高考英语二轮复习专题--阅读理解课件.ppt

【考前思索考前思索】我我在遇到生词和难句时，还能够保持原有的阅读心态吗？在遇到生词和难句时，还能够保持原有的阅读心态吗？我是不是很难把握住所读文章的主旨大意？我是不是很难把握住所读文章的主旨大意？答题时，我是否能在文章中找到答题依据？答题时，我是否能在文章中找到答题依据？阅读中我是否通过对自己提问来检查对文章的理解程度？阅读中我是否通过对自己提问来检查对文章的理解程度？我做阅读理解题，正确率一般能达到我做阅读理解题，正确率一般能达到80%吗？吗？考试时，阅读理解题我往往都是哪些题型错？考试时，阅读理解题我往往都是哪些题型错？【考向聚焦考向聚焦】要要求求考考生生能能读读懂懂书书、报报、杂杂志志中中关关于于一一般般性性话话题题的的简简短短文文段段以以及及公公告告、说说明明、广广告告等等，并并能能从从中中获获取取相相关关信信息息。考考生应能：生应能：理解主旨和要义；理解主旨和要义；理解文中具体信息；理解文中具体信息；根据上下文推断生词的词义；根据上下文推断生词的词义；作出判断和推理；作出判断和推理；理解文章的基本结构；理解文章的基本结构；理解作者的意图、观点和态度。理解作者的意图、观点和态度。一、选题特征一、选题特征分分析析近近几几年年的的高高考考阅阅读读试试题题，可可以以看看出出高高考考选选题题具具有有以以下四个特征：下四个特征：1时代新颖性时代新颖性每每年年的的高高考考试试卷卷中中都都有有一一定定的的文文章章，讲讲某某一一领领域域的的新新知知识识或或介介绍绍一一些些新新观观念念、新新方方法法或或新新事事物物，如如：浙浙江江卷卷介介绍绍具具有触摸屏导购装置的超市购物车。有触摸屏导购装置的超市购物车。【考法说明考法说明】2人文实用性人文实用性每每年年的的高高考考试试卷卷中中都都有有一一定定的的新新闻闻和和广广告告方方面面的的应应用用文文，注注重重人人文文与与学学生生生生活活、社社会会生生活活的的结结合合，尽尽可可能能体体现现语语言言的的实实用用性性与与工工具具性性。如如：全全国国卷卷的的(英英国国)路路透透社社对对于于美美加加边边界界居居民民跨跨国国界界做礼拜的报道。做礼拜的报道。3体裁多样性体裁多样性高高考考阅阅读读的的体体裁裁包包括括人人物物传传记记、叙叙述述文文、说说明明文文、应应用用文文和和议议论论文文。如如：江江苏苏卷卷的的A篇篇是是人人物物传传记记，介介绍绍英英国国作作家家Jane Austen；B篇篇是是应应用用文文，书书店店导导购购；C篇篇是是叙叙述述文文，讲讲述述the Sahara Festival庆庆祝祝活活动动相相关关内内容容；D篇篇是是说说明明文文，介介绍绍植植物物自自我我保保护护功功能能；E篇篇是是议议论论文文，论论述述了了20世世纪纪科科学学上上的的进进步步给给人人类类带带来来的的影影响响。可可以以说说，如如果果语语言言输输入入量量没没有有一一定定的的广广度度，是是不不能能适适应这种选材上的多样化的。应这种选材上的多样化的。4考查综合性考查综合性为为了了能能够够考考查查学学生生较较高高层层面面上上的的阅阅读读技技能能，所所选选语语篇篇在在结结构构上上都都较较复复杂杂。作作者者在在时时间间顺顺序序、空空间间顺顺序序或或逻逻辑辑推推理理上上，运运用用了了较较高高的的组组篇篇手手段段。这这些些语语篇篇内内容容一一般般有有逻逻辑辑、有有层层次次、有有深深度度，因因而而，试试题题的的命命制制也也有有相相应应的的层层次次。另另外外，每每年年都都有有一一定定比比例例的的试试题题是是考考语语言言以以外外的的背背景景知知识识，会会涉涉及及到到人人文文、地理、历史、政治、自然科学等方面。地理、历史、政治、自然科学等方面。二、题干设计二、题干设计总总体体来来说说，其其干干扰扰项项目目的的设设置置具具有有一一定定的的科科学学理理论论模模糊糊性性，正正确确答答案案项项与与干干扰扰项项差差异异不不明明显显，因因而而干干扰扰项项具具有有很很大大的的迷迷惑惑性性。供供选选项项少少则则每每项项为为一一个个词词，多多则则每每项项为为一一个个长长句句，多数是每项为一个短语。多数是每项为一个短语。阅阅读读理理解解题题设设计计从从题题干干到到选选项项都都具具有有灵灵活活、巧巧妙妙、含含蓄蓄、迂迂回回、曲曲折折等等特特点点，干干扰扰性性体体现现在在：脱脱离离原原文文、以以偏偏概概全全、扩扩缩缩范范围围、偷偷换换概概念念、正正误误并并存存。因因此此，必必须须在在明明确确题题意意、排排除除干干扰扰、找找出出文文章章依依据据的的前前提提下下，经经过过深深刻刻思思考考才才能能确确定定答案。答案。第一节考向揭密第一节考向揭密阅阅读读理理解解中中非非常常重重要要的的一一个个技技巧巧就就是是在在阅阅读读中中迅迅速速地地抓抓住住文文章章或或段段落落的的主主旨旨大大意意，也也就就是是中中心心思思想想。一一篇篇文文章章通通常常是是围围绕绕一一个个中中心心思思想想展展开开的的。要要领领悟悟文文章章的的主主旨旨大大意意，这这就就需需要要考考生生具具备备归归纳纳和和概概括括等等方方面面的的能能力力。而而这这种种归归纳纳和和概概括括能力又常常是考试中被考查的重点。能力又常常是考试中被考查的重点。研研读读高高考考真真题题，我我们们会会总总结结出出，对对于于文文章章或或段段落落的的主主旨旨概括设问的形式一般是：概括设问的形式一般是：主旨概括主旨概括 1The main idea of the passage(text)is .2The text(passage)is mainly about .3What does the passage mainly discuss(deal with)?4Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea?5The main point of the passage is .6The best headline for this newspaper article would be .7Which of the following is the best title to be given to the article?8What is the topic of the text?9The main purpose of the story is to tell us .10The conclusion we can get from the story is .大大家家只只要要记记住住，看看到到问问题题中中使使用用mainly，main，title，headline，topic，conclusion等等词词时时，就就得得仔仔细细领领会会文文章章的主旨大意了。的主旨大意了。Honey from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar，it is also delicious.Most people，and many animals，like eating it.However，the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees nest and take the honey from it.Often，these nests are high up in trees，and it is difficult to find them.In parts of Africa，though，people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helpera little bird called a honey guide.The honey guide does not actually like honey，but it does like the wax in the beehives(蜂房蜂房)The little bird cannot reach this wax，which is deep inside the bees nest.So，when it finds a suitable nest，it looks for someone to help it.The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people.Once it has their attention，it flies through the forest，waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest.When they finally arrive at the nest，the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches.Some of the honey，and the wax，always falls to the ground，and this is when the honey guide takes its share.Scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eating the wax，but it is very determined in its efforts to get it.The birds seem to be able to smell wax from a long distance away.They will quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives，and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit.【语语篇篇解解读读】非非洲洲森森林林中中香香甜甜的的蜂蜂蜜蜜让让人人类类和和动动物物垂垂涎涎欲欲滴滴，但但是是要要找找到到隐隐藏藏在在高高树树上上的的蜂蜂巢巢却却并并非非易易事事。幸幸运运的的是是，一一种种对对蜂蜂蜡蜡情情有有独独钟钟的的奇奇怪怪的的小小鸟鸟可可以以主主动动提提供供帮帮助助，顺便分一杯羹。顺便分一杯羹。1Why is it difficult to find a wild bees nest?AIts small in size.BIts hidden in trees.CIts covered with wax.DIts hard to recognize.解解析析 细细节节理理解解题题。根根据据第第一一段段中中的的“Often，these nests are high up in trees，and it is difficult to find them.”可可判判断断出出，之之所所以以难难以以发发现现蜂蜂巢巢是是因因为为它它隐隐藏藏在在高高高高的的树上。树上。答案答案B2What do the words“the follower”in Paragraph 2 refer to?AA bee.BA bird.CA honey seeker.DA beekeeper.解解析析 词词义义猜猜测测题题。结结合合上上文文中中的的“.both passing animals and people.”以以及及“.the curious animal or person.”可推知，可推知，the follower指的是指的是“寻找蜂蜜者寻找蜂蜜者”。答案答案C3The honey guide is special in the way .Ait gets its food Bit goes to churchCit sings in the forest Dit reaches into bees nests解解析析推推理理判判断断题题。这这种种鸟鸟是是借借助助他他人人之之手手最最终终获获得得自自己想要的食物的，这正是它的特殊之处。己想要的食物的，这正是它的特殊之处。答案答案A4What can be the best title for the text?AWild Bees BWax and HoneyCBeekeeping in Africa DHoneyLovers Helper解解析析主主旨旨大大意意题题。第第一一段段最最后后一一句句点点明明了了本本文文的的中中心心话话题题，下下文文都都围围绕绕这这种种小小鸟鸟展展开开叙叙述述，所所以以D项项最最能能概概括括文章大意。文章大意。答案答案D第二节满分技巧第二节满分技巧文文章章(或或段段落落)的的构构成成有有其其内内在在的的规规律律性性，其其中中心心思思想想往往往往是是通通过过主主题题句句来来体体现现的的。因因此此考考生生对对以以下下四四种种结结构构应应首首先先有所了解，然后通过一系列有意识的训练进而掌握它们。有所了解，然后通过一系列有意识的训练进而掌握它们。1主题句在篇主题句在篇(段段)首的结构首的结构这这种种结结构构通通常常用用演演绎绎法法撰撰写写，遵遵循循从从一一般般到到个个别别(特特殊殊)的步骤，即先概述，然后用细节加以说明。的步骤，即先概述，然后用细节加以说明。Jane Clark，fairhaired，blueeyed and tough as steel，has just won the most difficult race in the world.In seventeen days she drove a dog team and sledge(雪橇雪橇)across 1,050 miles of the Arctic Circle and through some of the most difficult land in the world.In bitter(刺骨的刺骨的)winds and snowstorms she drove her dogs along the Arctic track,in temperatures that reached 38.When Jane was asked how shefelt about being the first woman ever to win the race she said，“I still cant believe it.”She then went over to inspect her thirteen wildeyed dogs.David Wilson，who came second，said，“It sure hurts when a young woman is ahead of you.But it doesnt hurt for long.She was a good winner.”Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article?AWoman wins the worlds toughest race!BWoman fights bitter winds and snowstorms!CWoman wins a sledge race in the world!DWoman drives a dog team across the Arctic!解解析析这这篇篇文文章章的的首首句句就就是是主主题题句句，其其后后的的句句子子或或是是具具体体说说明明“世世界界上上最最困困难难的的比比赛赛”，或或是是从从侧侧面面说说明明赢赢得得这这场场比比赛赛的的不不容容易易。本本篇篇的的终终结结句句进进一一步步呼呼应应了了主主题题句句。所所以以答答案案是是A。答案答案A2主题句在末尾的结构主题句在末尾的结构尾尾句句是是主主题题句句的的结结构构通通常常是是用用归归纳纳法法撰撰写写的的，其其步步骤骤是是先先表表述述细细节节或或交交代代论论据据，最最后后做做出出概概括括性性的的结结论论，以以总总结结性性的的句句子子收收尾尾。这这种种写写作作方方法法的的特特点点是是从从个个别别到到一一般般，由由特特殊殊性性到到共共性。性。On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin.Everyone was astonished to see him.There was just one problem.Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates.He rolled on and on.Suddenly，he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall.Down fell the mirror，breaking to pieces.Nobody forgot Merlins grand entrance for a long time!What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?AThe roller skates needed further improvement.BThe party guests took Merlin for a fool.CMerlin succeeded beyond expectation.DMerlin got himself into trouble.解解析析这这段段文文字字从从Merlin入入场场的的细细节节叙叙述述，最最后后一一句句做做了了归归纳纳总总结结：“很很长长一一段段时时间间大大家家都都没没有有忘忘记记Merlin不不同同凡凡响响的的入场。入场。”可见可见Merlin取得了意想不到的成功。答案为取得了意想不到的成功。答案为C。答案答案C3主题句在中间的结构主题句在中间的结构有有些些主主题题句句既既不不在在篇篇(段段)首首，也也不不在在篇篇(段段)尾尾，而而是是处处于于篇篇章章(或或段段落落)的的中中间间。这这样样的的结结构构往往往往先先以以一一句句或或几几句句为为主主题题句句的的出出现现作作铺铺垫垫，或或是是交交代代细细节节或或论论据据。在在主主题题句句出出场场后后，仍有适当数量的句子陈述细节或继续给予例证。仍有适当数量的句子陈述细节或继续给予例证。这这类类结结构构包包括括三三个个层层次次：引引题题主主题题思思想想解解释释或或继继续续给给予予例例证证。从从它它的的写写作作程程序序来来看看，也也可可分分为为三三部部曲曲：归归纳纳结结论论演演绎绎，即即给给出出一一两两个个例例证证之之后后，做做出出概概括括性性的的总总结结，然后再给予例证来证实其论点。请看下例：然后再给予例证来证实其论点。请看下例：When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can，the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment，and then it comes down.When a bullet(子子弹弹)is shot straight up，it will travel much faster and higher than a ball，but it，too，will come down.Whatever goes up must come down.We have always thought this to be true.An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far and long.Yet it does not stay up forever.Finally，like everything else，the plane must come down.本本段段文文字字中中用用下下划划线线的的这这句句话话就就是是主主题题句句。其其行行文文顺顺序序和和写作程序与上述的模式完全吻合。写作程序与上述的模式完全吻合。4没有主题句的结构没有主题句的结构没没有有主主题题句句的的篇篇章章(或或段段落落)，并并不不是是没没有有主主题题思思想想，它它们们的的主主题题思思想想不不是是由由具具体体的的某某句句话话表表示示的的，而而是是在在文文中中含含蓄蓄地地存存在在着着，需需要要读读者者自自己己归归纳纳总总结结。这这种种结结构构通通常常是是叙叙述述一一件事的发展过程，或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实。件事的发展过程，或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实。Shu Pulong has helped at least 1,000 people bitten(咬咬)by snakes.“It was seeing people with snake bites(伤伤口口)that led me to this career，”he said.In 1963，after his army service，Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine.As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains.There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.“I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met.It was a very hot afternoon.The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand.He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake.In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart.Rushing home he shouted，”Bring me the knife Minutes later the man lost his arm forever.”“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.”Shu said.The best headline(标题标题)for this newspaper article is .AAstonishing Medicine BFarmer Loses ArmCDangerous Bites DSnake Doctor解解析析文文章章陈陈述述了了一一系系列列同同等等重重要要的的细细节节，都都是是围围绕绕“一一位位治疗毒蛇咬伤的医生治疗毒蛇咬伤的医生”展开的。所以标题为展开的。所以标题为D。答案答案DIn short，正确理解文章或段落的主题思想是阅读的首要目，正确理解文章或段落的主题思想是阅读的首要目的。因此，提高识别文章结构并准确找出主题句的能力和准的。因此，提高识别文章结构并准确找出主题句的能力和准确归纳总结出无主题句文章的主题思想的能力，是提高阅读确归纳总结出无主题句文章的主题思想的能力，是提高阅读理解能力的重要环节。而从无主题句的文章中总结出主题思理解能力的重要环节。而从无主题句的文章中总结出主题思想的能力尤其是考试的重点，也是我们平常阅读训练时难度想的能力尤其是考试的重点，也是我们平常阅读训练时难度较大的一项，这就需要我们在阅读任何文章时都要下意识地较大的一项，这就需要我们在阅读任何文章时都要下意识地归纳总结其主旨大意。归纳总结其主旨大意。AI suddenly heard an elephant crying as though frightened.Looking down，I immediately recognized that something was wrong，and ran down to the edge of the near bank.There I saw Ma Shwe with her threemonthold calf struggling in the fastrising water，and it was a lifeanddeath struggle.Her calf was floating and screaming with fear.Ma Shwe was as near to the far bank as she could get，holding her whole body against the rushing water，and keeping the calf pressed against her huge body.Every now and then the rushing water would sweep the calf away.Just at this moment，she fell back into the river.If she were carried down，it would be certain death.I knew，as well as she did，that there was one spot(地地点点)where she could get up the bank，but it was on the other side from where she had put her calf.While I was wondering what I could do next，I heard the sound of a mothers love.Ma Shwe had crossed the river and got up the bank and was making her way back as fast as she could，roaring(吼吼叫叫)all the time，but to her calf it was music.1What can be the best title for the text?AA Mothers Love BA Brave ActCA Deadly River DA Matter of Life and Death解解析析标标题题应应该该具具有有概概括括性性。文文章章先先向向读读者者展展示示了了一一幅幅惊惊心心动动魄魄的的画画面面，然然后后用用险险象象环环生生的的故故事事情情节节紧紧紧紧扣扣住住读读者者的的心心弦弦，最最后后十十分分自自然然而而又又含含蓄蓄地地点点明明了了文文章章的的主主旨旨，即即伟伟大大的的母母爱爱可可以以克克服服任任何何困困难难。由由此此可可见见无无论论是是湍湍急急的的河河流流，还还是是奇奇迹迹的的发发生生，最最终终都都是是为为刻刻画画大大象象的的母爱作铺垫的，所以母爱作铺垫的，所以A项为标题。项为标题。答案答案ABA chemical important of brain development may play a role in explaining why some people are genetically(由由基基因因决决定定地地)likely to suffer from anxiety and could lead to new treatments，U.S.researchers said.They said highly anxious rats which were kept had very low levels of a brain chemical called fibroblast growth factor 2 or FGF2，compared with rats that were more relaxed.But when they improved the anxious rats living conditionsgiving them new toys to explore and a bigger cage to live inlevels of this brain chemical increased and they became less anxious.“The levels of this brain chemical increased in response to the experiences that the rats were exposed to.It also decreased their anxiety”Javier Perez of the University of Michigan said in a telephone interview.“It made them behave the same way as the rats that were relaxed”，he said.In a former study of people who were severely depressed before they died，the team found the gene that makes FGF2 was producing very low levels of the growth factor，which is known primarily for organizing the brain during development and repairing it after injury.Perez thinks the brain chemical may be a marker for genetic vulnerability(脆脆弱弱性性)to anxiety and depression.But it can also respond to changes in the environment in a positive way，possibly by preserving new brain cells.While both the calm and anxious rats produced the same number of new brain cells，these cells were less likely to survive in the highanxiety rats，the team found.Giving the rats better living conditions or injecting them with FGF2 helped improve cell survival.“This discovery may pave the way for new，more specific treatments for anxiety that will not be based on sedation(药物镇静药物镇静)，but will instead fight the real cause of the disease，”Dr.Pier Vincenzo Piazza from France said in a statement.2Which of the following would be the most suitable title for the passage?AAnxious rats and relaxed ratsBAnxietya serious mental diseaseCScientific research into the brain is importantDBrain chemical may play key role in anxiety解解析析主主旨旨大大意意题题。本本文文主主要要介介绍绍了了科科学学家家发发现现大大脑脑里里有有一一种种化化学学物物质质对对人人类类的的焦焦虑虑有有很很大大的的影影响响，此此发发现现对对医医生生找找到到更更好好治治疗疗焦焦虑虑症症的的方方法法很很有有帮帮助助。故故D项项作作标标题题符合文章主旨。符合文章主旨。答案答案D要要恰恰当当地地选选好好标标题题，还还需需要要了了解解标标题题的的写写作作格格式式。一一般般来来说说，标标题题的的写写作作方方式式是是：以以话话题题为为核核心心，将将控控制制性性概概念念的的词词按按一一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。比比如如某某一一文文章章的的中中心心句句子子为为：Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world.话题：话题：Coffee控控制制性性概概念念：is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world标题：标题：Coffee Around the World注意，做此类题时，要避免下列三种错误：注意，做此类题时，要避免下列三种错误：1.概括不够概括不够(多表多表现为部分替代整体，从而导致范围太小现为部分替代整体，从而导致范围太小)；2.过度概括过度概括(多表多表现为人为扩大范围现为人为扩大范围)；3.以事实、细节替代抽象的大意。以事实、细节替代抽象的大意。第一节考向揭密第一节考向揭密只只有有准准确确理理解解全全部部细细节节，才才能能深深刻刻而而又又全全面面地地领领悟悟主主题题思思想想。因因为为段段落落中中的的细细节节都都是是用用来来阐阐明明主主旨旨大大意意的的，辅辅助助论论据据支支撑撑或或阐阐述述主主题题思思想想。因因此此，属属于于细细节节类类的的理理解解题题既既可可检检测测阅阅读读者者对对主主旨旨大大意意理理解解的的深深度度，又又可可测测定定他他们们对对每每个个细细节节准确领会的广度。准确领会的广度。在阅读考核中，查找主要事实或特定细节常见的题型是：在阅读考核中，查找主要事实或特定细节常见的题型是：细节理解细节理解 1Which of the following statements is(not)true(or correct)?2Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?3All of the following are true except .4The author(or the passage)states that .5According to the passage，when.?总之，细节理解题的六大类型是：总之，细节理解题的六大类型是：1直接信息题直接