高考英语语法精讲：状语从句分类及考点分析讲义.docx

高考英语语法精讲：状语从句分类及考点分析一、状语从句在复合句中位置1.一般说来，状语从句在复合句中的位置比较灵活，有时置于句首，有时置于句末，有时置于句首与句末都可以。如：While I was working in the garden, my wife was cooking dinner. 我在园子里干活时，我妻子正在做饭。Wait until the children settle down before you start the lesson. 等学生都静下心来再开始上课。2.当状语从句置于句首时，其后通常会用逗号隔开。但当句子较短或当状语从句与主句的关系比较密切时，也可以不用逗号。如：If you pull too hard you will break the rope. 如果太用力拉，就会把绳子拉断。When he smiled he exposed a set of perfect white teeth. 他笑时露出了一口漂亮的白牙。3.当状语从句位于句末时，其前一般不用逗号。但是，如果状语从句与其前主句的关系不是很密切，尤其作为添补内容时，其前也可用逗号，如：Better say yes, if they ask you. 如果他们问你，你最好说“是”。We knew he couldn't have paid for it, because he had no money. 我们知道不可能是他付了这笔钱，因为他没钱。4.另外，状语从句有时也可位于句子中间，如：He said that if I passed my test he would buy me a car. 他说如果我通过考试，他将给我买辆汽车。This, if the news (should) be true, is a very serious matter. 如果消息属实，这可是一件非常严重的事情。二、英语状语的分类英语中的状语按其用途，可以分为时间状语、地点状语、方面状语、原因状语、结果状语、目的状语、条件状语、让步状语、程度状语、方式状语、伴随状语等11种。1.时间状语She is to be married next month. 她预定在下个月结婚。I'll meet you at 4 o'clock. 我将在4点钟和你见面。A lot of students missed my lecture yesterday. 昨天许多学生误了我的课。2.地点状语He lives over the mountain. 他住在山的那一边。I first met him in Paris. 我初次见到他是在巴黎。The children are swimming in the river. 孩子们正在河里游泳。注：地点状语除表位置外，还可以表“出发”“去向”“距离”等。如：Are you glad to be going back to school? 返回学校你感到高兴吗?They lived many miles from the town. 他们住的地方离镇子好几英里远。3.方面状语She is very weak in physics. 她物理很不行。China is very rich in natural resources. 中国自然资源丰富。This is better in every way than that. 这个在哪一方面都比那个要好。The bridge is 2500 meters in length and 150 meters in height. 这座桥长2500米，高150米。4.原因状语He was surprised at what she said. 听到她说的话，他很吃惊。He succeeded by hard work. 他由于努力工作而成功。He was sent to prison for robbery. 他因为抢劫而坐牢。Last week she fell ill from cold. 上星期她着凉生病了。We're proud of our motherland. 我们为祖国感到骄傲。5.结果状语He talked his wife into buying a car. 他说服他妻子买一辆小汽车。The box is too heavy for me to lift. 这个箱子太重了，我提不动。It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country. 大雨滂沱，造成了那个国家洪水泛滥。He went to Africa in 1963, never to come back. 他在1963年到非洲，然后就再也没回来过了。6.目的状语They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。He saves on behalf of his son. 他为儿子存钱。He stood aside for her to pass. 他靠边站让她过去。He cupped his ear to hear better. 他的手捂着耳朵，以便听得更清楚。He went to the south in search of a better life. 他去南方寻求更好的生活。I went to France not to study French, but to study architecture. 我去法国不是为了学法语，而是为了学建筑。7.条件状语Can you see without your glasses? 你不戴眼镜能看得清东西吗？United, we stand；divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。With more money I would be able to buy it. 钱多一点的话，我就买得起。To look at him you could hardly help laughing. 看到他你就会忍不住笑起来。We must be losing at least a third of our staff under new technology. 在新的技术条件下，我们必定要解雇至少三分之一的员工。Weather permitting, we'll have the match tomorrow. 天气允许的话，我们将于明天进行比赛。8.让步状语For all his money, he's a very lonely man. 他虽然富有，可是非常寂寞。Carol went to work in spite of feeling ill. 卡洛尔尽管感到不舒服仍去上了班。With all his efforts, he lost the match. 虽然尽了全力，他还是输了那场比赛。You couldn't do that to save your life. 你即使为了救自己的命也不能那样做。Laughed at by everybody, he had my sympathy. 人人都嘲笑他，但我却同情他。Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 他们尽管了解这一切，还是要我赔偿损失。9.程度状语I don't like coffee very much. 我不太喜欢咖啡。To a great extent, it is not fair. 在很大程度上，这是不公平的。The system which is used in this school is very successful. 这个学校所施行的制度是非常成功的。10.方式状语We came on the bus. 我们坐公共汽车来的。You must pay the bill in cash. 你必须用现金付账。I watched the game on television. 我在电视上收看了那场比赛。We see with our eyes, and hear with our ears. 我们用眼睛看，用耳朵听。I heard of the job through a newspaper advertisement. 我从报上的广告中知道了这个工作。11.伴随状语I slept with the window open. 我开着窗睡觉。She said good-bye with tears in her eyes. 她含着泪水说再见。He ran up to her breathing heavily. 他气喘吁吁地跑到她跟前。He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 他满脸是汗跑进屋来。三、定语和状语从句的引导词归纳1.定语从句定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。限制性定语从句（1）限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom,whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。如：The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations.Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.（2）当先行词是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。如：That is all that I've heard from him.He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.（3）关系代词的省略在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。如：This is one of those things with which we have to put up.This is one of those things (whichthat) we have to put up with.（4）引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。如：Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day.非限制性定语从句（1）非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。如：Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.（2）“介词+whichwhomwhose”引导的定语从句“介词+whichwhomwhose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。如：This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.（3）as引导的定语从句as引导的定语从句主要用于“such.as”及“the same.as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。如：These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语)2.状语从句（1）时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。As soon as I sent an e-mail message,I received positive responses.The moment he heard the good news,he jumped with joy.（2）地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是where,wherever.Wherever she went,she took her little daughter with her.（3）原因、结果和目的状语从句引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because,as,since,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in that等。Considering that he is a freshman,we must say he is doing well.引导结果状语从句的连词有：so.that,such.that,so that,that,so等。Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that,in order that,for fear that,lest等，从句常使用may,might,can,could,would等情态动词。We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.（4）条件和让步状语从句引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though,although,whether,even though,even if,no matter what(when,how.),whatever(whenever,wherever,however.)等。though,even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语”。No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he is young)Child as he is,he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child)(4)方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的连词有as,just as,as if,as though等。as if,as though引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。The young man made the experiment just as the teacher had taught him.Everything went on as usual as if nothing had happened.学科网（北京）股份有限公司