新概念英语沪江新概念英语全套新概念英语第四册笔记.pdf
L1L1L1L1FindingFindingFindingFinding fossilfossilfossilfossil manmanmanmanWecan read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the NearEast,where people first learned to write.But there are some partsof the world where even now people cannot write.The only waythat they can preserve their history is to recount it assagas-legends handeddown from one generation of storytellers to another.These legendsare useful because they can tell us something about migrations ofpeople who lived long ago,but none could write down what theydid.Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of thePolynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from.The sagas of these people explain that some of them came fromIndonesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago thateven their sagas,if they had any,are forgotten.So archaeologistshave neither history nor legends to help them to find out where thefirstmodern men came from.Fortunately,however,ancient men made tools of stone,especiallyflint,because this is easier to shape than other kinds.They mayalso have used wood and skins,but these have rotted away.Stonedoes not decay,and so the tools of long ago have remained wheneven the bones of the men who made them have disappearedwithout trace.New words and expressionsrecount/rikaunt/v.叙述/reikaunt/再数一次record/rekd/ri kC:d/第一个音节带重音，名前动后叙述：recount:emotionless重复describedepict：a little emotionalnarrate：temporal&spacial 根据时间或空间顺序描述。portray：描述saga/sa:g/n.英雄故事描述的内容mostly real 北欧海盗活动的故事legend/ledVnd/n.传说，传奇unreal e.g robin hoodanthropologist/AnWrpCldVist/n.人类学家anthrop：人philosophere:philosopher|爱智慧哲学家philanthropist:慈善家（对人有爱心的人）anthropology:人类学带-gy 结尾的都是学科：biology 生物学geography 地理学ecology 生态学remote/rimut/n.遥远ancestor/Ansest/n.祖先an-在前面forefather,forebear，predecessor 祖先rot/rCt/v.烂掉leave me rot.leave me alongrot to death.soon ripe,soon rotten.decay 国家民族逐渐衰亡 decompose 逐渐衰竭 deteriorate关系逐渐恶化trace/treis/n.痕迹，踪迹trace the problemi follow your tracei follow where you gopolynesia 波利尼西亚poly-多polyandric:a wife with more than one husbandpolygeny:a husband with more than one wifeflint/flint/n.燧石flinting heartedfossil/fCsl/n.化石cobble 鹅卵石read of 读到谈到：speak of,talk of,know of,hear ofnear east：近东 mediterranean,south europe,north africfar east非限定性从句，表原因oral(spoken)language is earlier than written language.precede:什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词counterpart:two things or two people have the same positionoral(spoken)language is earlier than written counterpart.preserve:保留，保存（腌制）如果句中有 only，那后面的表语结构就要用 to do sth,而不是doing sth.storyteller:讲故事的人fortuneteller,palmreader:算命先生migration：移民）migrant）immigrantv.migrate:迁移，迁徙migratory bird:候鸟none:no bodypeoples 民族if they had any:即便是有his relatives,if he hadany,never went to visit him when he washospitalized.find out 千方百计，费尽周折exploremodern men:the men who were like ourselveshoweveranywhere you want,加逗号but,yet不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentencetherefore自由so自由tool:小工具instrument:实验器械equipment:设备shape:成型；教育，改造may also have:表推测peel:果皮leather:皮革hide:兽皮 cowhide:牛皮without(any)trace:无影无踪L L L L2 2 2 2 SpareSpareSpareSpare thatthatthatthat spiderspiderspiderspiderWhy,you may wonder,should spiders be our friends?Becausethey destroy so many insects,and insects include some of thegreatest enemies of the human race.Insects would make itimpossible.for us to live in the world;they would devour all ourcrops and kill our flocks and herds,if it were not for the protectionwe get from insect-eating animals.We owe a lot to the birds andbeasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only afraction of the number destroyed by spiders.Moreover,unlikesome of the other insect eaters,spiders never do the least harm tous or ourbelongings.Spiders are not insects,as many people think,nor even nearlyrelated to them.One can tell the difference almost at a glance for aspider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf?Oneauthority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field inthe south of England,and he estimated that there were more than2,250,000 in one acre,that is something like 6,000,000 spiders ofdifferent kinds on a football pitch.Spiders are busy for at least halfthe year in killing insects.It is impossible to make more than thewildest guess at how many they kill,but they are hungry creatures,not content with only three meals a day.It has been estimated thatthe weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in oneyear would be greater than the total weight of all the human beingsin the country.T.H.GILLESPIE Spare that Spider from The ListenerNew words and expressionsflocks and herds 牛群和羊群flCk/the birds of the same feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分you are the same flock.也可指人herd 多指牛群cowherdcowboythrongandcrowd swarmowevt.感激欠 i owe you.i owe you a big favor.欠issueobligeindebt appreciate-常用口语词 正式：gratefulthankfulbeast n 兽形容人野蛮无比，不能用 animal 形容creature 可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性Fraction小部分 分数，小数 a fraction of rice will sufficeon ones behalf 代表 利益I beat you on your behalf.我打你是为你好 on behalf of somebody/somethinge.g on behalf of chinese government on behalf of representauthority/C:WCriti/n.权威authorize 批准 authoritative 权威性的 authoritarian 独裁的tarian 带有这种词缀的词都是坏词 dictator 独裁者 dictatorial独裁的authorities 权威（可单数可复数）当局（复数）census/senss/n.统计数据 the fifth national population census.censor 审查censorious 挑剔的，挑刺的acre/eik/n.英亩 acresquare metersfootball pitch 足球场 football yard football court football fieldbe content with 满足于 满足作表语，不能出现定语结构He is content with status quo.contented heart:心满意足的人spare/spZ/v.不伤害，宽恕 spare meHe doesnt spare himself.I spare no efforts to learn english.(spare no efforts:不遗余力作什么)Notes on the textwhy,you may wonderyou may wonder why 插入语 先不管插入语，弄清句子结构you may wonder why spiders should be our friends？插入语位置不固定why 以疑问句 开头why,you may wonder,the problem of pollution befalls human beings.why,you may wonder,one of my friends is so kindhearted.destroy 程度比 damage 要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光tear into piecesgreatest enemies:天敌 dying enemy crying enemydear enemyhuman race:人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词impossible 和 possible 永远不要以人开头It is impossible for somebody to do something.likely 可以以人做主语。i am likely to go.probable 也不以人做主语they would 表示假设devour 狼吞虎咽 devour the foodmake a cake of myself make a god of myself devour the bookit 虚拟语气 前面是主句，下面是条件句前面一般的加动词 devour,后面用一般过去时If it were not for:如果这不是因为I would not survive if it were not for his timely help.but for 一定是虚拟语气 if it were not forowe 感激，欠 i owe you.引出主题all of them put together:把他们堆到一起谓语动词是 killdestroyed 后置定语，重心转到 spiderL L L L3 3 3 3 MattonhornMattonhornMattonhornMattonhornModern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will givethem good sport,and the more difficult it is,the more highly it is regarded.In the pioneering days,however,this was not the case atall.The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the topbecause the summit was the prize they sought,especially if it hadnever been attained before.It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature,equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought,but they did not go out of their way to court suchexcitement.They had a single aim,a solitary goal-the top!It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers.Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix,which had rapidly become popular,Alpine villages tended to beimpoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains.Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden;the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old,all washed down with coarse wine.Often a valley boasted no inn at all,and climbers found shelter wherever they could-sometimes with the local priest(who was usually as poor as his parishioners),sometimes with shepherds or cheesemakers.Invariably the background was the same:dirt and poverty,and very uncomfortable.For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home,the change to the Alpsmust have been very hard indeed.New words and expressions1、alpinist(1.1)/$lpinist/n登山运动员climber mountaineer词根：alp-Alps(1.16)/$lps/n阿尔卑斯山脉Alpine(1.9)/$lpain/adj阿尔卑斯山的2、attain(1.4)/+tein/v到达to get toto arrive at/into attain ones goal=realizeto attain the top/peak/summit 达到顶点attain youth 永葆青春attainment(n)attainments 成就 accomplishment3、perilous(1.5)/peril+s/adj危险的 peril（随时可能出现的）危险avalanche 雪崩4、shudder(1.5)/M)d+/v不寒而栗shudder:quick and suddentremble:long and very obviousquiver:excitement,maybe coldshiver:cold and nervous5、go out of ones way 专门 by the way 顺路 too much for me 受不起6、court（multiple meanings 多义词）1）朝廷朝臣 courtier2）courteous 彬彬有礼的3）法庭4）娱乐场 足球场 soccer/football court 高尔夫球场 golf court5）追求6）招致 骄兵必败 pride courts failure7、solitary(1.6)/s&lrt+ri/adj唯一的sol-独 solo 独唱 独奏solitude 孤独I live in solitude.=I live a lonely life.8、pioneer(1.2)/?pai+n+/v开辟，倡导；n先锋，开辟者9、impoverish(11.9-10)/$mp&v+rM/v使贫困 poor（口语词）罗素名言：A great many man will cheerfully face inpoverishment if they cansecure completeruin for their rival,hence present level of taxation.许多人会高兴的面对贫困，如果他们能使对手落魄，因此出现了现在的税收水平。10、coarse(1.12)/k&:s/adj粗劣的coarse throat 嗓子哑sore throat嗓子发炎coarse fare 粗粮refined fair 细粮coarse and refinedin a coarse manner 粗暴无礼11、boast(1.12)/b+ust/v自恃有用法：以人作主语，夸耀；以物作主语，拥有He boasted that of his knowledge.The center boasts a team of high qualify(qualified researchers.)12、parishioner(1.13)/p+riM+n+/n教区居民parish 教区13、shepherd(1.14)/Mep+d/n牧羊人 sheepshep 羊 herd兽群14、linen(1.15)/linin/n亚麻布床单Notes on the text1、Route 路线 Road 道路2、good sports:stimulus 刺激thrilling 震撼、兴奋3、regardregard sb with sth(感情词 love hatredhorrorrespect)Dad,I regard you with horror.爸爸，我很害怕你。4、pineering days,ancient(先人时期)5、not at all 根本不 case 这回事6、be doing 表达当时的行动（状态）7、top:顶点 summit 山顶 peak 山顶The scenery is at the peak of the mountain.无限风光在险峰。I am at the top of the world.我在世界之巅。Summit meeting 峰会8、attain 到达 conquer 征服9、be of the most perilous naturenature 特点、特性the most perilous difficulties and dangers学会 be of the+adj+noun 结构He is the kindest man.=He is the man of the kindest man.10、equipped 表示当时的一种伴随。11、in a manner 以这样的方式12、make sb do sth(省 to 结构)13、at the thought 一想到，mention 一提到,idea 一想到这个结构后面加介词 of 原文即 at the thought of their poor equipment14、go out of ones way 刻意 intentionally eye catching 引人注目的15、the real living conditions 真实生存状况16、nowadays 插入语，现在回想起来，可在句首、句末17、except for 把其中的一部分扣除18、tend to be 倾向于19、settlement 生存地、驻扎地20、cut off=which are cut off21、flea ridden 跳蚤22、as they were 可以这么说，插入语 还有 as it wereThis book is,as it were,his life portrait.这本书，可是说，是他的人生写照。23、local 当地的24、wine 低度酒 alcohol 酒精 alcoholic 酒鬼25、boast 拥有 priest 牧师 shepherd 牧羊人 invariably=all the same26、dirt and poverty，and very uncomfortable（结构不符合习惯，不可学）27、course 一道菜28、must have been 表推测29、be accustomed to,be used to+名词、动名词I am used to the life in Bejing.I am used to living in Bejing.30、早餐：scratch a meal 中午餐：snack 快餐 晚餐：dinner31、the change toEducation brings great change to his outlook/view on life.教育使他的面貌（对生活的看法）产生了很大变化。L L L L4 4 4 4 SeeingSeeingSeeingSeeing HandsHandsHandsHandsIn the Soviet Union several cases have been reported recently of people who can read and detect colours with their fingers,and evensee through solid doors and walls.One case concerns an eleven-year-old schoolgirl,VeraPetrova,who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin,and throughsolid walls.This ability was first noticed by her father.One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe.Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there,and even described the way they were done up in bundles.Veras curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of UIyanovsk,near where she lives,and inApril she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic.During thesetests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and,stranger still,by moving her elbow over a childs game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it;and,in another instance,wearing stockings and slippers,to make outwith her foot theoutlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet.Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had asimilar sensitivity.During all these testsVerawas blindfold;and,indeed,except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin.lt was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her handswere wet.New words and expressions1、Perceive 察觉，瞬间感觉到的to make out 费尽心机辨出I looked thoroughly for my elderly mother,finally I make her out.Yeah,I remembered,I finally make him out.I perceive a fly in my teacup.2、elbow ones way(用肘)挤出elbow ones way out of the crowed.挤出人群L5 No Room in theArkThe gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene.One thinks one knows him very well.For a hundred years or more he hasbeen killed,captured,and imprisoned,in zoos.His bones havebeen mounted in natural history museums everywhere,and he hasalways exerted a strong fascination upon scientists and romantics alike.He is the stereotyped monster of the horror filmsand the adventure books,and an obvious(though not perhaps strictly scientific)link with our ancestral past.Yetthe fact is we know very little about gorillas.No really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in a wild state,no zoologist,however intrepid,has been able to keep the animal under close and constant observation in the dark jungles in which he lives.Carl Akeley,the American naturalist,led two expeditions in the nineteen-twenties,and now lies buried among the animals he loved so well.But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla lives,or how or why it dies,nor was he able to define the exact socialpattern of the family groups,or indicate the final extent of their intelligence.All this and many other things remain almost as much amystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu first described the animal to the civilized world a century ago.The Abominable Snowman who haunts the imagination of climbers in theHimalayas is hardlymore elusive.New words and expressions（good article:five stars 该文写得不错。）the+n.(s)表示一类:the gorilla(s)scene 场景in the African scene:Africa as the backgroundgather palace 聚集地something of a paradox 自相矛盾（人对猩猩的观点）contradictory ideas about him主题句：One thinks one knows him very well.问题：Yetthe fact is we know very little about gorillas.Their ideas vary。人们对他的观点相差很大。For a hundred years or more 一百年甚至更多（包括一百年）For more than one hundred years 一百多年西方，动物一般用人称代替。本文中，gorillas 用 him 代替。另外有 cat she,dog he.imprisoned 关起来圈养be mounted in natural history museums 陈列在自然历史博物馆重点句型：He exert a strong fascination upon(on)Sb.施加给人们强大的魅力exert on 施加（压力）impose on ,例如 impose influence on,impose pressure on上句可表示为 He have a strong fascination for Sb.或 The gorilla is always fascina
