阅读理解——推理判断课件.ppt

阅读理解主要考查形式主要有四大类：阅读理解主要考查形式主要有四大类：1事实细节题。事实细节题。2主旨大意题。主旨大意题。3词义猜测题。词义猜测题。4推理判断题。推理判断题。英语阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出英语阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，而是要求阅读者根据字面意思，通过语来，而是要求阅读者根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲推敲作者的作者的态度，态度，理解理解文章的寓义，这就是判断推理题。文章的寓义，这就是判断推理题。判断推理题在阅读测试中属于难题。因此，判断推理题在阅读测试中属于难题。因此，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，哲学原理，提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，哲学原理，并借助一定的常识进行分析，推理，判断。并借助一定的常识进行分析，推理，判断。五年高考全国卷推理判断题量统计表五年高考全国卷推理判断题量统计表 2006全国全国2007全国全国2008全国全国2009全国全国2010全国全国推理推理判断判断题量题量7 7 5 7 8推理判断题量在近推理判断题量在近5年中相对稳定年中相对稳定 1.数据推断题数据推断题3.逻辑结论推断题逻辑结论推断题2.知识推断题知识推断题5.作者观点、态度倾向推断题作者观点、态度倾向推断题6.写作目的写作目的/意图推断意图推断题题7.文章出处文章出处/来源推断题来源推断题推推理理判判断断8.预测想象推断题预测想象推断题4.隐含意思隐含意思/细节推断题细节推断题 1.数据推断题数据推断题解答此类题解答此类题,关键是要善于捕关键是要善于捕捉有关捉有关数字的信息数字的信息,然后在透彻理然后在透彻理解原文的字面意义和题意的基础解原文的字面意义和题意的基础上上,运用自己的数学知识运用自己的数学知识,对其进对其进行分析、推算行分析、推算,从而得出正确的结从而得出正确的结论。论。技巧技巧:ShakespearesBirthplaceandExhibitionofShakespearesWorldTheBirthplaceiswithineasywalkingdistanceofallthecarparksshownonthemap:nearestisWindsorStreet(3minutesWalk)Q:Howmuchistheadmissionforafamilyoftwogrown-upsandtwochildren?A.9.80B.12.00C.14.20D.16.40Example 1:2010Example 1:2010年全国年全国,A,A篇篇 BelowaresomeclassifiedadsfromanEnglishnewspaper.classifiedadsFORDIRECTCLASSIFIEDSERVICECALL800-055710A.M.-4P.M.MONDAY-FRIDAYFORSALECOMEtoourmovingsale-Plants,pottery,books,clothes,etc,Sat,Dec.14th-9a.m.-5p.m.1612Ferndale,Apt.1,800-4696.USEDFURCOATSandJACKETS.GOODcondition.$30-$50.Call800-0436after12noon.MOVING:Mustsell.TV21”,$50;AM/FMradioA/Corbattery,$15;cassettetaperecorder,$10.CallJonorPat,800-0793after5p.m.orweekends.SHEEPSKINCOAT:mans,size42,1yearold.$85.After6p.m.,800-5224.Q:Asecond-handjacketwillprobablycostyou_.A.$60B.$40C.$20D.$10Example 2:2009Example 2:2009年浙江年浙江,B,B篇篇2.知识推断题知识推断题 解答此类题，不仅需要我们有解答此类题，不仅需要我们有一定的社会基础常识，而且还需要一定的社会基础常识，而且还需要对细节以及有关背景知识有一个充对细节以及有关背景知识有一个充分的理解。分的理解。知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用自己掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲，运用自己掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。法。知识推断题一般都是针对细节。知识推断题一般都是针对细节。技巧技巧:Tokyo:Threesnakes,whosepoisoncouldkillapersonintenminutes,areguardingabluestarsapphire(蓝宝石蓝宝石)worthnearlysixhundredthousanddollarsataJapaneseexhibitionofjewelssentfromanIndianmuseum.“Normallyitwouldbeforbiddentoletthesepoisonoussnakesguardexhibitionobjects,butitsdifferentthistimebecausethejewelsarebeingexhibitedatahotel,”apoliceofficialsaid.Exhibitionofficialssaidthatapersonbitten(咬咬)byoneofthesesnakeswouldneedatleast80mlofananti-poisonmedicinetobesaved.Medicinewasbeingkeptreadyatanearbyhospital.Q:Thejewelswasbeingshownin_.A.anIndianhotelB.anIndianmuseumC.aJapanesehotelD.aJapanesemuseumExample 3:Example 3:全国全国3.逻辑结论推断题逻辑结论推断题 解答这类题的前提是首先解答这类题的前提是首先获得短文的主题思想或列举的获得短文的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题意的要求具体事实，然后按题意的要求进行推断。进行推断。逻辑结论是指严格根据文中所陈述的事实、逻辑结论是指严格根据文中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。技巧技巧:Whentheyoungwaitressnearmyhousestartedsayinghellotomeeveryday,Iwasveryhappy.ShewasatleastfifteenyearsyoungerthanI.Onedayshesignedmetocomenear.WhenIwalkedover,sheasked,“Areyousingle?”“Why,yes.”Ianswered,smilingatherhappily.“Soismymother.”shesaid,“Wouldyouliketomeether?”Q:Thewaitresssaidhellotothewritereverydaybecause_.A.shelivednearhishouseB.heoftenwenttovisithermotherC.shewantedtobefriendlywithhimD.shelovedhimverymuchExample 4:Example 4:OnceNapoleonstayedinasmallinn(旅馆旅馆).“Please,sir.”beggedtheinnkeeper,“Dontkillus!Wemeantnothing!”Thesoldiersmovedback.Theinnkeepersawthemraisingtheirguns.ThenNapoleoncalled:“Ready!Aim!”Thewifescreamed.“Stop!”saidNapoleon.Hewenttotheinnkeeper,“Now,youknowtheanswertothequestionyouaskedmejustnow,dontyou?”Q:WhydidNapoleonorderedhismentotiethecouple?A.Becausehewantedtoteachtheinnkeeperagoodlessonforbotheringhim.B.Becausehewantedtokillthecoupletogetridofhisanger.C.Becausehewantedtoshowthathewassoadmiringageneralthatnobodycouldupsethim.D.Becausehewantedtomadetheinnkeeperknowthatagenerallikehimhadthesamefeelingastheordinarypeopleinfaceofdanger.Example 5:Example 5:4.隐含意思隐含意思/细节推断题细节推断题1.文章中直接用于表达细节的信息文章中直接用于表达细节的信息2.文章中无关紧要或片面推出的结论文章中无关紧要或片面推出的结论3.与文章内容完全相反的结论与文章内容完全相反的结论4.不合常理或不合逻辑的结论等。不合常理或不合逻辑的结论等。干扰项特点干扰项特点:4.隐含意思隐含意思/细节推断题细节推断题1.要全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，要全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。得出片面结论。2.要忠实原文，切忌脱离原文，凭空臆断。要忠实原文，切忌脱离原文，凭空臆断。3.注意不要选择表层信息答案，应该立足由已注意不要选择表层信息答案，应该立足由已知推断未知。知推断未知。技巧技巧:Onedayamanwalkedintoapetshopandsaidtotheshopassistant,“Ineedtwosmallmiceandaboutfivedozenroaches(蟑螂蟑螂)andtwospiders.”“Whatdoyouneedthesethingsfor?”theshopassistantwasverysurprised.“Well,”repliedtheman,“ImmovingoutofmyapartmentandthelandlordinsiststhatIshouldleavethehouseinexactlythesameconditionasIfoundit.”Q:Thepassagesuggeststhatwhenthewritermovedintothehouse,itwas_.A.verycleanB.justcleanedbythelandlordC.tidyandcomfortableD.dirtyandfullofinsectsExample 6:Example 6:Sincemyretirement(退休退休)fromteachingmusicin2001,Ihavespentagooddealoftimepaintingasanartist.Inanycase,Idrewpenandinkanimalsandlandscapes(风景画风景画)muchinfluenced（影响）（影响）byKrenkelandSt.Johnforfiveyears.butassoonasIwalkedoutoftheschooldoorforthelasttimeIpickedupmybrushesandrediscoveredAndrewWyeth,whoquicklybecamemyfavoriteartist.SoIpaintedlandscapesaroundMinnesotaforthreeyearsandtriedoutmanyothertypesofpainting.AsConfuciusoncesaid,“AtseventyIcanfollowmyheartsdesire.”71.Wecaninferfromthetextthattheauthor_.A.hadbeentaughtbyKrenkelandSt.JohnB.paintedlandscapesinMinnesotafor5yearsC.believedWyethtobethebestinwatercolorsD.startedhisretirementlifeattheageofseventyExample 7:2006Example 7:2006年全国年全国,D,D篇篇5.作者观点、态度倾向推断题作者观点、态度倾向推断题 作者观点、态度题考查目标比较明确，题作者观点、态度题考查目标比较明确，题干一般都含有干一般都含有according to the writer/author,attitude,opinion,believe,consider,regard等词或短语。等词或短语。这类题目除了考查作者在整篇文章中所表这类题目除了考查作者在整篇文章中所表现的态度外，有的还考查作者对具体的某个人现的态度外，有的还考查作者对具体的某个人或事物的态度或评价。如作者对陈述的观点是或事物的态度或评价。如作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是中立赞同、反对还是中立/犹豫不定，对记叙或描犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。厌恶、憎恨。5.作者观点、态度倾向推断题作者观点、态度倾向推断题常见提问形式常见提问形式:1.Whatstheauthorsattitudetowards?2.Whatistheopinionofthewriterinthispassage?3.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“”?4.Fromtheparagraph,whatdoyouthinktheauthorwantstotellus?5.Theauthorseemstobeinfavorof/against.6.Withwhichofthefollowingdoestheauthoragree？5.作者观点、态度倾向推断题作者观点、态度倾向推断题干扰项特点干扰项特点:1.是自己的某种看法或观点是自己的某种看法或观点2.是社会的一种普遍种倾向是社会的一种普遍种倾向3.是与本文无关或与作者相反的观点或看法等是与本文无关或与作者相反的观点或看法等技巧技巧:1.问全文主体事物的问全文主体事物的(包括主题包括主题)，可以根据阐述，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中表达感情色彩主题或有关主体事物的相关句中表达感情色彩的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；2.如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。LastweekmyyoungestsonandIvisitedmyfatherathisnewhomeinTucson,Arizona.Hemovedthereafewyearsago,andIwaseagertoseehisnewplaceandmeethisfriends.Onthefirstdayofmyvisit,wewentoutwithoneofmyfathersfriendsforlunchatanoutdoorcaf.Wetalkedalongthatafternoon,didsomeshopping,ateonthestreettable,andlaughedovermysonsfunnyfacialexpressions.Gonewasmyfatherscritical(挑剔的挑剔的)airandstrictrules.WhowasthispersonIknewasmyfather,whoseemedsofriendlyandinterestingtobearound?Whathadheldhimbackbefore?Q:WhatdoestheauthorthinkofherfatherafterhervisittoTucson?A.MorecriticalB.MoretalkativeC.GentleandfriendlyD.Strictandhard-working.Example 8:2008Example 8:2008年全国年全国,A,A篇篇Askids,myfriendsandIspentalotoftimeoutinthewoods.“Thewoods”wasourpart-timeaddress,destination,purpose,andexcuse.Itwasinatree,too,thatourdaysoffoolingaroundinthewoodscametoanend.Bythensomeofushasreachedseventhgradeandhadbeguntheroughrideofadolescence(青春期青春期).InMarch,themonthwhenweusuallytooktothewoodsagainafterwinter,twofriendsandIsetouttogoexploring.Weclimbedatree,andallofasuddenitoccurredtoallthreeofusatthesametimethatwereallywereratherbigtobeupinatree.SoontherewouldbethespringdancesonFridayeveningsinthehighschoolcafeteria.Q:Howdoestheauthorfeelabouthischildhood?A.Happybutshort.B.Lonelybutmemorable.C.Boringandmeaningless.D.Longandunforgettable.Example 9:2008Example 9:2008年天津年天津,E,E篇篇6.写作目的写作目的/意图推断题意图推断题常见提问形式常见提问形式:考查整篇文章考查整篇文章:1.Thewriterwritesthispassageinorderto_.2.Thewriterspurposeofwritingthispassageisto_.3.Whatisthepurposeofwritingthisarticle?4.Inwritingthepassage,theauthorintendsto_.6.写作目的写作目的/意图推断题意图推断题常见提问形式常见提问形式:考查某处细节考查某处细节:1.Thewriterusestheexampleoftoshowthat_.2.Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto_.3.arementionedinthefirstparagraphto_.6.写作目的写作目的/意图推断题意图推断题常见的写作目的常见的写作目的:不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的,但写但写作目的通常有以下三种作目的通常有以下三种:1.toamuse/entertainreaders(娱乐读者娱乐读者)2.topersuadereaderstosellaproductoraservice(说服读者接受某种观点说服读者接受某种观点/某样东西）某样东西）3.toinformreaders(告知读者某些信息告知读者某些信息)6.写作目的写作目的/意图推断题意图推断题技巧技巧:这种写作目的常见于故事类的文章。这种写作目的常见于故事类的文章。1.toamuse/entertainreaders2.topersuadereaderstosellaproductoraservice这种主要是通过对旅游景点这种主要是通过对旅游景点 报刊杂志报刊杂志 影片影片 电视节目等的介绍来达到写作目的电视节目等的介绍来达到写作目的:吸吸引更多的游客引更多的游客 读者或订户读者或订户 观众或者推销产观众或者推销产品或者服务等品或者服务等6.写作目的写作目的/意图推断题意图推断题技巧技巧:3.toinformreaders这种写作目的多见于科普类这种写作目的多见于科普类 新闻报新闻报道类道类 文化类或社会类的文章。了解这类文化类或社会类的文章。了解这类文章的写作目的有赖于对文章主题的正确文章的写作目的有赖于对文章主题的正确把握，阅读时有必要找准文章的主题句，把握，阅读时有必要找准文章的主题句，或较好地对主题加以归纳。或较好地对主题加以归纳。Peoplebelievethatclimbingcandogoodtohealth.Wherecanyoulearntheskillofclimbingthen?Ifyouthinkthatyouhavetogotothemountainstolearnhowtoclimb,yourewrong.Howdopeopleclimbthewall?Toclimb,youneedspecialshoesandharness(保护带保护带)aroundyourchesttoholdyou.Climbingattractspeoplebecauseitsgoodexerciseforalmosteveryone.Youuseyourwholebody,especiallyyourarmsandlegs.Thissportgivesyourbodyacompleteworkout.Whenyouclimb,bothyourmindandyourbodycanbecomestronger.Q:Whydoestheauthorwritethispassage?A.Totellpeoplewheretofindgyms.B.Toprovethebasicneedforclimbing.C.Toencouragepeopletoclimbmountains.D.Tointroducethesportofwallclimbing.Example 10:2008Example 10:2008年安徽年安徽,C,C篇篇14daysfromjust2,090ppFullyinclusivefromtheUKPricecovers:Internationalairfares,departuretaxes,fuelcharges,localtransportation,accommodation,allmeals,entrancefees,guides,dailytoursandvisasforUKcitizens.Days1-3:UK-ShanghaiDay14:Beijing-UKKs5uFlybacktotheUK,arrivinghomelaterthesamedayfilledwithhappymemories.Q:Theadismainlyintendedto_.A.encouragetheBritishtotravelinChinaB.attracttheBritishtotraditionalChinesefoodC.offerserviceofbookingairticketstotouristsD.providetheBritishwithabetterunderstandingofChinaExample 11:2009Example 11:2009年福建年福建,C,C篇篇“Haveyoueverbeenoutonaboatandfeltitliftedupbyawave?Orhaveyoujumpedinthewaterandfelttherushofenergyaswavescameoveryou?”askedJamieTayloroftheWaveEnergyGroupattheUniversityofEdinburgh.“Thereiscertainlyalotofenergyinwaves,”hesaid.Scientistsareworkingtousethatenergytomakeelectricity.Mostwavesarecreatedwhenwindsblowacrosstheocean.“Thewindstartsoutbymakinglittleripples(涟漪涟漪),butiftheykeeponblowing,thoseripplesgetbiggerandbiggerandturnintowavesQ:Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto_.A.testthereadersknowledgeaboutwavesB.drawthereadersattentiontothetopicC.showJamieTaylorsimportanceD.invitethereaderstoanswerthemExample 12:2005Example 12:2005年广东年广东,C,C篇篇7.文章出处文章出处/来源推断题来源推断题1.Thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom_.2.Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?3.Thepassageismostlikelyapartof_.常见提问形式常见提问形式:7.文章出处文章出处/来源推断题来源推断题这类问题应从文章的内容或结这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处。如构来判断其出处。如:1.报纸报纸:前面会出现日期、地点或前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。通讯社名称。2.广告广告:因其格式特殊，容易辨认。因其格式特殊，容易辨认。3.产品说明产品说明:器皿、设备的使用说器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式等明会有产品名称或操作方式等;而而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。次数、药量等。解题技巧解题技巧:Example 13:2010Example 13:2010年江西年江西,B,B篇篇HeadofResearchSalary:55.271WearelookingforaHeadofResearchtomanagetheCWUresearchDepartandinformationCentre.Youwouldberequiredtoexercisecontrolofallresearchworkofthedepartmentandmanageateamofthreeresearchersandfoursupportstaff.Toapply,pleaserequestanapplicationpackbyemailinghrcwu.orgorbytelephoningHR(HwianResources)on02089707482.Whenapplyingpleasestateyoursource.ClosingDateforApplications:4thAugust2010Anticipatedinterviewdate:17thAugust2010NoagenciespleaseInwhichcolumnofanewspapercouldwefindthisadvertisement?A.ArtsB.SalesC.JobsD.News.Doyoualwaysunderstandthedirectionsonabottleofmedicine?Doyouknowwhatismeantby“Takeonlyasdirected”?Readthefollowingdirectionsandseeifyouunderstandthem.“Toreducepain,taketwotablets(药片药片)withwater,followedbyonetableteveryeighthours,asrequired.Fornight-timeandearlymorningrelief(缓解疼痛缓解疼痛)taketwotabletsatbedtime.Donottakemorethansixtabletsintwenty-fourhours.Forchildrensixtotwelveyearsold,givehalftheamount(量量).Forchildrenundersixyearsold,askforyourdoctorsadvice.Reducetheamountifyousufferfromrestlessnessorsleeplessnessaftertakingthemedicine”.Q:Thistextismostprobablytakenfroma_.A.textbookB.newsreelC.doctorsnotebookD.bottleofmedicineExample 14:Example 14:全国全国 8.预测想象预测想象推断题推断题1.Theparagraphfollowingthepassagewillmostlikely/probablytobe_.2.Thepassageisprobablyfollowedbyaparagraphabout_?3.Whatdidtheparagraphpreceding/followingthissectionlikelydealwith/talkabout/discuss?4.Whatwilltheauthortalkaboutinthenextparagraph?常见提问形式常见提问形式:有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。的内容等进行预测推理。8.预测想象推断题预测想象推断题做这类题时应把握作者的写做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述对比关系来叙述)，从而做出比较，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测。科学的、合情合理的预测。技巧技巧:Weareinthecomputerage.Weoftenseecomputersatwork.Theyareespeciallyusefulinautomaticcontrol,dateprocessing(数据处理数据处理)andsolvingcomplicatedproblems.Andtheyarefindingtheirwayintothehome.Moreandcleverercomputerswillcontinuetoappear.Theywillrunfaster,havemorefunctionsandworkmoreskillfully.Theywilltakeovermoretasksfromus,helpingtochangethefaceofourworld.Somepeopleeventhinkthatsoonerorlatercomputerswillreplaceus.HoweverQ:Whichofthefollowingstatementsismostlikelytobetalkedaboutinthethirdparagraph?A.Computerswillsoonstopdeveloping.B.Computersareascleverasman.C.Manypeoplelikecomputersverymuch.D.Idontthinkcomputerswillreplaceuscompletely.Example 15:Example 15:Therewasiceontheroad,andthedoctorscarhitatreeandturnedoverthreetimes.Tohissurprise,hewasnothurt.Hegotoutofthecarandwalkedtothenearesthouse,hewantedtotelephonethegarage(汽车修理厂汽车修理厂)forhelp.Thedoorwasopenedbyoneofhispatients.“Oh,Doctor.”shesaid,“Ihaveonlyjusttelephonedyou.Youmusthaveaveryfastcar.Youhavegothereveryquicklyindeed.Therehasbeenaverybadaccidentintheroadoutside.Isawitthroughthewindow.Iamsurethedriverwillneedyourhelp”.Q:Whichofthefollowingisthemostlikelyreplythedoctorgavethewomanpatientattheendofthestory?A.“Yes,hedoesneedhelp-yourhelp,notmine.”B.“Anotheraccident?Ivejusthadanaccidentmyself?”C.“Igotyourcallandrushedover.IhopeImnottoolate.”D.“Ididntgetyourcall.ButImhereandhopeIcanhelp.”Example 16:Example 16:在推理判断时要牢记以下几点：在推理判断时要牢记以下几点：1.严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理，千万不要掺杂严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理，千万不要掺杂自己的主观想法或经验自己的主观想法或经验;2.如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就不是推如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就不是推论，也就不是正确答案论，也就不是正确答案;3.如果某选项所表达的内容与经验相吻合，文中却没有涉及，如果某选项所表达的内容与经验相吻合，文中却没有涉及，那它属于主观臆断的结论，也不是正确答案那它属于主观臆断的结论，也不是正确答案;4.如果某个选项表达的内容虽在文中提到，但很片面或很不完如果某个选项表达的内容虽在文中提到，但很片面或很不完整，那也不是正确答案整，那也不是正确答案;5.文中的虚拟语气和情态动词文中的虚拟语气和情态动词(should,must,may,etc.)往往能往往能流流露出作者的弦外之音，这有助于我们确定正确答案露出作者的弦外之音，这有助于我们确定正确答案;6.注意作者在文章中的措辞，比如作者在形容词前用了注意作者在文章中的措辞，比如作者在形容词前用了too，excessively,rather则常带有否定的口气则常带有否定的口气;7.某些过渡词某些过渡词(例如：例如：however,but,onthecontrary,whatsmore)后面所表达的内容往往能反映作者的观点和态度。后面所表达的内容往往能反映作者的观点和态度。