大学英语写作正文的常见写法课件.ppt

Lecture Nine文章正文段的常见写法模式一模式一z做某事的好处z做某事的坏处z例如：1992年12月CET-4：The Positive and Negative Aspects of Sportsz1.体育运动的好处。体育运动的好处。z2.体育运动可能带来的副作用体育运动可能带来的副作用。z3.我参加体育运动的体会。zCET-6 Motorcycles and City Trafficz1.近年来中国城市中的摩托车z2.摩托车的优点和缺点摩托车的优点和缺点z3.你对我国城市中摩托车发展前景的看法z1996年1月CET-4：The Two-Day Weekendz1.双休日给大学生带来的好双休日给大学生带来的好处处z2.双休日可能给大学生带来双休日可能给大学生带来的问题的问题z3.我应该怎样过好双休日常用写法一常用写法一zDoing sth.has both advantages and disadvantages.The advantages of doing sth.can be illustrated from the following.To begin with,Secondly,Last but not least,However,there are also some disadvantages of doing sth.First of all,Another disadvantage is In addition,常用写法二常用写法二zThere are several advantages of doing sth.In the first place,In the second place,What is more,zJust as everything has two sides,doing something can also cause some problems.For one thing,For another,For still another,Furthermore,zThere are some positive aspects of doing sth.Doing sth.can result in many good aspects.zThere are also some negative aspects of doing sth.Doing sth.can also lead to/bring about/give rise to some positive aspects.Example One:Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports zWith the improvement of peoples living standards,an increasing number of people have become aware of the importance of good health and more and more people have been interested in taking part in sports.zzSports benefit us in many aspects.(There are many positive aspects of taking part in sports.)To begin with,when doing sports,we get the chance to train all parts of our bodies.There is no doubt that proper sports activities keep our physical fitness.Furthermore,sports can enrich our life and maintain our psychological health.Through participation in sports,everyone can learn that on the playground he not only struggles for himself but also fights for his team.Sports teach us about consideration,cooperation and optimism.zOn the other hand,sports may do some harm to those who do not plan their activities properly.(However,there are also some negative aspects of doing sports.)Too much training may hurt their bodies,exhaust their vigor and even cause them to be sick.zIn all,I love sports.Through going in for sports,I not only gain a well-balanced life,but also get more chances to move closer to nature.Sports add happiness to my everyday life.zThe advance of science and technology makes people have more free time.Nowadays,we have 5-workday week.Therefore,our university and college students can have much more leisure time.Example Two:The Two-day WeekendzThe two-day weekend really benefits college students a lot.Most important of all,we have more time to learn more social knowledge by taking part in social activities or doing part-time jobs.In addition,we can have more time to relax ourselves.For example,we can do some physical exercise,watch TV at home and so on.zIn the meantime,the two-day weekend also will bring some problems.In the first place,some college students always idle away their time,playing cards,drinking and even gambling.In the second place,doing part-time jobs will distract studentsattention from their study.zzTaking into account all these factors,we can safely come to the conclusion that college students will get/gain more benefits from the two-day weekend.As a student,I myself consider it very beneficial to us college students.If possible,I will find time to do many interesting things such as doing a part-time job or participating in social practice.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.It is really true.模式二模式二z有些人认为.如：（做）某事有必要z有些人认为相反 如：（做）某事没有必要z1992年1月CET-4：Is Failure a Bad Thing?z1.失败是常有的事。z2.人们对失败有各种不同的态度。z3.我对失败的态度。z1993年6月CET-6 My View on Opportunityz有人认为机会是极少的，另一些人则认为人人都会有某种机会。你的看法如何？写出你的观点，说明你的理由并举例。在你的文章结尾处不要忘记写出你的结论。z1995年1月CET-4：Can Money Buy Happinessz1.有人认为金钱是幸福之本(source of happiness)z2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源(root of all evil)z3.我的看法z1995年6月CET-6 Should Firecrackers Be Banned?z1.有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么？z2.有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么？z3.我的看法。z1996年6月CET-4：Global Shortage of Fresh Waterz1.人们认为淡水是取之不尽的（提示：雨水，河水，井水）z2.实际上淡水是非常紧缺的（提示：人口增加，工业用水增加，污染）z3.我们应该怎麽办z1997年6月CET-6 My View on Job-Hopping z1.有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为z2.有些人喜欢经常更换工作，因为z3.我的看法z1998年6月：Do“Lucky Numbers”Really Bring Good Luck?z1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运。z2.我认为数字和运气无关。z1999年6月：Reading Extensively Or Intensively?z1.有人认为读书要有选择z2.有人认为应当博览群书z3.我的看法z2000年6月：Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?z1.很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是z2.也有人持不同意见z3.我的看法和打算常用写法一常用写法一zWhen it comes to,different people may have totally different ideas.Some people think,while others disagree.常用写法二常用写法二zAs far as doing sth.is concerned,people hold various ideas.There are some people who believe,while there are also many others who dont think so.常用写法三常用写法三zPeople who are for have their own reasons.zPeople who are against also have their own reasons.常用写法四常用写法四zSome people have good reason to think zOther people have also good reason to disagree.Example:Is Failure a Bad Thing?zFailure is a common thing in our daily life.Whenever we make up our mind to do something,there are always two probable results:success and failure.Although most people want to succeed,failure cant be avoided.zHowever,people hold different attitudes towards failure.Some people regard failure as a bad thing.After a failure,they may become discouraged and even give up their hope for success.They think people will laugh at them because of their failure.zOn the other hand,there are still many other people who believe that failure is not a bad thing.They are not seriously affected by failure.In spite of their failure,they continue to do their best in what they do until they finally succeed.zzIn my opinion,whether a failure is good or bad somewhat depends on how one copes with the failure he has experienced.If you take a pessimistic attitude towards your failure,it will be a head-on blow to you and even do you severe harm.On the contrary,if you take an optimistic attitude towards failure,it may benefit you tremendously.You can find the correct way to success on the basis of your objective analysis of your failures.Remember,failure is not a crime,but failure to learn from failure is.模式三模式三z提出问题z分析问题z解决问题分析问题的常用句型分析问题的常用句型zThere are many reasons why.zThere are many means through which college students can get to know the society.zThe existence of the problem of can be attributed to the following main reasons.解决问题的常用句型解决问题的常用句型zzTo deal with this problem successfully,the government,the department concerned has taken many effective measures.zzVarious measures/steps/actions should be taken to handle the problem of zzThe following measures can be adopted/carried out to cope with the problem of z1997年6月CET-4：Getting to Know the World Outside the Campusz1.大学生了解社会的必要性z2.了解社会的途径（大众传媒，社会服务等）z3.我打算怎麽做z1997年12月：Harmfulness of Fake Commoditiesz1.目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品(fake commodities)。为什么会有这种现象？z2.举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人，社会等的危害。z3.（措施）zzCET-6 How to Solve the Problem of Heavy TrafficCET-6 How to Solve the Problem of Heavy TrafficzzOutline:Outline:zz问题：城市交通拥挤问题：城市交通拥挤 zz解决方案解决方案(solution)(solution)zz1 1、建造、建造(lay down)(lay down)更多道路更多道路 优优点：点：1 1）降低街道拥挤程度；）降低街道拥挤程度；2 2）加速车流）加速车流(flow of(flow of traffic)traffic)缺点：占地过多缺点：占地过多zz2 2、开辟、开辟(open up)(open up)更多公共汽车线路更多公共汽车线路 优优点：减少自行车与小汽车点：减少自行车与小汽车 缺缺点：对部分人可能造成不便点：对部分人可能造成不便zz结论：两者结合结论：两者结合Example:Fighting Against Fake Commodities and Inferior Goods zNowadays,fake and inferior goods are a common occurrence in our market.They have not only had bad effects on the society and people,but also laid roadblocks to the development of the national economy.The government and consumers must work together to get rid of the roadblocks.zzFake commodities are harmful to us in many aspects.For one thing,they are dangerous to consumers.Fake goods ranging from foods,clothes to radios,TV sets,&even some medicines have brought a lot of trouble to our daily life.For another,fake commodities have equally affected some manufacturers with sound reputations.Those who have fallen victims of the fake goods will never buy them again,even though the commodities are good the next time.In addition,fake&inferior products do harm to the society&bring about great loss to the nation.zThere are many measures that we can take to get rid of fake commodities.In the first place,laws should be made to punish those who produce fake goods.In the second place,people should be educated to distinguish good products from the fake ones.Consumers shouldnt buy inferior things simply because they are cheap or the advertisements tell them to do so.zIn a word,the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of fake and inferior goods and fight a battle against them.Both the government and consumers should take measures to react against them so as to develop our economy in a healthy way.Only by doing so can fake commodities be driven out of our daily life completely in the future.图表作文图表作文历年四级考试作文题目历年四级考试作文题目zz1991年6月CET-4:zzChanges in Peoples Dietzz1.State the changes in peoples diet in the past 5 years.zz2.Give possible reasons for the changes.zz3.Draw your own conclusions.Study the following table year year FoodFood1986198619871987198819881989198919901990GrainGrain49%49%47%47%46.5%46.5%45%45%45%45%MilkMilk10%10%11%11%11%11%12%12%13%13%MeatMeat17%17%20%20%22.5%22.5%23%23%21%21%Fruit&Fruit&VegetablesVegetables24%24%22%22%20%20%20%20%21%21%TotalTotal100%100%100%100%100%100%100%100%100%100%zz91-CET-6 Car Accidents Declining in Walton CityzzOutline:zz1.Rise and fall of the rate of car accident as indicated by the graph;zz2.Possible reasons for the decline of car accidents in the city;zz3.Your predictions of what will happen this year.Months in 1990Number of car accidentszz96-CET-6 Health Gains in Developing Countrieszz1.以下图为依据描述发展中国家的期望寿命life expectancy)和婴儿死亡率(infant mortality)的变化情况。zz2.说明引起变化的各种原因。Life ExpectancyInfant Mortalityyears oldyears olddeaths per 1,000 birthsdeaths per 1,000 births2002.6zzTopic:Student Use of ComputersTopic:Student Use of ComputerszzBase your composition on the chart and the outline Base your composition on the chart and the outline given.given.zz1 1下图下图所示为所示为19901990年、年、19951995年、年、20022002年某校大学生年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；zz2 2请说明发生这些表化的原因（可以从计算机的用请说明发生这些表化的原因（可以从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；zz3 3你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。问题。Average number of hours a student spends on computer per week Hours/weekYear 图表作文图表作文zz用图象、表格、数字等传达信息。zz将图象、表格、数字转换成说明性文字，属于说明文。zz应注意对所给数字进行比较，从中找出变化规律，分析造成变化的原因并得出结论（预测未来发展趋势），或对其所反映的事实结果进行评论。图表作文的基本写作要求图表作文的基本写作要求zz充分利用图表中的信息，把握文字和说明，找出图表所要表达的主题找出图表所要表达的主题。zz仔细分析图表提供的信息加以比较和归纳，选出具有代表意义的信息。选出具有代表意义的信息。避免过多引用避免过多引用。zz通过对图表的分析，进行概括性的概括性的评论（变化趋势和造成原因）的说评论（变化趋势和造成原因）的说明，最后得出结论明，最后得出结论。写作技巧写作技巧zz分三段：引言段、正文段和结论段zz引言段：引出话题、说明图表所反映的总体情况。zz正文段：对具体数字进行分析比较，归纳出增减速度发展趋势和原因等。zz结论段：对图表所反映的主题发表评论（个人看法、展望、预测等）惯用词汇惯用词汇zzTable,diagram,graph,chartzzShow,demonstrate,indicatezzStatistics,rate,speed,ratio,percentage,figures,(statistical)datazzIncrease,decrease,reduce,decline,rise,go down,go upzzBe on the rise/increase,decrease/declinezzSharply,slowly,drastically,dramatically,approximately惯用表达和句型惯用表达和句型zzAs can be seen from the tablezzAs shown in the graphzzAs is demonstrated in the diagramzzAs indicated by the results of a surveyzzThe table shows that zzThe figures show that zzThe ratio of A to B is 惯用表达和句型惯用表达和句型zzA study in XXXX showed thatzzAs you may see from the tablezzFrom the above chart we can seezzTake a careful look at the table,and we will find zzThe number increased(decreased)byzzFrom all the facts given above,we can conclude that 惯用表达和句型惯用表达和句型zzAfter a careful analysis of the data,we can draw the following conclusion.zzAs a result of careful observation and analysis,a tentative conclusion as follows can be reached.zzThe rapid increase growth/decline/change of XXXX can be attributed to various factors.惯用表达和句型惯用表达和句型zFrom the table/graph,it is obvious/apparent that the number of XXXX has been on the decline/increase over the past few years.zThe last few years witnessed a drastic/dramatic increase/decrease in the number of hours that college students spend on computers.An Example:Student Use of ComputerzzStudents tend to use computers more and more nowadays.Reading this chart,we can find that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has increased sharply.In 1990,it was less than 2 hours;and in 1995,it increased to almost 5 hours,and in 2000,the number soared to 20 hours.zzObviously computers are becoming more and more(increasingly)popular.There are several reasons for this(the popularity).First,(First of all,Above all)computers facilitate us in more aspects of life.Also,the fast development of the Internet enlarges our demands for using computers.We can easily contact with friends in remote places through the Internet.Besides,the prices of computers are getting lower and lower,which enables more students to purchase them.zzHowever,there still exist some problems,such as poor quality,out-of-date designs and so on.And how to balance the time between using computers and studying is also a serious problem.zzAnyhow,we still benefit a lot from computers as long as we use them properly.(And I am firm in my belief that in the future,young students will make more effective use of computers to benefit themselves.)书信作文书信作文Letter Writing2001.6 zzSuppose you are Zhang Ying.Write a letter to Xiao Wang,a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you during the weeklong holiday.zz1 表示欢迎zz2 提出对度假安排的建议zz3 提醒应注意的事项2002.1zzA letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus.zz假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。书信作文的写作要求书信作文的写作要求z只要求写正文body，而信头heading，信内地址inside address，称呼salutation，信末客套话complimentary closing，签名signature等都已给出。书信作文的写作技巧书信作文的写作技巧z也分三段来写：开头，正文，结尾。z开头：介绍写信的原因，最近的情况。z正文：写信的具体内容。z结尾：期待盼望的话或再次提醒。开头常用语开头常用语zzI am very glad to have received your letter dated XXXX.zzPlease pardon me for not answering your letter immediately.zzYour letter dated XXXX gave me much pleasure.zzI am happy to know from your last letter that XXXX.结尾结尾常用语常用语zzHoping to hear from you soon.zzLooking forward to your reply soon.zzAwaiting your reply.zzWishing you every success.zzWith best regards.zzPlease give my best wishes/regards to XXX(please remember me to XXXX)正文段的写法正文段的写法z同其它文章的正文段写法。z围绕主题，提出主题思想（主题句），分层次议论（列举，举例等），说明主题。注意事项注意事项zz人称多为“我”。zzI suggest,I think,I advise that you do zzIn my opinion,it is a good idea to do zz适当使用祈使句（建议）zzBe careful,be confident,relax yourselfAn ExamplezzDear Mr.President,zI am very lucky to attend this world-famous university,but I am afraid I am not content with the canteen service on campus.z(There are various aspects of the canteen services that need to be improved/bettered.)Firstly,the quality of the dishes should be improved.Undoubtedly,there are a lot of delicious dishes,but all the year,they are the same.More and more students are complaining about eating the same food each day.So I think the most urgent problem is variety.zSecondly,the price is a bit too high.Many of us hope that the canteen can provid