高考英语长难句解析(上课).ppt

解析高考英语解析高考英语阅读中的长难句阅读中的长难句长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。成分、并列成分或从句。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。键部分。1、带有较多成分的简单句。、带有较多成分的简单句。Having chosen family television programs and womens magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific womens magazines to be used.一、长难句的分类一、长难句的分类2、含有多个简单句的并列句。、含有多个简单句的并列句。In the 1970s,he was a surgeon at Yale，and had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children，but he was terribly unhappy.I cant live in fear of the possibility that as the earths population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的不能再生的)resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.3、含有多个从句的复合句。、含有多个从句的复合句。4、含有多个插入成分的句子。、含有多个插入成分的句子。His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently（无知地）（无知地）enough when,as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.5、并列复合句。、并列复合句。I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.Before 1066,in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups.6、倒装句。倒装句。1、复合从句复合从句 不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干和修饰成分。主干主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构或主系主谓宾结构或主系表结构表结构。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。尤其是定语从句和状语从句。通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。二、长难句的归纳二、长难句的归纳2、分隔结构分隔结构为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，将了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来。开来。考试中出现较多的是考试中出现较多的是插入语插入语、用、用破折号破折号插入插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分（一般是（一般是定语定语）过长而出现）过长而出现后置后置，也可以看作是插，也可以看作是插入现象。只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，入现象。只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。没有新增信息。3、成分省略成分省略 在英语句子中，节约用词是一条重在英语句子中，节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重避免重复复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。使句子富于变化，增强表现力。4、改变语序改变语序改变语序主要指改变语序主要指倒装句式倒装句式。这种打破。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子的意义表达的重心，或是强调一种调句子的意义表达的重心，或是强调一种表达语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这表达语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些些句子往往和一些副词、连词副词、连词相关，有明相关，有明显的标志。显的标志。(1)(1)结构分析法结构分析法 通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。把握住句子的基本框架。首先，判断该句是首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子附属成分。子附属成分。三、分析长难句的方法策略三、分析长难句的方法策略句句 子子判判 断断简单句简单句并列句并列句复合句复合句主主 干干并列连词并列连词从属连词从属连词 However,who specialize in ageing the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法找主、找主、谓语，即找主干成分谓语，即找主干成分many scientists are doubtful about it and say 方法二：并列句的处理方法方法二：并列句的处理方法-找并列连词找并列连词 Miss Germaines mother looked anxious through the wedding Mr.Cordells parents are reported to be less than delighted.and方法三：主从复合句处理方法方法三：主从复合句处理方法-找从属连找从属连词词 a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble he appeared one night asking he could sleep on the sofa.Whereasthatthatuntilif方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法 先读懂并列句，再看主从复合句先读懂并列句，再看主从复合句 you ask people to name one person had the greatest effect on the English language,you will get answers like“Shakespeare”,“Samuel Johnson”,and“Webster”,none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man didnt even speak EnglishWilliam,the Conqueror.butIfwhowho (2)(2)意群阅读法意群阅读法把意义和语法结构上有关联的把意义和语法结构上有关联的几个词连接成较完整的信息。此方几个词连接成较完整的信息。此方法不仅有利于提高阅读速度，而且法不仅有利于提高阅读速度，而且有利于对句子的整体理解。有利于对句子的整体理解。分析：分析：是状语从句，是状语从句，是主句，是主句，是是withwith引导的介词短语作状语，修饰谓语。这样，引导的介词短语作状语，修饰谓语。这样，把整个句子划为把整个句子划为3 3个意群，可以大大提高阅读个意群，可以大大提高阅读速度。速度。When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other，an unbelted driver would meet the windshieldwith a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 meters.1.1.句子句子信息信息量大，结构复杂，附加成分多量大，结构复杂，附加成分多（几种从句同时出现）（几种从句同时出现）2.2.分隔现象普遍（主谓分隔、同位语分隔现象普遍（主谓分隔、同位语 分隔、定语分隔等）分隔、定语分隔等）3.3.省略现象省略现象 四、长难句的几个特点四、长难句的几个特点 这些都增加了这些都增加了阅读阅读的难度。因此在回的难度。因此在回归语篇复习时，要运用所学知识去突破归语篇复习时，要运用所学知识去突破英英语语阅读中的长难句。阅读中的长难句。五、分析长难句的注意事项五、分析长难句的注意事项1 1、是否有同位语和插入语。、是否有同位语和插入语。2 2、是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。、是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。3 3、替代词的所指对象。、替代词的所指对象。4 4、判断并列成分的层次。、判断并列成分的层次。5 5、句首的并列连词、句首的并列连词andand、oror、butbut、forfor通常起承上启下通常起承上启下的作用，不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。的作用，不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。五、分析长难句的注意事项五、分析长难句的注意事项6 6、在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。、在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。7 7、非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时、非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时 又带着自己较长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语又带着自己较长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语 从句时的结构分析。从句时的结构分析。8 8、在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，状语（单个词、在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，状语（单个词、短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词 语的修饰语。语的修饰语。Chinese Premier Li Keqiang greets journalists upon arriving at his press conference after the closing meeting of the second annual session of Chinas 12th National Peoples Congress(NPC)at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing,capital of China.KUALA LUMPUR-Investigators believe someone aboard a missing Malaysian airplane deliberately shut off its communications and tracking systems,turned the plane around and flew for nearly seven hours after it vanished,Prime Minister Najib Razak said on Saturday.Where?Practice 1.Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers,almost three times the number hired last year,to help reduce unemployment pressures。(2009 江苏江苏)However，those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生文科生)graduate with the belief that the prospective(预期的预期的)workplace may not have a place for them.找主干，理清思路；找主干，理清思路；寻关联，辨认逻辑寻关联，辨认逻辑即先寻找即先寻找主句主句-整个句子的骨架，特别是主句的整个句子的骨架，特别是主句的谓语动词谓语动词，再，再寻找寻找从属连词从属连词，辨认和确定从句与主句的逻辑关系（从句是主，辨认和确定从句与主句的逻辑关系（从句是主句的何种成分）。句的何种成分）。Practice 2 Today it is not unusual for a student，even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer，to have$5,000 in loans(贷款贷款)after four yearsloans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation.Types and Strategies.并列和主从复合句并存的复杂句型并列和主从复合句并存的复杂句型 If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language,you will get answers like“Shakespeare”,“Samuel Johnson”,and“Webster”,but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man didnt even speak EnglishWilliam,the Conqueror.分层次，先并列，后主从分层次，先并列，后主从即即先找出其中的并列连词，然后再根据并列连词的意思理清分先找出其中的并列连词，然后再根据并列连词的意思理清分句之间的关系（顺连关系、反连关系、因果关系或转折关系等）句之间的关系（顺连关系、反连关系、因果关系或转折关系等），再通过从属连词辨别主从复合句的逻辑关系。，再通过从属连词辨别主从复合句的逻辑关系。Practice 3 He found out that Kit Williams had spent his childhood near Ampthill，in Bedfordshire，and thought that he must have tried the hare in a place he knew well，but he still could not see the connection with Katherine of Aragon,until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill Park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773Types and Strategies.各种特殊结构的创新句型各种特殊结构的创新句型 主要形式有省略、插入语、前置、倒装、强调等结构以及被主要形式有省略、插入语、前置、倒装、强调等结构以及被动结构和分隔式定语从句，同位语从句和双重否定等非常规动结构和分隔式定语从句，同位语从句和双重否定等非常规结构结构Strategies:简化结构，直奔主题；调整语序，补充成分，还原简化结构，直奔主题；调整语序，补充成分，还原本来面目本来面目Practice 4 The magazine is male-targeting because young guys generally wont pick up a magazine that appears to be directed at females,whereas girls usually will.The lack of right male(男性的男性的)role models in many of their livesat home and particularly in the school environment(环境环境)means that their peers are the only people they have to judge themselves against.(2008辽宁卷辽宁卷C篇篇)pick up a magazine that appears to be directed at females Before 1066,in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups.And your personal car,if you have one,becomes just one more tool in the toolbox-and often an inadequate one,limiting both your mobility and your wallet.(2012湖北卷湖北卷B篇篇)Peoples lived in the landNMET,go for it!Challenge it!(2014 宜昌三月)27.As celebrating the Spring Festival means family reunion,not being able to return home to accompany their parents was _ regret for migrant laborers(打工者).A.ultimate B.fundamental C.adequate D.superior（2011，湖北）28.Clinical evidence began to_,suggesting that the new drugs had a wider range of useful activities than had been predicted from experiments in animalsAoperate Bstrengthen Capprove Daccumulate（稳派创新15，完型）He has given away close to 100,000 to people he has met around the world.He hands those that he choose a card 36 his project and allows them 48 hours to 37 36.A.asking B.answering C.expressing D.explaining 37.A.get in touch B.get in exchange C.get along D.get around.Each writing in her own unmistakable voice,Perri and Sheila take turns exploring the joys and pains,the love and bitterness,the minor troubles and lasting respect that have always bonded them together.Sheila describes the adventure of giving birth to Perri in a tiny town in Trinidad where her husband was doing research fieldwork.Perri admits that she cant sort out all the mess in the households,even though she knows it drives her mother crazy.Together they compare thoughts on bringing up children and working,admit long-hidden sorrows,and enjoy precious memories.（2013湖北，阅读B）57.What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?A.The content of the book.B.The purpose of the book.C.The influence of the book.D.The writing style of the book.从exploring the joys and pains和describes the adventure of giving以及 compare thoughts on bringing up children and working,几个长句的理解是 Perri and Sheila 所写书的内容。Looking deep into the lives they have lived separately and together,Perri and Sheila tell their mother-daughter story with honesty,humor,enthusiasm,and admiration for each other.A written account in two voices,Every Mother Is a Daughter is a duet(二重奏)that produces a deep,strong sound with the experiences that all mothers and daughters will recognize.（2012湖北，阅读B）58.How are womens lives explored in this book?A.In a musical form.B.Through field research.C.With unique writing skills.D.From different points of view.58.D【命题立意】综合理解题。【解析】文章中in two voices在Every Mother Is a Daughter一书中写到母女的生活经历，思想感情，对社会的理解可以知道，作者是从不同的角度去描述妇女的生活。(2014宜昌三月宜昌三月)The naughty child admitted regretfully that very little use _ the precious time in the past.(make)那个调皮胡孩子懊悔的承认过去很少那个调皮胡孩子懊悔的承认过去很少利用利用宝贵的时间。宝贵的时间。(稳派创新稳派创新20)we finally got to _,which the villagers used as a school.(what)我们最终到达这个我们最终到达这个曾经是一个古老寺庙的地方曾经是一个古老寺庙的地方，现在村民当做，现在村民当做学校来用。学校来用。was made ofwhat was once an old temple世界环境日世界环境日为了提醒世人，人类活动对环境的危害，它呼吁政府组为了提醒世人，人类活动对环境的危害，它呼吁政府组织各种活动来保护改善我们的生存空间。织各种活动来保护改善我们的生存空间。In English writing,we should turn simple sentences into complex sentencesIn order to remind the world of the harm.Human activities do harm to the environment.World Environment DayWorld Environment Day calls on the government to protect and improve our living space.World Environment DayWorld Environment Day is intended to remind the world to be aware of the harm that human activities do to the environment and calls on the governments to launch varieties campaigns to attach importance to protecting and improving human environment.1.Their study found that theobromine，found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine，which was considered the best cough medicine at present.The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，“while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的)it can have a major effect on the quality of life and”this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem，”said Professor Peter Barnes.(NMET2008全国 II D篇)53.According to Professor Barnes，theobromine_.A.cannot be as effective as codeineB.can be harmful to peoples healthC.cannot be separated from chocolateD.can be a more effective cure for coughsD 2.Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earths surface.It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere.Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30%is reflected by clouds or the Earths surface.The remaining 70%warms the surface of the planet.(NMET 2008 江苏卷B篇)60.Only a small part of the Suns energy reaches the Earths surface because most of it is_.A.absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphereB.reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphereC.lost in the upper and lower atmosphereD.used to evaporate water from the oceans and lakesC 3.The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment(Kids F.A.C.E.)in 1989.There are now 300，000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the worlds largest youth environmental organization.(NMET 2008 山东卷D篇)72.Kids F.A.C.E is_.A.a program to help students with writingB.a project of litter recyclingC.a campaign launched by President BushD.a club of environmental protectionD 4.The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in peoples lives.Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple.Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品)that is not really wanted.(NMET 2008重庆卷E篇)73.Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety?A.Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product.B.People are likely to find themselves overcome by business persuasion.C.Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items.D.Companies and advertisers are often misleading about the range of choice.C 5.As the only girl in a family of seven children，she often felt like she had“seven fathers，”because her six brothers，as well as her father，tried to control her.Feeling shy and unimportant，she retreated(躲避)into books.Despite her love of reading，she did not do well in elementary school because she was too shy to participate.(NMET 2008天津卷A篇)36.Which of the following is TRUE about Cisneros in her childhood?A.She had seven brothers.B.She felt herself a nobody.C.She was too shy to go to school.D.She did not have any good teachers.B