2021届中考英语常见题型及解题技巧 F 首字母填空.doc

首字母填空  给首字母填空类短文题是近几年来各地中考试题经常采用的题型之一，因为它有非常好的信度和效度，又能拉开考生间的分差、提高区分度。这种题型属于能力测试的范畴，它考查的范围极广，可以是英语知识的方方面面，还可能涉及其它学科。它要求考生在充分理解短文的基础上将单词拼写出来，并且单词形式合理，符合语法规范，符合短文需要。这种试题的首字母已给，所填的就必须是该字母开头的单词。这既是一种限制，又是一种提示。 可是这种题型因难度相对较大，考生失分现象比较严重。学生要仔细阅读全文，利用上下文提供的有关信息，再仔细阅读相关句子，判断所缺单词的句子成分，才能完成练习。完型填空式中考试卷中最难的题型，最能测量考生实际运用语言的能力。要做好此类题目，考生不但要有较强的语感，善于体会上下文的内在联系，而且要有扎实的语言知识储备和较大的词汇量。 不少同学经过长期艰苦的努力，可能仍达不到理想的训练效果，为了帮助同学们解决燃眉之急，在平时的教学中我采用了下面的“台阶式”教学法，而且经过试验，我发现这确实是比较有效的方法之一，对提高学生的解题能力很有帮助。具体做法如下： Step1：掌握七种句子成分与十种词性之间的对应关系。通过对单一成分的分类练习，掌握该句子成分与何种词性相对应。词性正确是答案正确的前提。(1) 对主语的判断1. _ are helpful to students. ( teach )2. _ is more important to me than money. ( healthy )3. Some famous _ are going to give lectures in our university in August. ( science)4. _ is my favorite sport. ( fish )5. _ stamps is my hobby. ( collect )Key: 1. Teachers 2. Health 3. scientists 4. Fishing 5. Collecting分析：以上练习中，所填的词均为句子的主语。主语是动作的发出者，词性主要为名词与代词（1-）；动词不能直接用作主语，必须转化成其对应的名词或动名词（-）。此外，形容词前加the以及带连词的句子也可作主语。例如：The rich are not always happy. 句中the rich 指“有钱人”，因此可以作主语。What I wanted was just your help. 句中What I wanted是一个带有连词what的句子，因此也可以作主语。(2) 对谓语的判断 John was standing on the step of a house. An old woman c_ over to him. “My boy,” she a_ , “Is your father at home?” “Yes,” a_ John. The woman b_ ringing the bell. She rang and rang, but there was no answer. At last she t_ back to John and s_ angrily, “Didnt you s_ that your father was at home?” “I did”, answered John, “but this i_ my house.”Key: came asked answered began turned said say isnt分析：语篇中的所缺词均为谓语动词。谓语是句子所表示的动作，词性只能是动词，而且在句子中不能缺。当一个主谓结构中同时出现两个或两个以上动词时，还要判断他们之间的相互关系，对谓语动词或非谓语动词的判断只有在熟练掌握相关知识的基础上，才能作出正确的判断。平时练习和周练中，我经常让学生做些“用动词的适当形式填空”练习，有助于对动词形式的判断。(3) 对宾语的判断1.  Mr. Chen was surprised to see the fast _ in Shanghai after his long absence from the city. ( develop )2.  The front is in great need of medical _.( work )3.  Thank you for your _. ( kind )4.   At last he sold his _. ( invent ) Key: 1. development 2. workers 3. kindness 4. invention（s）分析：宾语是动作的承受者，分动词宾语与介词宾语两种。宾语的词性同和主语的词性一样，单是如果代词作宾语时就必须用其宾格。(4) 对表语的判断1. It is _ for an ordinary plane to fly to the moon. ( possible)2. The sick man is getting _. ( ill )3.  Patrick is going to be a(n) _ when he grows up.(engine)4.  Such cold weather is quite _ in June and people have to wear warm clothes again. （ usually ）5.  Its a _ to have a picnic with all the members. （please ）Key: 1. impossible 2. worse 3. engineer 4. unusual 5. pleasure 分析：表语是连系动词后接的成分。词性主要为形容词，名词, 介词短语。如果是动词的适当形式作表语，动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。(5) 对定语的判断1. The _ exams usually take place at the end of June. ( finally)2.  On a _ night, you can see thousands of stars in the sky. ( clearly)3.  In _ weather, the old had better stay at home. (freeze )4.  The French artist said, “It is my _ time to visit Shanghai. I lovethis city so much. ( one )5.  Most people dont like _ food. ( freeze )6.   Who is your _ teacher? ( chemical )Key: (1) final (2) clear (3) freezing (4) first (5) frozen (6) chemistry分析:定语是修饰名词与代词的成分。词性以形容词，序数词，介词短语为主。名词修饰名词说明后面名称的性能或用途。如：stamp show / physics teacher。如果是动词的适当形式作定语，动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。(6) 对状语的判断1. The old lady could hardly believe that she had got the travel pass to Hong Kong so _ (easy)2.  Watch _, and you will find the difference between the two pictures. ( care )3.   After flying in the storm for nearly one hour, the helicopter landed _ at last. ( safe )Key : (1) easily (2) carefully (3) safely 分析：状语是说明动作发生的时间，地点，原因，方式，目的，结果，条件和伴随情况的成分。词性以副词为主，也可以是介词短语。如果是动词的适当形式作状语，动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。(7) 对连词的判断1. Work harder, _ youll make great progress in English.2. My job is to protect the innocent _ find the guilty.3. _ you _ he can go to the cinema, but you cannot go together because I have only one ticket.4. Can you tell me _ you are from?5. Ill give you a call _ I get to Japan.Key: (1)and (2) as well as (3) Eitheror (4) where (5) as soon as分析：在英语中, 并列连词and, but, or, so , not onlybut also, either or, neithernor, as well as, both and等连接并列的词,词组和句子; 而从属连词则连接主句与从句。Step2：在牢记了七种句子成分与十种词性的对应关系之后，多做综合的“用所给单词的正确形式填空”，有利于提高对句子成分的判断能力。熟练掌握词性转化的技巧是通向首字母填空的第二步。Step3：锻炼自己的发散和归纳思维的能力，或称为“猜谜”的能力。Exercise : Guess the missing word.1.  _ are helpful to students.2.  _ are helpful to students. They give them knowledge.3.  _ are helpful to students. In class they teach them knowledge and afterclass they care for them like parents.4. _ are helpful to students. They keep them healthy.分析：按顺序做你会不假思索地得出答案，1-4均为Teachers，全部解完后再思考，似乎第一题答案不仅仅只有Teachers。按判断主语的结论，凡名词，只要合乎逻辑，都可作为第一题的答案，你会发现Books也可，继而得出结论：“一切有益于学生的复数名词均为正确答案，如：Exercises、Doctors、Police、Parents”。第二题受后一句knowledge的限制，答案要少一些，如：Teachers、Books，第三题限制更多，从“care for”判断主语只能是人，即: Teachers。第四题受healthy的限制，最好填Doctors / Nurses。以上练习说明解完形填空需要如下技能：1. 对所缺词的句子成分必须作出精确判断，然后填入正确的词性，即必须熟练掌握句子成分与词性的对应关系。2. 必须训练自己扩散性思维能力，如同猜谜，因为词义的确定依靠着对句中限制性信息的判断得出。3. 良好的语法基本功。在确定完词性与词义后，名词单复数、形容词的比较等级和动词时态的确定等等建立在良好的语法基本功之上。Step4：对词性、词义、词形的精确判断阶段，即综合运用阶段 Mr. Wu is getting old. He is l_ the school soon. The s_ in his class have given h_ a lot of p_. Among t_ are cards, note-books, photos and books. Most of the cards are m_ by the students themselves. Photos will h_ Mr. Wu remember the happy t_ when he was with his students. Next week, t_ will have a p_ to s _ goodbye to him.分析：通读短文以后发现Mr. Wu 是一位老师。从old 可推断他不久要退休了,所以“l_” 应为谓语动词 leaving ;“s_” 是第三句的主语, 结合 have 判断为 students; “h_”是give 的宾语, 判断为him ;“p_” 的内容是 cards, note-books , 所以判断为名词presents; “t_” 是介词among 的宾语, 应为them ; “m_” 处于be done by 的结构中, 应为过去分词made;“h_” 位于情态动词will 之后, 应为动词原形help;“t_” 是remember 的宾语, 并且受到happy 的修饰应为 time；“t_” 是主语, 名词或代词 teachers / they;“p_” 是have的宾语, 前面有冠词, 所以是名词party；“s_” 前有 to, 分析成分为目的状语 to do 即 to say。Step5：熟能生巧阶段。 要做到举重若轻，必须在前四步的基础上作长期系统的训练，把上述知识演化为解题技能。例如：【2011上海】D. Read the passage and fill in the blanks with suitable words .( 在短文的空格内填入适当的次,使其内容通顺. 每空格限填一词, 首字母已给 ): ( 14分) At one time, making a film was an expensive activity only for a small group of people and film companies. Not only were the tools and machines expensive but the cost of film was also far greater than most people could afford. However, modem technology has c 92 all that. New technology has really opened up the world of film-making for film fans. Now a cameradoes not cost m 93 and most young people are certainly able to pay for it. So all you need is to get one for yourself. With that, you may then start your own film-making. However, film-making is t 94 work. You probably need many other people to help you.For example, the p 95 of actors and actresses is very important in your film. Of course, these actors and actresses may be your schoolmates, friends or family members. You dont even need to pay them a cent while they are glad to be part of your job. B 96 , you need to make up a story. Can you write your own one? If you have good imagination, you can create an attractive story e 97 . Many world-famous film makers and producers are also good story-writers. If not, perhaps you need someone else to write it for you.An excellent story is the key to making a s 98 film.【主旨大意】文章指出，随着生活水平和现代科技的提高，人们自己制作一部电影已经不再是什么稀罕的事。文章指出要制作一部优秀的电影，除了优秀演员之外，还需要有一个好的剧本，这是电影成功的保证。92. changed 【解析】上文提到在过去，制作一部电影是一件十分昂贵的事，只有少数人和电影公司才能干。然而现在随着时间的推移，现代科技将这一切都改变了，故填changed；93. much 【解析】本句意为“现在一部相机花费并不多”，价格大多数人都能坦然接受，故填much;94. tiring 【解析】该句意为“然而，电影制作是一件很累人的事”，work是不可数名词，故要说tiring work，不能加a;95. population 【解析】下文中都是在谈论电影中的那些男女演员，加上谓语动词是单数，故应填population；96. besides 【解析】上边提到了演员，下边接着讲述应该要有剧本，故填besides；97. character 【解析】这个地方讲“如果你的想象力丰富，那么你就能够创作出一个具有吸引力的人物，”，故答案填character;98. successful 【解析】该句意为“一个优秀的故事是电影成功的关键”，故答案填successful;实战练习（一）Do you have a pet? Are you i_ in taking care of animals? Girls and boys who like animals may want to study to be animal doctors. Theyre often c_ “vets”. Many of them work in animal h_. Others may work on farms or at a z_. Some study animal diseases and try to find w_ to keep the animals from getting i_. They do studies in m_ for animals.Vets listen to an animals h_. They check (检查) its ears, eyes, mouth and blood. They o_ on animals when they need to. They may give the animals shots (注射) and tell the pets o _ what food is best.（二）Dear Tom:Are you surprised to hear from me? I have not heard from you s_ the beginning of the summer h_. How are you getting on with your s_? How are your parents? Is your brother Bill b_ f_ Canada yet?My stamp collection is g_ bigger and bigger. I have collected stamps of more than forty d_ countries. In my stamp books. I usually put the stamps from each country together. I have got a pen-friend from Britain. She gave me some B_ stamps. My American teacher has given me some beautiful American and Canadian stamps. Im glad to know you are going to give me some foreign stamps, but I still have not r_ the stamps of Nepal which you said to p_ me. Have you sent them off yet?Please write to me. Have you sent them off yet? Yours Zhou Wen（三）When Martin was a small boy, he lived in the little town of Holtham. Then he thought the town was a big p_. Well, Martin went back to Holtham last week. “Its a small town!” he thought.Holtham has changed little during the p_ forty years. B_ Martin has changed a lot. He has g_ into a man. He is now in m_ life. His thoughts are a mans thoughts, and he sees things through a m_ eyes.Martin s_ in Holtham for five years. He walked from street t_ street. He could see no friends. Was Holtham, then, a town of strangers? No, Martin suddenly u_ it all. Only he h_ was a stranger in the town.（四）I got an answering machine for my birthday and I soon realized（意识到）what a u_ machine this is. I am not at home m_ of the day, so someone can leave a message and I can ring them b_. They have no way to say they c_ get in touch with (联系) me. S_ when I am at home and have work to do, the phone never s_. Now I put the machine on. I am not troubled. So I can do a lot m_ work. There are some people I j_ do not want to talk to. So I put the machine on and I dont have to s_ to them. In conclusion(总之)，I really dont know how I lived w_ this wonderful machine.(五)Near the North Pole (北极) there are two s_, winter and summer. The winter nights are long. For more t_ two months, you cant s_ the sun, e_ at noon. The summer days are also long. For more than two months, the sun n_ goes down and there are no n_.The people there have warm clothes. They make most of these clothes by t_. They make them from the skins (皮) of a_. From skins they make coats and hats and even shoes. In this cold weather, trees cant g_. The people there have to build their houses from skins, earth or snow. Life is h_ for the people there. (六)How do you like to go to school like one in Oxford(牛津大学), England ? There are no r_ classes. The students go from one group to a _ when they want to. You may find students of fourteen, sixteen or twenty-five years old all in the s_ group. They work at their o_ studies. Nobody tells them what they should or shouldnt be doing.The day I visited, school b_ at nine. Some students were working at a tape recorder and listening to their lessons. Others were watching TV on maths. A group was reading in the school l_. I didnt see anybody just sit doing n_. Everybody was studying.At lunch time I could see students w_, too. They were talking about their lessons while they were e_. When you think of these students you can be sure it is one of the best s _ in the world. (七)One day when Nasreddin was having a bath, he began to s_. The bathroom was small with a stone floor. His song was very b_, he thought.“Oh”,he said, “I sing very well. I will sing to o_ people, too, and maybe Ill be a famous s_, and most people will want to hear me.”So after his bath Nasreddin went up onto the roof (屋顶) of the house and began to sing his song very l_. A man was w_ in front of the house and he h_ Nasreddin, he said, “What are you doing? You are m_ a terrible noise. Nobody wants to hear it.”“Oh, you think so, dont you?” answered Nasreddin, “Well, I r_ sing very beautifully. Come to my bathroom and youll hear h_ beautiful I can sing.”（八）One day Mike was playing near a river. S_ his knife fell into the river. He felt very sad because the knife was g_ to him by his father as a birthday present, but it was lost. Then all at once, a k_ old woman came up and asked Mike what was the m_.“I had lost my knife,” he said, “ it fell into the water when I was playing here.”The old woman s_ him a gold (金) knife and asked, “is this y_?” “No.” said the boy.The old woman then showed him a silver (银) knife and asked a_, “Is this yours?” “No”, again answered the boy.Then she showed him an iron (铁) knife. “Yes, thats mine,” c_ out the happy boy. “I know it well e_.” said the old woman. “Now I will give you the gold knife and the silver knife b_ you are an honest (诚实的) boy.”（九）Tom liked to play at school. He had not been doing w_ in the exam. So the a_ teacher decided to ask his father to come to school to have a t_ with him. When his father came, the teacher said to him, “ Your son didnt work hard, and e_ worse, he cheated (作弊) in the exam.”“ How do you l_ it?” Toms father said. “Since Tom has the s_ answer as the girls. The girl sits