【外科学】微创外科技术课件.ppt

微创外科技术MINI-INVASIVESURGERY不低于或高于传统治疗效果前提下尽可能减少病人的近期和远期的痛苦微创外科技术MINI-INVASIVESURGERY 包括腔镜外科内镜外科 各种影像学介导下的治疗技术外科腔镜 LAPAROSCOPY LAPAROSCOPYLAPAROSCOPY腔镜简史1901 KELLING膀胱镜观察狗腹腔1910 JACOBAEUS腹腔镜观察人腹腔1938 VERESS发明弹簧气腹针1950 HOPKING 柱状透镜 图像清晰1960 SEMM 妇科腹腔镜手术1987 MOURET1988 DUBOIS腹腔镜胆囊切除术腹腔镜设备器械腹腔镜 光学传导作用微型摄像头及数模转换器显示器冷光源录像机及图象存储CO2气腹系统手术设备器械腹腔镜设备器械基本技术建立气腹 1直接TROCAR穿刺法 2 气腹针穿刺法 3开放法止血 电凝 钛夹 超声刀 缝合 纱布填塞基本技术组织分离切开 电刀 剪刀 超声刀 分离钳撕剥腹腔镜缝合标本取出 TROCAR孔 小切口 粉碎 标本袋建立气腹腹腔镜手术资质传统外科培训腹腔镜基础知识培训动物实验非独立完成一定数量腹腔镜手术腹腔镜手术适应证胆囊切除术 结肠良恶性疾病阑尾切除术 食管反流手术小肠切除术 疝修补术脾切除术 肾上腺切除术淋巴清扫术 肝楔形切除术妇科手术 腹腔镜诊断术腹腔镜诊断单独诊断应用较少有创检查 需要麻醉 深部病变发现率低腹腔镜胆囊切除术LAPAROSCOPICCHOLECYSTECTOMY 适应证 与开腹手术指证相同 胆囊息肉 胆囊结石 充满型胆囊结石 急性胆囊炎胆总管探查 造影 LAPAROSCOPICCHOLECYSTECTOMY 禁忌证 严重肝硬化 凝血障碍 妊娠 病理性肥胖 严重心肺功能不全LAPAROSCOPICCHOLECYSTECTOMY 相对禁忌证 上腹部手术史严重萎缩性胆囊炎LAPAROSCOPICCHOLECYSTECTOMYLAPAROSCOPICCHOLECYSTECTOMYLAPAROSCOPICCHOLECYSTECTOMYLAPAROSCOPICCHOLECYSTECTOMYLAPAROSCOPICCHOLECYSTECTOMYLAPAROSCOPICCHOLECYSTECTOMYLAPAROSCOPICCHOLECYSTECTOMYRisksofsurgeryBleeding(needing transfusion)-2%Infection-2%Conversion to open surgery-2%Bile leak-2%RisksofsurgeryRetained stone in the common bile duct-variable depending on preoperative tests Injury to the common duct 0.2%Injury to other structures in the abdomen including small intestines,liver,and blood vessels-1%Hernia development at incision sites-1%腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症及处理一血管损伤 1大血管损伤 腹主动脉 门静脉 肠系膜上动脉 下腔静脉立即开腹止血 2手术区出血 胆囊动脉 胆囊床出血电凝 钛夹 纱条填塞腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症及处理二胆道损伤1胆管横断 修复 T管引流 ROUX-Y盆式吻合腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症及处理 2肝管侧面损伤T管引流 ENBD 3胆囊管漏腹腔引流 ENBD 4胆管损伤后狭窄ROUX-Y肝门盆式吻合LC并发症预防根据自身能力严格掌握适应症第一戳孔要小心将胆囊三角完全分离清晰后再断胆囊管近胆管处慎用电凝LC并发症预防出血时不盲目上钛夹胆囊破裂者要用标本袋解剖不清 手术困难 出血不能控制及时开腹放置腹腔引流管便于发现并发症腹腔镜在胃肠道手术中的应用现状与展望腹腔镜直结肠手术结直肠恶性肿瘤结直肠恶性肿瘤 是腹腔镜消化道外科最成熟的手术 手助技术应用降低了中转开腹率 直肠全系膜切除更方便盆腔植物神经识别保护 更确切 前瞻性多中心随机对照研究表明生存率相当 长期存活率 卫生经济学评价是今后关注焦点 执业环境恶化价格昂贵是该技术推广的最大障碍 结直肠良性疾病乙状结肠息室有望成为标准手术溃疡性结肠炎进展缓慢治疗CROHN病近期效果得到认可腹腔镜胃手术胃肿瘤手术 胃肿瘤局部切除 胃楔形切除 胃远端切除 后者手术困难推广有困难腹腔镜胃减容术胃短路手术胃底折叠术 如NISSEN手术小肠肿瘤手术腹腔镜在腹部实质性脏器手术中的应用现状及展望肝脏(LH)易出血为主要障碍 处于尝试阶段适应证 段 肿块直径10CM血管瘤 多发肝囊肿 肝内胆管结石肝腺瘤有气栓的危险缺乏理想的刀具（超声刀螺旋高压水刀 微波刀 LIGASURE ENDO-GIA）肝脏(LH)胰腺Diagnostic and exploratory laparoscopy in patients with cancer of the pancreaselaparoscopic distal pancreatectomy for endocrine and cystic tumors 急性坏死性胰腺炎假性胰腺囊肿内引流胰岛细胞瘤剜除术胰体胰尾切除胰十二指肠切除没给病人带来实质性好处 laparoscopic Whipple operation.chronic pancreatitis,and small cystic and endocrine tumors of the pancreas and patients who have ampullary cancerEnucleation of pancreatic islet cell tumorshttp pancreatic pseudocyst脾脏LaparoscopicSplenectomyLS安全可靠手助法 全腹腔镜法适应证 ITP 脾占位 脾亢 脾外伤脾蒂处理困难ENDO-GIA昂贵LaparoscopicSplenectomyLaparoscopicSplenectomyLaparoscopicSplenectomy腹腔镜在其它手术中的应用甲状腺满足美容要求并非微创局限良性疾病对甲状腺癌的腔镜手术存在疑虑手术时间长乳腺良性肿瘤切除腋窝淋巴清扫乳腺前哨淋巴结活检疝修补术LIHR 有四种方法内环关闭 IPOM腹腔内补片植入法 TAPP经腹腹膜前补片植入法 TEP全腹膜外补片植入法 内镜外科技术内镜种类胃镜 十二指肠镜结肠镜小肠镜胆道镜胰管镜乳管镜腹腔镜胸腔镜气管镜膀胱镜输尿管镜肾盂镜宫腔镜关节镜椎间盘镜脑室镜心镜gastroscope十二指肠镜duodenoscopecolonoscopecolonoscopecolonoscopecholedochoscope腹腔镜laparoscope内镜配置内镜系统 内镜 主机光源 监视器手术设备 手术器械内镜外科基本技术注射术钳夹术切除术导线置入术扩张术支架置放术引流术碎石术内镜外科基本技术氩气刀凝切术十二指肠乳头切开术内镜外科的临床应用消化道出血食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血溃疡出血消化道肿瘤出血消化道息肉出血内镜外科的临床应用消化道恶性肿瘤早期肿瘤拒绝手术或无法手术者晚期肿瘤止血 再通.内镜外科的临床应用PolypectomyPolypectomy can can be be defined defined as as the the endoscopicendoscopic resection resection of of polyps polyps or or tumors,tumors,obviating obviating the the need need for for open open surgery.surgery.This This is is one one of of the the most most important important scientific scientific advances advances in in the the field field of of gastroenterology,gastroenterology,since since it it enables enables us us to to treat treat many many gastric gastric or or colonic colonic tumors,tumors,without without the the inconvenience inconvenience associated with major surgeryassociated with major surgeryEndoscopicsnareresectionofavillousadenomaoftheampullaofVater.内镜外科的临床应用胃 肠 道 息 肉 gastric and colonic polyps良性肿瘤内镜外科的临床应用良性狭窄食管瘘胃石症肝胆胰疾病乳头切开支架术内镜外科的临床应用肝外胆管结石乳头切开取石术碎 石 术 electrohydraulic lithotripsy引流术十二指肠乳头切开术sphincterotomies ERCP取石内镜外科的临床应用胆道梗阻 漏与炎症 外引流术ENBD 内引流术内镜外科的临床应用肝内胆管结石 PTCS+EHL急性胰腺炎sphincterotomies ENBD外科手术并发症的内镜治疗食管穿孔食管吻合口瘘吻合口狭窄胆道狭窄胆瘘肝移植术后胆道狭窄肝移植术后胆道狭窄Fig.1.A 57-year-old male with choledocho-choledochostomy after living donor liver transplantation.A.The cholangiography obtained after transhepatic insertion of a biliary drainage catheter shows a biliary anastomotic stricture,which divided the fifth and eighth segment ducts from the sixth and seventh segment ducts(white and black arrow).B.An 8 mm diameter balloon catheter was positioned through the anastomotic stricture.C.Two internal-external biliary drainage catheters(12 and 14 F)were inserted after biloplasty.D.The cholangiogram after the large profile catheter maintenance method(3 months)shows patent bile ducts(arrow),with excellent flow of contrast medium into the duodenal loop.Fig.2.A 56-year-old man with choledocho-choledochostomy after living donor liver transplantation.A.The cholangiography obtained during transhepatic insertion of a biliary drainage catheter shows a biliary anastomotic stricture(arrow).B.An 8 mm diameter balloon catheters was positioned through the anastomotic stricture.C.A percutaneous transhepatic cholangiographic catheter(16 F)was inserted after biloplasty.D.The cholangiogram after the large profile catheter maintenance method(2 months)shows patent bile ducts(arrow),with excellent flow of contrast medium into the duodenal loop.超声内镜外科技术诊断 活检 治疗（有限）显 示 食 管 曲 张 静 脉 显 示 早 期 胃 癌 显示巨脾压迫胃介入治疗技术interventionaltherapy通过现代影像学技术和导管对远处外科疾病实施治疗的技术血管内途径介入 药物灌注术 血管内途径介入化疗栓塞术 栓塞术 血管成形术 药盒置入术 内支架术TIPS血管外介入治疗PTCD 经皮胆管球囊扩张术经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架术 血管外介入治疗微 波 组 织 凝 固 术 percutaneous implant microwave tissue coagulation射频消融术radiofrequency ablationradiofrequencyablationradiofrequencyablationradiofrequencyablation血管外介入治疗超低温冷冻消融术 cryosurgeryablation血管外介入治疗无水乙醇注射治疗电化学治疗腹腔内积液穿刺置管引流术