科技英语翻译1.ppt

科技英语翻译科技英语翻译EST TRANSLATION 翻译的标准翻译：把一种语言文字所表达的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来的一种语言交流活动。信达雅（严复）：信达雅(faithfulness,expressiveness,elegance)the translation conforming to the original in meaningon the basis of smoothness,the extent to which the translation presents should try to conform to the original“ya”requires a translation to be pleasing and agreeable,it is target text-oriented 信达切（刘重德）：信达切(faithfulness,expressiveness,closeness)It is because elegance means gracefulness,and in fact it is only one of various styles.Evidently,we should not make all our translations elegant in style.The original style must be exactly reproduced as it is.The word“closeness”is a neutral term which may be applied to all kinds of style.“qie”calls for a version that is“to be as close to the original style as possible”Alexander Tytler(1)the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work(2)the style and the manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original(3)the translation should have all the ease of the original compositionNida:Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source message，first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style”“翻译就是在译语中用最为贴切自然的对等语再现原语的信息首先是就意义而言，其次是就风格而言”。dynamic equivalence He thinks that the traditional principles of translation are mainly oriented toward formal equivalence，which focuses upon producing the formal and stylistic features of the original language and cultureIn the new principle，the old focus is shifted from the form to the receptorS responseHence，when a translator translates or evaluates，the first element he should keep in mind is：who will be the reader of the translation and can he understand the translation correctly?Then,the goal of translation is to elicit from the TL(target language)reader the same response as that of the source language reader to the original message忠实、通顺（普遍观点）科技英语科技英语文章特点：文章特点：(well-knit structure;tight logic;various(well-knit structure;tight logic;various styles)styles)结构严谨结构严谨结构严谨结构严谨，逻辑严密逻辑严密逻辑严密逻辑严密，文体多样文体多样文体多样文体多样1.科技翻译的标准：准确规范，通顺易懂，简洁明晰 1）准确规范 所谓准确，就是忠实地，不折不扣地传达原文的全部信息内容。所谓规范，就是译文要符合所涉及的科学技或某个专业领域的专业语言表达规范。要做到这一点，译者必须充分理解原文所表达的内容，其中包括对原文词汇，语法，逻辑关系和科学内容的理解）Velocity(速度)changes if either the speed or the direction changes。假如力的大小或方向改变了，速度跟着要变化如果（物体运动的）速率和方向有一个发生变化，则（物体的）运动速度也随之发生变化。We shall mention here two temperature scales,namely,the Fahrenheit scale and the Centigrade scale.这里我们将提及两种温度计：华氏表和摄氏表。这里我们将提及两种温标：华氏温标和摄氏温标。Oil and gas will continue to be our chief source of fuel.油和气体将继续是燃料的主要源泉。石油和天然气将继续是燃料的主要来源。1.The power plant is the heart of a ship.2.The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp（horsepower）induction motor(感应电动机).动力动力装置装置是船舶的心脏。是船舶的心脏。驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。马力的感应电动机。2）通顺易懂译文的语言符合译语语法结构及表达习惯，容易为读者所理解和接受。A.When a person sees,smells,hears or touches something,then he is perceiving.当一个人看到某种东西，闻到某种气味，听到某个声音或触到某物时，他是在察觉。当一个人看到某种东西，闻到某种气味，听到某个声音或触到某物时，他是在运用感官在感受。B.A material object cannot have a speed greater than the speed of light.一个物体不会有一个大于光速的速度。一个物体的速度绝不会超过光速。1.Semiconductor devices(半导体装置),called transistors(晶体管),are replacing tubes in many applications.2.Cramped(狭窄的)conditions means that passengers legs cannot move around freely.3.All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。3）简洁明晰简洁明晰是科技问题的特点。同样，在翻译过程中，译文的简洁明晰也是科技英语翻译的最基本要求之一。所谓简洁明晰，就是译文要简洁精练，一目了然，要尽量避免繁琐和不必要的重复。It is forbidden to dismantle it without permission so as to avoid any damage to its parts.为了避免损坏设备的零件，未经许可不得拆卸该设备。严禁乱拆，以免损坏该设备的零件。All living things must,by reason of physiological limitations,die.由于生理上的局限性的原因，一切生物总是要死亡的。由于生理上的局限，一切生物总是要死亡的。1.The removal of minerals from water is called softening（软化）.2.It should be realized that magnetic forces and electric forces are not the same.去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。应该认识到，磁力和电力是不同的应该认识到，磁力和电力是不同的1.2 对译者的要求1.1.英语水平 2.2.汉语水平3.3.专业知识4.4.翻译知识5.翻译经验科技英语文体的特点1.1.第三人称句多2.2.被动语态多3.3.专业名词、术语多4.4.非谓语动词多5.长句多1 1）无人称句多）无人称句多这是由于科技文体的主要目的在于阐述科学事实，科学发现，这是由于科技文体的主要目的在于阐述科学事实，科学发现，实验结果等，而不是介绍这是这些结果，理论或现象是由谁发实验结果等，而不是介绍这是这些结果，理论或现象是由谁发明或发现的。明或发现的。In this section,In this section,a process description and a simplified process a process description and a simplified process flowsheetflowsheet are givenare given for each DR process to illustrate the for each DR process to illustrate the types of equipment used and to describe the flow of types of equipment used and to describe the flow of materials through the plant.materials through the plant.The discussionThe discussion does not mention does not mention all the variations of the flowsheet which may exist or the all the variations of the flowsheet which may exist or the current status of particular plants.In the majority of the DR current status of particular plants.In the majority of the DR processes described in this section,processes described in this section,natural gasnatural gas is reformed is reformed in in a catalyst bed with steam or gaseous reduction products a catalyst bed with steam or gaseous reduction products from the reduction reactor.Partial oxidation processes which from the reduction reactor.Partial oxidation processes which gasify liquid hydrocarbons,heavy residuals and coalgasify liquid hydrocarbons,heavy residuals and coal are also are also discusseddiscussed.The reformer and partial oxidation gasifier The reformer and partial oxidation gasifier are are interchangeableinterchangeable for several of the DR processes.for several of the DR processes.本部分将介绍直接还原法的工艺过程及简单的工艺流程，以此本部分将介绍直接还原法的工艺过程及简单的工艺流程，以此来阐述所用的设备和工厂的原料流程。该部分不对可能存在的来阐述所用的设备和工厂的原料流程。该部分不对可能存在的所有不同的流程或某些钢铁厂的具体流程进行介绍。在本部分所有不同的流程或某些钢铁厂的具体流程进行介绍。在本部分介绍的多数直接还原法中，天然气是在催化床内与来自还原反介绍的多数直接还原法中，天然气是在催化床内与来自还原反应器的水蒸气或气体还原产物转化而形成的。同时本文也介绍应器的水蒸气或气体还原产物转化而形成的。同时本文也介绍了液态的氢氧化合物、重残渣和煤产生气化的部分氧化过程。了液态的氢氧化合物、重残渣和煤产生气化的部分氧化过程。转化炉和部分氧化气化炉在这几种直接还原法中是可以互换的。转化炉和部分氧化气化炉在这几种直接还原法中是可以互换的。2)2)被动语态多被动语态多科技英语的主要目的是表达科学发现、科学事实、实验报告科技英语的主要目的是表达科学发现、科学事实、实验报告和各类说明等，以客观陈述为主，因此科技英语大量使用被和各类说明等，以客观陈述为主，因此科技英语大量使用被动语态。如：动语态。如：It is essential that the overall program strategy It is essential that the overall program strategy be be completely mapped outcompletely mapped out before any of the detailed before any of the detailed programming actually begins.The way the programmer programming actually begins.The way the programmer can concentrate on the general program logic,without can concentrate on the general program logic,without becoming bogged down in the syntactic details of the becoming bogged down in the syntactic details of the individual instructions.In fact,this entire process individual instructions.In fact,this entire process might be might be repeatedrepeated several times,with more programming detail several times,with more programming detail added at each stage.Once the overall program strategy added at each stage.Once the overall program strategy has been clearly establishedhas been clearly established,then the syntactic details of,then the syntactic details of the language the language can be consideredcan be considered.Such an approach.Such an approach is often is often referredreferred to as”top-down”programming.to as”top-down”programming.在任何详细的变成实际开始之前，首先要完整地设计出全面在任何详细的变成实际开始之前，首先要完整地设计出全面的编程策略。这样，程序员可将注意力集中在总的程序逻辑的编程策略。这样，程序员可将注意力集中在总的程序逻辑上，而不会陷入各条指令的句法细节中。事实上整个过程可上，而不会陷入各条指令的句法细节中。事实上整个过程可能重复若干次，而每个阶段都要加入更多的编程细节。一旦能重复若干次，而每个阶段都要加入更多的编程细节。一旦清楚地制定了全面的编程策略，便可以考虑该语言的句法细清楚地制定了全面的编程策略，便可以考虑该语言的句法细节。这种方法常常称作节。这种方法常常称作“自顶而下自顶而下”的程序设计法。的程序设计法。三、专业名词、术语多三、专业名词、术语多科技英语专业性强，文体正式，使用大量的专业名词和术语。如：科技英语专业性强，文体正式，使用大量的专业名词和术语。如：Most Most a.c.motorsa.c.motors operate at operate at constant speedconstant speed and speed control can be obtained and speed control can be obtained by varying the by varying the frequencyfrequency of the of the applied voltageapplied voltage.In many cases the magnitude.In many cases the magnitude of the applied voltage will also be variedof the applied voltage will also be varied in direct proportion to in direct proportion to the frequency in the frequency in order to maintain the order to maintain the fluxflux in the machine at a constant value.In general,a in the machine at a constant value.In general,a static power converterstatic power converter producing a variable frequency,variable magnitude producing a variable frequency,variable magnitude polyphase output voltage from polyphase output voltage from fixed polyphase a.c.mainsfixed polyphase a.c.mains is required and this is required and this can be achieved in one of the two ways.Firstly,a direct conversion(d.c.to a.can be achieved in one of the two ways.Firstly,a direct conversion(d.c.to a.c.)can be made using the so-called c.)can be made using the so-called cycloconverter cycloconverter principleprinciple.The second and.The second and more common way is to convert themore common way is to convert the fixed a.c fixed a.c.to.to variable d.cvariable d.c.and then.and then reconvert this d.c.voltage to the required reconvert this d.c.voltage to the required variable a.c.systemvariable a.c.system;such a method;such a method used a d.c.link.In this case used a d.c.link.In this case negative anode cathode voltagenegative anode cathode voltage does not occur does not occur matually in the d.c.to a.c.thyristor converter and the process of forced matually in the d.c.to a.c.thyristor converter and the process of forced commutation must be used.Two basic methods of commutation must be used.Two basic methods of forced commutation forced commutation invertersinverters,the so called,the so called parallel inverterparallel inverter and the and the pulse-width modulated inverterpulse-width modulated inverter are in common use.are in common use.多数多数交流电机交流电机以常速运行，其速度控制可有改变以常速运行，其速度控制可有改变应用电压应用电压频率频率来实现。许多情况来实现。许多情况下，为了维持机器中磁通量为下，为了维持机器中磁通量为常值常值，应用电压的值也要与频率成正比变化。一般，应用电压的值也要与频率成正比变化。一般来说，必须使用一种来说，必须使用一种静电功率变频器静电功率变频器从从固定多向交流干线固定多向交流干线中产生变频及可变多相中产生变频及可变多相输出电压值，有两种方法可达到此目的。一种是使用所谓的环状变频器直接完成输出电压值，有两种方法可达到此目的。一种是使用所谓的环状变频器直接完成转换（从交流道直流）。另一种，也是更为常见的一种，即先将转换（从交流道直流）。另一种，也是更为常见的一种，即先将固定交流固定交流转换为转换为可变直流可变直流，再将该直流电压重新转换为所要的可变交流系统，该方法使用直流连，再将该直流电压重新转换为所要的可变交流系统，该方法使用直流连接。在此情况下，在直流到交流的硅控整流管变频器中不能自然产生接。在此情况下，在直流到交流的硅控整流管变频器中不能自然产生负的阳极负的阳极-阴阴极电压极电压。因此，必须使用强制整流过程。常用的两种。因此，必须使用强制整流过程。常用的两种强制蒸馏逆变器强制蒸馏逆变器是所谓的是所谓的并并行逆变器行逆变器和和脉宽调至逆变器脉宽调至逆变器。4)4)非谓语动词多非谓语动词多科技英语力求简洁明了，大量使用非谓语动词。如：科技英语力求简洁明了，大量使用非谓语动词。如：Radial Keratotomy(RK)and Photorefractive Keratectomy(PRK)are Radial Keratotomy(RK)and Photorefractive Keratectomy(PRK)are other refractive surgeries usedother refractive surgeries used to reshape to reshape the cornea.In RK,a the cornea.In RK,a very sharp knife is used very sharp knife is used to cutto cut slits in the cornea slits in the cornea changingchanging its its shape.PRK was the first surgical procedure shape.PRK was the first surgical procedure developed to reshapedeveloped to reshape the cornea,by the cornea,by sculpting,usingsculpting,using a laser.Often the exact same laser a laser.Often the exact same laser is used for LASIK and PRK.The major difference between the two is used for LASIK and PRK.The major difference between the two surgeries is the way that the stroma,the middle layer of the surgeries is the way that the stroma,the middle layer of the cornea,is exposed before it is vaporized with the laser.In PRK,cornea,is exposed before it is vaporized with the laser.In PRK,the top layer of the cornea,the top layer of the cornea,called called the epithelium,is scraped away the epithelium,is scraped away to exposeto expose the stromal layer underneath.In LASIK,a flap is cut in the stromal layer underneath.In LASIK,a flap is cut in the stromal layer and the flap is folded back.the stromal layer and the flap is folded back.其他用于角膜重新塑性的外科手术还有放射状角膜切开术（其他用于角膜重新塑性的外科手术还有放射状角膜切开术（RKRK）和）和光型折射角膜切削术（光型折射角膜切削术（PRKPRK）.放射状角膜切开术使用锋利的刀在角放射状角膜切开术使用锋利的刀在角膜上割开狭长的切口来改变其形状。光型折射角膜切削术使用激光膜上割开狭长的切口来改变其形状。光型折射角膜切削术使用激光塑形，它是最早的重塑角膜的外科手术。通常激光辅助原位屈光性塑形，它是最早的重塑角膜的外科手术。通常激光辅助原位屈光性角膜成形术和光性射角膜切削术使用的激光完全一样。这两种手术角膜成形术和光性射角膜切削术使用的激光完全一样。这两种手术的区别主要在于，在激光蒸发基质的区别主要在于，在激光蒸发基质角膜的中间部分角膜的中间部分之前，之前，基质显露的方式不同。光性射角膜切削术使用的方法是削去角膜的基质显露的方式不同。光性射角膜切削术使用的方法是削去角膜的顶层，又称上皮层，来显露下面的基质层。而激光辅助原位屈光性顶层，又称上皮层，来显露下面的基质层。而激光辅助原位屈光性角膜成形术使用的方法是切入基质层，创建一个折边，再将折边反角膜成形术使用的方法是切入基质层，创建一个折边，再将折边反转过来，露出基质层。转过来，露出基质层。5)长句多这是因为在阐述科学事实，科学现象等事物的内在联系和解释一些科技术语或名词时，需要大量使用各种从句以及介词短语、形容词短语、分词短语或副词等做后置定语，分词短语表示伴随情况等。Nanotechnology has become a buzz word in the popular Nanotechnology has become a buzz word in the popular press.The roots of this phenomenon reach back to a press.The roots of this phenomenon reach back to a marvelously inventive and engaging book,Engines of marvelously inventive and engaging book,Engines of Creation,written by K.Eric Drexler in 1985.The center Creation,written by K.Eric Drexler in 1985.The center notion here is notion here is thatthat it will one day be possible to construct it will one day be possible to construct a“universal assembler”a“universal assembler”whichwhich can be programmed to can be programmed to build,quite literally,anything build,quite literally,anything that that is composed of atoms and is composed of atoms and consistent consistent withwith the rules of chemical stability.Drexler the rules of chemical stability.Drexler imagines imagines thatthat each of these assemblers is a micron-scale each of these assemblers is a micron-scale robot robot withwith nanoscopic manipulator arms nanoscopic manipulator arms thatthat are capable are capable of of pickingpicking up individual atoms,and up individual atoms,and stickingsticking them together them together in any fashion programmed in its internal memory.in any fashion programmed in its internal memory.纳米技术已经成为大众新闻的热点话题。这一现象的根源可纳米技术已经成为大众新闻的热点话题。这一现象的根源可以追溯到以追溯到19851985年由年由K.K.埃里克埃里克 德雷克斯勒撰写的颇具奇思异德雷克斯勒撰写的颇具奇思异想且魅力无穷的创新发动机一书，其中心思想就是，将想且魅力无穷的创新发动机一书，其中心思想就是，将来某一天可能会造出一种来某一天可能会造出一种“万能装配手万能装配手”，它能很严格的按，它能很严格的按程序构建由原子组成并且符合化学稳定原则的任何东西。德程序构建由原子组成并且符合化学稳定原则的任何东西。德雷克斯勒设想这种万能装配手都是微米大小的机器人，并装雷克斯勒设想这种万能装配手都是微米大小的机器人，并装有纳米尺寸的操作臂，可以抓起单个原子并将它们按内部存有纳米尺寸的操作臂，可以抓起单个原子并将它们按内部存储器中程序设定的任何一种方式拼装在一起。储器中程序设定的任何一种方式拼装在一起。翻译的过程一、一、理解阶段理解阶段1.1.理解语言现象理解语言现象 ：John can be relieJohn can be relied on.He eatd on.He eats s no fi no fis sh and playh and plays s the game.the game.他既忠诚又懂规矩。他既忠诚又懂规矩。2.2.理解逻辑关系理解逻辑关系The 20 The 20 thth century will not be remembered as the era when space was conquered or the century will not be remembered as the era when space was conquered or the power of the atom harnessed but that in which were made the first machines having power of the atom harnessed but that in which were made the first machines having intelligence.intelligence.如果在如果在2020世纪不世纪不能能制造出首批智能机器，我们就不会称制造出首批智能机器，我们就不会称2020世纪为征服宇宙世纪或世纪为征服宇宙世纪或利用原子能世纪。利用原子能世纪。3.3.理解原文所涉及的事物理解原文所涉及的事物The elevator boys oozeThe elevator boys ooze（渗出，显出）（渗出，显出）the spit and polish of the spit and polish of West Point cadets West Point cadets（学（学员）员）and in polite English remind you that you must not smoke inside their lifts.and