论文参考文献英语哈佛模式A.pdf
Student Guide:The Harvard Systemof Referencing and Citation-Page 2-A1.11 Patents21A1.12 British Standard Publications21A1.13 Law Reports22A1.14 Official Publications22A1.14.1UK Official Publication22A1.14.1.a Non-Parliamentary22A1.14.1.b Parliamentary Publications22A1.14.1.c Command Papers24A1.14.2EC Union Publications25A1.14.2.a COM documents25A1.14.2.b Secondary legislation(from the European Commission or Council)25A1.14.2.c Directives and Decisions 25A1.14.2.d Official Journal of the European Community References26A1.15 Electronic And Internet Information26A1.15.1CD-ROMS26A1.15.2URLs(Uniform Resource Locator/Internet Address)27A1.15.3Electronic Journal Articles27A1.15.4On-Line Images28A1.15.5Mailbase/Listserv email Lists28A1.16 Secondary References28A2Latin Abbreviations&Expressions30A2.1.Latin Abbreviations30A2.2.Latin Expressions31A3Roman Numerals33A4Greek Alphabet34Contents-Page 1-1.Introduction31.1The Harvard System1.2Nomenclature32.Citation52.1The Process of Citation52.1.1 The Summary62.1.2 The Paraphrase62.1.3 The Quotation72.2 Correct Methods of Citation82.2.1 The Summary and The Paraphrase82.2.2 The Quotation112.2.3 Secondary References112.2.4 Illustrations,Charts etc.122.3 Organisation of Sources at the End of the Text-The Bibliography122.3.1 When Primary Sources Have Been Used132.3.2 When Primary Sources Have Not Been Used132.3.3 Groups of Source Material14A1.The Bibliography Referencing Various SourcesA1.1 Books&Edited Texts15A1.2Illustrations&Tables16A1.3 Journals/Periodicals16A1.4 Theses&Dissertations17A1.5 Unpublished Material17A1.6 Conferences&Conference Proceedings17A1.7 Conference Papers18A1.8 Newspapers&Magazines18A1.9 Av Resources19A1.9.1Pre-recorded Video19A1.9.2Film19A1.9.3Off-Air Recording20A1.10 Cartographical Material20A1.10.1Atlases20A1.10.2Ordnance Survey Maps20A1.10.3Geological Survey Maps21Contents-Page 4-Primary Sources are original pieces of work or collections of data,for example a poem,a piece ofartwork,a piece of music,census data etc.Secondary Sources are articles written which take account of primary sources,such as literarycriticism,as well as the thoughts or theories of the author him/herself.Secondary Reference is the detailed description of a source that you havent seen first hand,buthave used the information as cited by a different author who observed the original source.Bibliography is the entire collection of source material used to write your assignment.You will also find,in Appendix 2,a translation of Latin expressions and abbreviations often found invarious academic texts and,in Appendix 4,Greek symbols often used in science and statisticssubjects.Introduction-Page 3-1.1 The Harvard SystemAppropriate use of a standard referencing procedure,indicating the use of otherswork,is necessaryin producing a piece of academic work of any style.One procedure commonly adopted is theHarvard System of referencing(British Standards Institute,1990),sometimes referred to as theauthor-date method.This system is now acknowledged as the standard for St Martins College.The Harvard System of referencing expects only the use of the authors surname and the date ofpublication within your main body text(see Section 2.2).The full details of the citations are thengathered at the end of the document,as shown in Section 2.3 and Appendix 1.This enables otherreaders/researchers to trace the sources used,which may lead them to further information within arecognised area of study.When conducting a literature search,it is important that material is cited consistently(format,layout,punctuation,type-face)and accurately.This demands that you precisely record specificinformation about the sources used.Failure to do so will make it impossible to trace relevantinformation in the future.If you neglect to acknowledge sources of information in your work,youmay be guilty of plagiarism.Plagiarism is a form of academic theft,i.e.the passing off of othersideas or writing as your own.This not only includes failure to acknowledge the original author butalso the use of verbatim text,without paraphrasing or quoting directly.It is thus important to cite/reference in order to:acknowledge other researchersor authorswork appropriately evidence depth and breadth of reading allow future readers of the work locate references for further understanding and evaluation ofinterpretation avoid the possibility of plagiarism1.2 NomenclatureIt is important that you have an understanding of the terminologies associated with the process ofreferencing and citation:Citation is the process of formally recognising the sources of your information(within your text).Summary is a brief account of a section of a piece of work.Paraphrase is the expression of a statement in other words.Quotation is the use of a phrase or passage extracted from a source,verbatim(in exactly thesame words),within your own written work.Reference is the detailed description of the source from which your information was obtained.References can be further divided into Primary or Secondary Sources.Introduction-Page 6-Failure to acknowledge the source of an idea,extensive verbatim copying from a source withoutdue acknowledgement or the incorporation with only slight adjustment the original terms,phrases,style and organisation of ideas are types of academic theft.Such actions are known as plagiarism(see your Student Handbook)and are penalised when discovered.The following comprises the main ways in which you may use the ideas,arguments and views ofothers.2.1.1 The SummaryIn a summary you present anothers ideas more briefly than in their original form and in your ownwords;the original source should be accurately and explicitly cited.For example,the following is asection from a well known sports biomechanics textbook,followed by an appropriately citedsummary.Original Version:Assuming the throw conforms with the rules governing the event,the distance with which adiscus thrower is credited is determined by the speed,height and angle at which he(or she)releases the implement and by the aerodynamic factors that influence its flight.The speed and angle of release are determined by the magnitude and direction of the forcesexerted on the discus and the distance at which these forces are applied.(Taken from Hay,J.G.(1985).The Biomechanics of Sports Techniques.Englewood Cliffs:Prentice-Hall.p.112)Summary Version:The distance a discus is thrown depends on the release speed and angle(determined by the forcesacting on the implement),the release height and aerodynamic factors(Hay,1985.p.112).2.1.2 The ParaphraseIn paraphrasing anothers ideas you aim to convey the essential aspects of those ideas in your ownwords and style,the length being roughly that of the original.While it is an integral part of academic work,the paraphrase is often where plagiarism occurs.Aninability to paraphrase correctly,i.e.without undue reliance on the form and language of theoriginal piece,shows that you have not really understood the original.It is the capacity to expressthe original piece in your own terms that precisely demonstrates that you have made its ideas anextension of your own.The following illustrations of incorrect and correct paraphrase are based on the same extract fromHay(1985)above:Citation-Page 5-2.1 The Process of CitationWhen writing academic pieces of work,it is expected that you will draw on relevant statements,ideas,theories and conclusions from other authors or researchers within your chosen subject.Thismaterial may be used in the form of summary statements,paraphrased sections or direct quotations.Citation acknowledges the sources of ideas that you have borrowed in the course of constructingyour argument.In simple terms,the academic community has a large bank of information and ideasfrom which you can draw.No interest is charged for borrowing,but you should,in all honesty,acknowledge the loan.If you do this conscientiously,your reader can then take note of,and givecredit to,your ideas.The Harvard System is a simple method of citation as it requires the use of onlythe surname of the author of the work from which the information has been extracted,and the datethe piece was published.You must use this method each time reference is made to anothers work(whether or not you havereferred to it previously in your text).By doing this,you are able to precisely locate a source ofinformation so that you can refer to it subsequently;your reader can verify that you havetranscribed or interpreted the information correctly;and,in the event of dispute,you and yourreader can return to the basic information or data from which your divergent arguments weredeveloped.These are the reasons why you should cite your sources.When you should do so is also quitestraightforward.You cite sources of informationwhen:a.you have quoted that source verbatim distinguishable by the use of quotation marksfor short quotes and by indentation for long quotes(see Section 2.2.2);b.the information is not common knowledge in the academic field and might,therefore,beopen to question or controversy;c.you wish to refer the reader to your source(if comment is being made,for example);d.the information is of critical importance in sustaining your argument;You cite sources of ideaswhen:a.you have quoted that source verbatim;b.you have explicitly incorporated the borrowed idea in your own argument;c.you wish to refer the reader to the source of an idea(in the exposition of a theory,forexample);d.an idea or method of enquiry or analysis used in the source has had a direct effect onyour own ideas or form of argument,even though the idea or method of enquiry oranalysis does not appear in its original form in your argument.Citation-Page 8-considerable differences in self-perceptions and participation motivation exist amongathletes who vary in playing time.In short,players who ride the pinedont perceive their skillsto be improving,perceive themselves as less competent in physical and interpersonal skills,anddont have much fun Long quotations,of more than 3 lines,should be distinguishable within your work by indentationand centring.When using this method,quotation marks are not required,but you will be expectedto include the correct punctuation,as it appears in the source.An example of this can be seen inSection 2.2.If you wish to omit part of the original,you should indicate this by substituting three double-spacedfull stops for the omitted material(as shown in the example above);care should be taken not todistort the original when you do this.Any amendment to the original material should be signifiedby placing it in squared brackets thus.You can also indicate that you have recognised errors in theoriginal by placing(sic)immediately after the error(see Appendix 2 for definition).2.2 Correct Methods of Citation2.2.1 The Summary and The ParaphraseWhen citing the work of others,the method of including the citation within your text is dependentupon the flow of the sentence and its grammatical suitability.The following examples illustrate howthis may be done,according to the number sources and the number of authors of each source:Single author examples:more recent research by Hilary(1999)has indicated that .or,it may be more appropriate to put both author and year in parentheses it has been demonstrated that the anxiety performance relationship is more complex thanoriginally theorised(Jones,1992),which has led to Two or more authors:If there are two authors,the names of both should be included within the text and in the referencelist at the end of your text.If there are more than two authors,the surnames of all authors should beincluded when first cited.If the same reference is used again,the surname of the first author onlymay be used,followed by the abbreviation et al.(see Appendix 2 for definition).Note:The format for using et al.is such that there is no comma after the first authors name.There isalways a full stop after et al.(as it is an abbreviation)and it should be written in italics.-Page 7-Plagiarised VersionFor a throw which conforms to the rules governing the event,the distance credited to a discusthrower is determined by the speed,height and angle at which he/she releases the discus andby aerodynamic influences on its flight.The speed and angle of release are fixed by the amountand direction of the forces on the discus and the length over which those forces are exerted.A plagiarised version is often marked by an awkwardness of presentation,due in part to theattempt to disguise the original extract through minor word and phrase changes,and sometimesby a misrepresentation of ideas in the original.Also,no proper credit is given for the ideas throughexplicit citation of sources.An Acceptable Version:The distance recorded for a valid discus throw depends upon the speed,height and angle atwhich the discus is released and also by the aerodynamic factors that influence its flight.Therelease speed and angle depend,in turn,on both the magnitude and the direction of the forceswhich the thrower applies to the discus and on the distance over which the forces act(Hay,1985.p.112).In this version the source is acknowledged,the ideas are expressed in a clear,consistent way and theauthor chooses to quote directly a key phrase rather than run the risk of a clumsy or misleadingparaphrase.2.1.3 The QuotationThe quotation comprises a direct copy(verbatim)of part of the original source.It may be a singleword,phrase,part of a sentence,whole sentence,or one or more paragraphs.Direct quotationsshould not be used indiscriminately or extravagantly,but when:a.no other words could adequately express the meaning;b.the authors words are needed,either to avoid misunderstanding or as an object of studyin themselves;c.you are comparing and contrasting views.Any direct quotation should be accurate to the original,even if the original includes errors ofspelling,punctuation,etc.Short quotations(of less than 3 lines)are normally integrated into asentence,and can be identified by the use of quotation marks.The quotation marks used may eitherbe double(“”)or single(),but if you find that you need to include a quote within a quote,youmust ensure that you alternate,for example:CitationCitation-Page 10-Example:having argued that the Careers Service should be moved(Rowley,1994a)it was thenestablished that the initial decision was the most appropriate(Rowley,1994b)Sources lacking necessary informationIf you have sources for which the date of publication is not clear,you may wish to attend to thefollowing examples:Unpublished work:Webb(unpub.)had decided that the previous Work with no publication date:Davids(n.d.)has suggested that the existing principle Work in the process of publication:Heather(in press)expected that the outcome Work with an approximate publication date(usually very old work):Use of the abbreviation c.meaning circa(=about),for example:Alexander(c.1656)demonstrated this using the technique developed Work with a questionable publication date:Dickson(?1742)illustra
