on to do sth.继续做另一件事情go on doing sth.继续作正在做的事try to do sth.努力，试图去做某事try doing sth.尝试，试验性做某事The president welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the collegeregulations.Peter went on sleeping despite the noise outside.mean to do sth.打算做某事mean doing sth.意味着做某事1 don' t mean to be rude, but could you stop smoking? Jumping from job to job means losing some benefit, regret to do sth.对某事感到遗憾 regret doing sth.后悔做过某事I regret to tell you that you failed the test.I regret lending him so much money. He never paid me back.非谓语动词的其他考点【考点一】独立主格结构分词的独立结构可放在句首或句尾，常常在句中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件，方式 或伴随情况。分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语。如果分词短语有自己的逻辑主语 （一般为名词），它便是分词的独立结构。该分词与其逻辑主语有着逻辑上的主谓关系，常常用逗 号与主句隔开。如果逻辑主语与分词的关系是主谓关系，就用现在分词；如果是动宾关系就用过去分词。至于分词的时态则要看主句的谓语动词的时态，如果主句的谓语是一般现在时，分词 结构一般用过去时；如果主句的谓语是一般过去时，分词结构则用过去完成时。即having done 或 having been done.分词的独立结构前也可以有with,without或there。with本身没有词义，there实际上是引导词，being后面的名词才是分词的逻辑主语。Weather permitting, we' 11 be going fishing tomorrow.The students having finished reading the text, the teacher went on to ask them some questions.All the money having been spent, we started looking for work.With her hair beautifully done, the customer left the hair-dresser, s happily.With night coming on, they went home. 天晚了，他们回家了。He left home, without a single word said.没说一句话，他就离开了家。There being nothing to do, we played games.没什么可做的，我们于是玩游戏。【考点二】非谓语动词三种表示被动的结构。（语法常考题）to be done不定式的被动态表示将来的动作being done用来表示动作的正在（被）进行或者表示原因、条件等done （having been done）表示动作的被动关系或过去完成状态。Are you going to attend the meeting to be held nest meeting?The question being discussed is very important.Did you attend the press conference held in Beijing last week?All flights having been cancelled, they had to take the train.【考点三】分词的短语的固定表达方式，一般不受主语一致的限制。如：according to （根据），judging from（从判断）, talking of （谈到），owing to （由于）, taking everything into consideration （全盘考虑）, allowing for（考虑到）,leaving on one side （抛开不谈），generally speaking （总的说来）， frankly speaking （ 坦率地说 ）,roughly speaking（粗略地说）,honestly speaking （老实说）,strictly speaking （严格地说）, theoretically speaking （ 从理论上说），第三节复合句复合句是由主句+从句构成，它是英语学习中比较复杂的句子结构。一般来说，英语中一个 句子只能有一个谓语，如果出现两个谓语，那么其中一个谓语只能是以从句的形式或并列句或非 谓语动词的形式出现。所谓从句是指从属于主句的句子，由从属连词连接。从句的种类有很多， 但根据其性质和作用可以分为：名词性从句，形容词性从句（即定语从句），副词性从句（即状语 从句）三大类。一、名词性从句：即从句在整个句中起名词作用，分别可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等, 所以这类从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。【考点一】主语从句：主要考查主语从句的引导词；主句的谓语动词，一般用单数。如：1. That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.（=It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun.）2. Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss.（此时不能用 if ）3. Who will come to the dinner remains a question.4. What you have said is convincing.5. How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries.6. Why the murderer came back to the scene of crime is a psychological problem.同时，需要注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如：It is reported that*It must be pointed out that It is likely that It is a good thing thatIt happens that 【考点二】宾语从句：主要考查宾语从句的引导词和引导词的省略以及从句的语序。如：1 He believed that walking under a ladder brings bad luck.2 . We can learn what we do not know from TV programs.3 .Tell me which of the books is the right one.4 .Your success will depend on how you present yourself.5 . I wonder if/whether you can help me.【考点三】表语从句：be动词或者系动词后面跟主语补足语。1 .The assumption is that things will improve.2 . China is not what it used to be.3 .The doctor' s dilemma is whether he should tell a lie to the patient.【考点三】同位语从句：名词性从句考查的重点。同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词+that从句构成，引导词一般是that,而且that在从 句中不充当任何成分。这些抽象名词有： news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。1 . The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans wild with joy.The news that made the fans wild with joy was from the radio.（比较 定语从句）2 .There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise.3 .Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light.爱因斯坦得出的结论是宇宙中最大速度是光速。二、形容词性从句（即定语从句）：复合句考查的重点定语从句主要用来修饰它前面的先行词（名词或代词）的从句，所以又称形容词从句。根据 与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。定语从句主要考查引导 定语从句的关系代词和关系副词；介词+引导词以及非限制性定语从句。具体考点如下：【考点一】引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词（who, whom, which, that, whose）和关系副 词（as, when, where, why）等。但是当下列情况出现时，引导词有特殊要求。1 .当先行词是 all, everything, nothing, something, little, much Ht; 当先行词被 all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very 修饰时； 当先行词被序数词或形 容词最高级修饰时，定语从句的引导词用that。例：All that you want are here.There is no person that doesn, t make mistakes.没有人不才日错误。This is the best film that I have ever seen.2 . “The same .as"， “such. . as” 中的 as 可以指人或物。例：Such furniture as is very popular is expensive.We have successfully done the same experiment as you did.3 .why引导表示原因的定语从句，其先行词一般是reason。当主句主语是reason时，作主句表语的成分不能有because和because of。其结构一般为the reason why-is that- 或者 the reason that is that 如：He did not tell us the reason why he was la