五种基本句型(共8页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上五种基本句型 句子是由主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、宾语补足语等组成的。英语句子有长有短，有简有繁，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但其实只有五种基本句型。所有英语句子都可以看成是这五种基本句型的扩大、组合、省略或倒装。因此掌握这五大句型，是掌握其他各种英语句子结构的基础。英语句子依其组合方式可分为以下五种基本句型，句子成分的表示法为： S：Subject（主语）, V：Verb（动词）,O：Object（宾语）, IO : Indirect Object (间接宾语), DO: Direct Object (直接宾语) , P：Predicative（表语）, OC： Object Complement（宾语补足语）。 五种基本句型见下表（S主，V谓，O宾，P表，IO间宾 ，DO直宾，OC宾补）：种类       句型                                    例句第1种  S+V                                  We work. (不及物)第2种  S+V+O                              He plays (及物) the piano.第3种  S+V+P                               We are(系动词) students.第4种  S+V+IO+DO                      She gave(及物) me a pen.第5种  S+V+O+OC                       He made(及物) the boy laugh. 一、 第1种句型：S+V（主语+不及物动词） 1、Birds fly. 鸟飞。主语谓语 (不及物动词) 2、He   runs  in the park. 他在公园里跑。主语谓语 地点状语  (不及物动词) 此句型是“主语+不及物动词”构成句子的主体部分。因为是不及物动词，后面当然不能带宾语了，但是可以有状语来修饰。例如上面例句中的 in the park就是地点状语。3、Class begins.（begin在句中是不及物动词）上课了。比较：We begin our class at eight. 我们八点钟开始上课。该句则属于第2种句型，begin在句中是及物动词，由此可见有些动词既可作及物动词也可以作不及物动词。 只能当不及物动词的词（必背！）：sleep 睡觉   walk 步行   swim 游泳   happen（take place）发生    go去come来     work 工作   laugh 笑     stay呆在              arrive 到达 二、 第2种句型：S+V+O（主语+及物动词+宾语） My father        read         the book. 我父亲读过那本书.  主语     谓语 (及物动词)    宾语 注意：有些不及物动词后面加上介词就可把它看成一个及物动词，后面就可以加宾语了。如： 4、You must listen to me. 你必须听我的。 （Listen是不及物动词。但加上to之后，listen to可以看成一个及物动词。） 可以带宾语的动词是及物动词，可以充当宾语的有名词和名词的相当语（如代词、不定式、动名词及宾语从句）。 如： 5、She likes English. 她喜欢英语。（名词作宾语） 6、I know him very well. 我非常了解他。（代词作宾语）（同第一种句型一样，本句型可以有状语、定语修饰） 7、They want to go. 他们想走。（不定式作宾语） 8、He stopped writing. 他停下笔。（动名词作宾语）9、The teacher advised that we learn English well. 老师建议我们学好英语。(宾语从句)  三、 第3种句型：S+V+P （主语+系动词+表语）10、He    became        a scientist. 他成为一个科学家了。 主语   谓语 (系动词)   表语  be动词和become是英语中常见的系动词，后面必须接表语，才能用来说明主语， 表示“是”，“变成”等意思。 表语通常是名词或形容词等。11、They are honest. 他们是诚实的。12、He became a scientist. 他成为了一个科学家。13、 His face goes red. 他的脸变红了。14、 It grew dark. 天变黑了。 注意 ：在英语中，除了be动词和become属于系动词外，还有一些实义动词在表示状态存在或表示状态变化时也可以作系动词。这些词有：keep保持，   look看起来，    feel觉得，    smell 闻起来， sound 听起来，  taste 尝起来，grow/get/go/turn 变得     remain 仍然是 四、 第4种句型：S+V+IO+DO （主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语）15、He        gave      Tom        a present. 他给了汤姆一件礼物。主        谓(及物)   宾(间接)     宾(直接)16、Give        it           to  me. 把它给我。    谓(及物)  宾(直接)       宾(间接)  1）、及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象（参见第2种句型）。但有些动词，除了直接宾语外，还要求一个间接宾语，这个间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或物，也可以说是间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或是为谁做的，所以只能是名词或宾格代词担当。17、We      sent     them         a telegram. 我们给他们打了个电报。主       谓      宾(间接)      宾(直接) （ 必背！）常带双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的动词（分为A、B两类）：A：动词后加to:give 给          show给看    send寄，打电报   bring带   read读pass递给     lend借给    leave留给     hand交给 tell告诉return把还给 write给写信B: 动词后加for:buy给/为某人买     draw 替/给某人画    make 为某人制作 【秘诀】“七给”“一带”to不少，“买”“画”“制作”for来了。【说明】常跟双宾语的动词“七给”(give, hand，lend, pass, show, send, write)和“一带”(bring)8个及物动词，在直接宾语前置时，必须在后面加上to。即：“vt.+sth.+to+sb.”。buy，draw，make三个动词，在直接宾语前置时，则必须在后面加for，构成“vt.+sth.+for+sb.”句型。关于是否接to 或者接for ，一般都是语言习惯用法的问题，英文中习惯怎么用，就应该怎样来用，没有什么道理可讲。 另外关于to, for 区分的基本原则： to (表示动作对什么人而做)， for (表示动作为什么人而做) ，如：Read the first paragraph to me.用to表示读的动作是对我而做的。本句的意思是：把第一段读给我听。五、 第5种句型：S+V+O+OC（主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语）在此句型中的动词，叫做可以跟复合宾语的动词，在英语中，这样的动词也不多。后面的宾语补足语是说明宾语的情况的，宾语和宾语补足语一起被称做复合宾语。这个句式是英语中比较复杂的一个句式，因为复合宾语的构成内容较多。下面句子中划线部分为宾语补足语。1. He found his new job boring. (形容词做宾补) 2. The called their daughter Mary. (名词做宾补) 3. This placed her in a very difficult position. (介词短语做宾补) 4. We went to her house but found her out. (副词做宾补) 5. What do you advise me to do？(不定式做宾补) 6. We thought him to be an honest man. (to be做宾补) 7. He believed them to have discussed the problem. (不定式的完成式做宾补) 8. He believed her to be telling the truth. (不定式的进行式做宾补) 9. Did you notice him come in？(不带to的不定式做宾补) 【秘诀】不定式，作宾补，下列词后省去to：一“感”二“听”四“看见”外加三个“小使役”，保你永远会记住。 【说明】“一感”指feel。“二听”指hear, listen to。“四看见”指notice, observe, see, watch。 三个“小使役”指have, let, make三个使役动词。在这些动词后有不定式作宾补时，不定式的符号to往往要省去。 10. I saw her chatting with Nancy. (现在分词做宾补) 11. He watched the piano carried upstairs. (过去分词做宾补) 注意：在这个结构中，可以出现用it做形式上的宾语，把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语的后面。在此结构中，宾语常常是动词不定式或宾语从句。 1. He felt it his duty to mention this to her. 分析：it是形式宾语，his duty是宾语补足语，to mention this to her是真正的宾语。 2. I think it best that you should stay with us. 分析：it是形式宾语，best是宾语补足语，that you should stay with us是真正的宾语。注意： 1. 习惯用语的使用 在英语中，有很多动词习惯用语，在学习的过程中，要注意它们的使用，不必分析单独每个词的使用。 例：We are short of money. (be short of中short做表语)She is always making trouble for her friends. (trouble做make的宾语)He has carried out our instructions to the letter. (our instructions做词组carry out的宾语)We are waiting for the rain to stop. (wait for后面的the rain是宾语，to stop是宾语补足语) 2. 在英语中，大多数动词既可以做及物动词又可以做不及物动词，而且还会有一些固定词组，因此一个动词可以用于几种句型。 例：ask： Did you ask the price？(直接接名词做宾语) She asked them their names. (接双宾语) I asked James to buy some bread. (接宾语加不定式做宾语补足语) I asked to speak to Fred. (接不定式做宾语) Didn't you ask him in？(在此句中和副词in连用) He has asked for an interview with the President. (组成固定词组ask for) 3. There be句型是一种特殊的句子，真正的主语在后面，含义为“有” 谓语动词和主语保持一致：There is a television in the sitting room.  有两个或更多的主语时，动词一般和最近的一个保持一致：There are two girls and a boy dancing in the hall.  主语的后面有时有修饰语：There are a lot of difficulties facing us. There were many things to be done. (此处也可以使用to do).  谓语动词be可以有时态的变化: There will be a concert in the park tonight. There was little change in him.  谓语也可以有不定式构成的复合谓语。There used to be a cinema here.There seems to be something the matter with her.Is there going to be any activity tonight?  there be句式变疑问句，把be提前；变反义疑问句也要借助there。Is there any hope of getting the job?There is nothing wrong with your watch，is there?  there be句型中也可以使用诸如：live，follow，come，stand，sit，exist等不及物动词：Once upon a time, there lived a fisherman on the island.There came a knock at the door.At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.  用于非谓语的情况下，有时用不定式的复合结构there to be或动名词的复合结构和独立主格结构there being:You wouldn't want there to be another war. (不定式的复合结构)The teacher was satisfied with there being no mistakes in his homework. (动名词的复合结构)There being nothing else to do，we went home. (独立主格结构) 巩固性练习: 请判断下列句子的结构类型 1. He is running. 2. The loud voice from the upstairs made him angry. 3. The little boy is asking the teacher all kinds of questions. 4. She seemed angry. 5. My father bought me a beautiful present. 6. Why do you keep your eyes closed? 7. Will you tell us an exciting story? 8. We must keep our classroom tidy and clean. 9. I heard the baby crying in the sitting room. 10. Can you push the window open?基本句型一: 主+系+表1. 当时他看起来不高兴。2. 我喜欢的运动是游泳和滑冰。3. 我擅长英语。4. 收到你的来信我很高兴。5. 在公路对面有一栋新教学楼。6. 图书馆里有各种各样的书籍、报纸和杂志。7. 那是在2000年2月8日早上7:15.8. 天变得越来越黑。9. 这食物吃起来挺可口的。10. 这故事听起来很有趣。 基本句型二: 主+谓(不及物动词)1. 1984年至1990年我在光明小学学习。2. 今天上午，我们在校门口会面然后一起去那里。3. 时间很快过去了。 4. 这几年我们家乡发生了巨大的变化。5. 小车没有停而是快速的开走了。6. 在过去的10年间它的经济发展迅速。7. 那个年轻人重重地摔倒在地。8. 过去他早上习惯于早起。基本句型三: 主+谓(及物)+宾1. 去年在学校电脑竞赛中我获得了一等奖。2. 在业余时间我喜欢听流行音乐和收集邮票。3.几天前我和我兄弟骑自行车去看电影。4. 我们也在校园内和周围种上了许多树。5. 晚上时，我可以看电视新闻或看报纸。6. 在回家的路上他把钱给丢了。7. 昨晚大约九点的时候，我正在做作业。8. 才艺展示（Talent Show）将于6月18日在北京电视台举行。9. 下午，我将带你们转转，看一看一些名胜。10. 盼望能尽早见到你。 基本句型四: 主+谓(及物)+双宾（间宾+直宾）1. 去年王老师教我们英语。2. 明天我要给他写封信，告诉他这个好消息。3. 他们给他提供了一份工作，但他拒绝了。4. 在我14岁生日时，爸爸给我买了一辆新自行车。5. 昨晚我花了两小时才完成作业。6. 对不起，能问你一个问题吗？基本句型五: 主+谓(及物)+复合宾语（宾+宾补）1. 当时我看到那些孩子在河边玩。2. 我们正在使我们的国家变得越来越美丽。3. 当我到达教室时，我发现里边没有人。4. 昨天下午在公交车上我的钱包让人给偷了。5. 我注意到凯特整个早上都在图书馆里看书。6. 父亲叫我给他带些报纸来。基本句型翻译综合练习：1. 那噪音太响，我无法继续学习。2. 得知你9月份要来我很高兴。3. 人们需要一个可以休息和玩乐的地方。4. 当那个人在过马路时，小车撞了他。5. 我已答应明天下午3：30到机场接他。6. 听了我说的话，我的邻居向我道歉并马上把电视音量关小。7. 他是一个很有学问的人我们都很欣赏他。8. 在过去，人们主要通过写信、打公共电话来彼此保持联系。9. 我宁愿呆在家里，因为我可以做我想做的，比如：读书、看电视、帮助父母做家务。10. 我们应该把中国文化和历史介绍给外国人，以便他们能更多的了解中国。11. 为了改善北京交通，政府应鼓励更多人使用公共交通或自行车。12. 以我的观点来看，考试作弊是错的，因为它违反了学校规章。13. 我们学生应该诚实，尽力通过努力学习而不是考试作弊来获得好成绩。14. 有个老人静静地坐在附近的一个板凳上。Key: 11. He looked unhappy at that time.2. My favourite sports are swimming and skating.3. I am very good at English.4. I was so pleased to hear from you.5. On the other side of the road there is a new classroom/teaching building.6. In the library there are all kinds of books, newspapers and magazines.7. It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8, 2000.8. It is getting darker and darker.9. The food tastes delicious.10. The story sounds very interesting.Key: 21. I studied in Guangming Primary School from 1984 to 1990.2. This morning we met at the school gate and went there together.3. The time passed quickly.4. Great changes have taken place in our hometown these years.5. The car didn't stop but drove off at great speed.6. Its economy has developed rapidly in the past ten years.7. The young man fell down on the ground hard.8. He used to get up early in the morning.Key: 31. Last year I won first prize in the school computer competition. 2. In my spare time I enjoy listening to popular music and collecting stamps.3. The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle.4. We also planted a lot of trees in and around the school.5. In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers.6. He lost the money on his way home.7. About 9 o'clock last night, I was doing my homework.8. Talent Show will be held in Beijing Television Station on July 18.9. In the afternoon, Ill show you around and take you to some places of interest.10. Im looking forward to meeting you soon.Key: 41. Mr Wang taught us English last year.2. Tomorrow Ill write him a letter and tell him the good news.3. They offered him a job, but he turned it down.4. On my 14th birthday, Father bought me a new bike.5. It took me two hours to finish my homework last night.6. Excuse me, can I ask you a question?Key: 51. I saw the kids/children playing by the river at that time.2. We are making our country more and more beautiful.3. When I got to the classroom, I found nobody in.4. I had my wallet stolen on a bus yesterday afternoon.5. I noticed Kate reading in the library all the morning.6. Father asked/got me to bring him some newspapers.Key: 61. The noise was so loud that I couldn't go on studying.2. Im so glad to learn that youre coming in September.3. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves.4. The car hit the man while he was crossing the road.5. I have promised to meet him at the airport at 3:30 tomorrow afternoon.6. After hearing what I said, my neighbor apologized to me and turned down the TV immediately.7. He is such a learned person that we all admire hem very much.8. In the past, people kept in touch with each other mainly by writing letters or using the public telephone.9. I prefer to stay at home, for I can do what I like, such as reading books, watching TV, and helping my parents with the housework.10. We should introduce the Chinese culture and history to foreigners so that they may know China better.11. To improve the traffic in Beijing, the government should encourage more people to use public transport and bicycles.12. In my opinion, it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools.13. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in examinations.14. There was an old man sitting quietly on a bench nearby.专心-专注-专业