高考英语试题分项版解析专题16科普类说明文含解析.docx

专题16科普类说明文2018岛考题D 2018全国IWe may think we' re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices（装置）well after they go out of style. That, s bad news for the environment - and our wallets - as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbi 11 and her col leagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation - Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however> we didn' t throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,“ said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We* re not just keeping these old devices - we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt* s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes arc the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions （排放）more than doubl ing during the 1992 to 2007 window.So what/ s the solution （解决方案）？ The teanf s data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32. What does the author think of new devices?A. They are environment-friend 1y.B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly. process-not simply" millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic”可知研究者希望那些化学物 品可以批量生产，而不是将许多虫子直接扔在垃圾堆里。故选D。46. C写作意图题。全文都在围绕可以降解垃圾的虫子展开，文章的目的就是向读者呈现这种独特的降解 塑料的方式。故选A。2017高考题科普知识类2017 北京卷DHollywood* s theory that machines with evil （邪恶的）minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence（AI） may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we rea 11 y want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field ocybernetics（控制论），put it this way: "【 we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere（干预），we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire. MA machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by discibling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewal l, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines.But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teamsyet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just aswitch them offw as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibi1ity. Still others think that super intel 1 i gent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford staled, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine. w However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced（中子诱导）nuclear chain reaction.67. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may .A. run out of human controlB. satisfy human's real desires C. command armies of killer robots D. work faster than a mathematician68. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to .A. prevent themselves from being destroyedB. achieve their original goals independentlyC. do anything successfully with given orders1） . beat humans in international chess matches69. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to .A. help super intelligent machines work betterB. be secure against evil human beingsC. keep machines from being harmedD. avoid robots, affecting the world70. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?A. It wi11 disappear with the development of AI.B. It wi11 get worse with human interference.C. It will be solved but with difficulty.D. It will stay for a decade.【文章大意】本文为科普类文章，讲的是随着科技的发展，人工智能（AI）可能会超出人类的控制。67. A段落大意题。第一段第二句说“人工智能虽然擅长完成任务，但这有可能不是我们真正想要的”。因此选A。68. A细节理解题。根据第二段第一句话”a wsh to preserve its own existeny”可知答案为A.69. D 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句话“but never allowing them to affect the real word."可知人们 利用防火烯是为了避免机器人影响整个世界，故选DC推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句话“seems to be possible but not easy.”推出超级智能机器人的 安全问题有可能得到解决但是会有困难，故选C项.【名师点睛】推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为 了作出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，作出判 断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下文的逻辑关系及事 物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。推理判断题的解题方法：推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系，结合自己的生活常识和 经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。任何一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的，读者需要知道如何去做或按照某种方式思考问题。推理判断题的答 案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，印： 已知部分一推论的前提，从中推测出未知部分一推理的结论，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观 点。2017 江苏卷BBefore birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning （胎教），birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk： Omi t ho logical Advances, some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch （孵化）.New-born chicks can then imitate their mum* s callRrd-twwkrd 仇iry wrrtts（晶 within a few days of entering the world.婚）, which live Mnonh-mand eastern Australia, layThis educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer, thrFrorf«irrggsataiinw.a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Female Austral ian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothersa sound that served as their regular “feed me! ” call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbi rd. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identi fied begging calls by analysing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their mums. And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies, begging calls. In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mum's voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological （神经 系统的）strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. "As a parent , do you invest in quality children , or do you invest in children that are in need? ” Kleindorfer asks. "Our results suggest that they might be going for quality. w58. The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means "” .A. be the worstB. be the bestC. be just as bad1）. be just as good59. Whcit are Kleindorfer's findings based on?A. Similarities between the calls of mums and chicks.B. The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.C. The data collected from Queensland, s locals.D. Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.60. Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which .A. can receive quality signalsB. are in need of trainingC. fit the environment betterD. make the loudest call【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章介绍了一项新发现：幼鸟在被孵化前母鸟便教它们识别声 音了。母亲呼唤它们的鸟蛋越频繁，则它们的孩子越会发出相似的声音；幼鸟的声音越像它们母亲的声音， 则它们获得的食物奖励就越多。58. B词义猜测题。第一段将人类婴儿与幼鸟进行了对比，画线词组所在句上文讲出生前人的辨别声 音的能力很强，下文讲一些母鸟在幼鸟被孵化之前就教它们学唱歌了。据此可以判断，在胎教方面，鸟儿 的表现是最好的,推测“rule the roostw意为“be the best”，故选B项。59. A 细节理解题。根据第二段第三句 "When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothersa sound that served as their regular 'feed me! ' call. v 可 知，当这些幼鸟被孵化出来的时候，它们也发出了和它们的妈妈类似的鸣叫。据此可知，Sonia Kleindorfer 的发现是以母鸟和幼鸟叫声的相似点为基础的，故选A项。60. C 推理判断题。第四段 “In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mum's voice were rewarded with the most food.（一项单独的实验表明模仿母鸟声音最接近的幼鸟会得到最多的食物）”和最后一段研究人员的研究 结果表明，母鸟会选择质量优良的孩子，因此可以推断，母鸟通过胎教来确定质量优良的幼鸟，即最会模 仿它们声音的幼鸟。质量优良的幼鸟无需过多帮助就能更好地适应环境，故选C项。【名师点睛】猜测词义题概况词义猜测是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要 有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、 同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。一、题型特点与命题方式：此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句义题。因为猜测词组、句义题涉及题材背景、句子 结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解 的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测难度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文 脉等理解生词的能力。【命题趋势】L要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟 词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。61. 求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定 词义的具体内容。例如第65题。62. 词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“逻辑关系梳理法”、“递向寻踪法”理清人物及事 物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。【设问形式】The underlined word "” in the second (third-) paragraph refers to (means) .By saying that "” in the first (second-*-) paragraph, the author means that .In paragraph ， ”" can be replaced by "”.The meaning of "" in paragraphis related to .Which of the following has the closest meaning to(paragraph)？The underlined sentence in the paragraph probably means that.解题思路做这种类型的题目，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词 技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切 不可脱离语境主观臆断。考点：考查科普说明文阅读2017 江苏卷DOld problem, new approachesWhile clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after CO- emissions (排放)peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today, we wou1d sti 11 face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment says that： “There is no 'onesize fits all' adaptation. " Nevertheless, there arc some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especial 1 y in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(连接)to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level： his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions arc being taken. Chcwang Norphcl lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers （冰川）there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel, s inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation（灌溉）water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200, 000m of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphel* s ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.Increasing Earth's reflectiveness can cool the planet. 1 n southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses （which reflect light back to space） has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is sti11 far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its list of “100 ideas to save the planet”.More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like th