高考必备语法动名词的用法ppt课件.pptx

动名词动名词一、概述一、概述和不定式一样,动名词也是非谓语动词的一种,它通常由动词原形加-ing构成。动名词有主动和被动两种语态,有一般式,完成式和进行式三种形式。如下表所示:语态时态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done完成进行式having been doing无动名词仍保留有动词的特征,可以和自己的逻辑主语、宾语和状语等构成动名词短语。动名词具有名词的功能,在句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。二、动名词的时态和语态形式二、动名词的时态和语态形式1.动名词的时态形式动名词的时态形式一般式动名词的一般式表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作同时发生,或者表示一种无时间性限制的经常性、习惯性的动作或状态。He enjoys writing letters in English.他喜欢用英语写信。Many young people like playing football.许多年轻人喜欢踢足球。完成式动名词的完成式表示动作或状态先于谓语动词的动作或状态,如:They regret having been unable to help you.他们为没能帮上你的忙而遗憾。After having written the letter,he went to post it.他写完信,就去寄它了。She regretted having missed the film.她后悔没有看到那部电影。完成进行式动名词的完成进行时表示动作发生于谓语动作之前,并一直持续到谓语动词的动作发生之时,或继续。如:Forgive me for my having been interrupting you so much.原谅我打扰你这么久。2.动名词的被动式动名词的被动式当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作的承受者时,用被动式。如:He climbed through the window without being seen.他从窗口爬进去,没有被人发现。She needs to work without being disturbed(=without people disturb her).她要在无人干扰的情况下才能工作。动名词的被动语态分成一般式和完成式两种。如:The railway is in the process of being constructed.铁路在兴建中。After having kept a prisoner in the Bastille for many years,Dr Manette had recently been set free.曼奈特医生被关在巴士底监狱许多年后,最近获释。特别提示:-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义在want,need,deserve,require 等动词后,总是用-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义,相当于“to be+过去分词”。如:My watch needs repairing(=to be repaired).我的手表需要修理。The house wants cleaning.这房屋需要打扫。在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样。如:The film is worth seeing.这部影片值得一看。The place is worth visiting.那个地方值得一游。三、动名词的否定式三、动名词的否定式动名词的否定式通常是在动名词前加否定词not。例如:I apologize for my not having kept promise.我没能遵守诺言,十分抱歉。I regret not being able to help you.我很抱歉不能帮助你。1.作主语作主语动名词作主语时,句子有两种形式:(1)动名词直接置于句首主语的位置上。Playing tricks on others is something we should never do.捉弄别人是我们万万不能干的。Learning new words is very important for me.学习新单词对我来说非常重要。Talking is easier than doing。说比做容易。(2)用形式主语it,把真正的主语动名词结构移置句尾。但这种句子形式有一定的限制,作表语的只能是某些形容词或少数名词,如useful,useless,good,fun，no use,worth等。例如:It is useless trying to argue with Shylock.和夏洛克争辩是没有什么用的。Its worth making the effort.这事值得去做。Is it any good trying to explain?想再解释一次有好处吗?It is pleasant working with you.跟你在一起工作是令人愉快的。(3)在there be结构中作主语,这种结构的意思相当于“It is impossible to do.”。例如:There is no hiding of evil but not to do it.若要人不知,除非己莫为。There is no joking about such matter。这种事开不得玩笑。There was no knowing when he would leave.无法知道他什么时候离开。注意:动名词与不定式作主语时的比较:动名词表示的动作通常是一个泛指的动作,不定式则通常表示具体的动作。例如:As a child,she felt that visiting sick people was a duty and a pleasure.还是个孩子的时候,她就觉得探视病人是一种责任,也是一种愉悦。Being a guest in an American home will be a good experience for me.到美国人家里做客对我来说将是一个极好的经历。Doing nothing is doing ill.什么也不做就是作恶。He said,“To go on like this is no use.”他说:“继续这样下去是无用的。”Its an honour for me to be invited to the party.我很荣幸被邀请参加这个晚会。归纳:常用-ing形式作主语的句型有:It+be+a waste of time doing 做是浪费时间的It is/was no good/use doing 做是没用处的It is/was hardly/scarcely worth doing 做不值得It is/was worth/worthwhile doing 做是值得的There is no doing 无法,不允许There is no sense in doing 做没有道理There is/was no use doing 干无意义 There is/was nothing worse than doing 没有比更糟的There is/was no point doing 干无意义There was no knowing where we would go.我们不知道要去哪儿。There is no point doing such a silly thing.做这件傻事毫无意义。注意:There is no need to do sth.干没必要,在此句式中to do 不可换为doing。There is no need to tell her.没有必要告诉她。提示:当动名词用作主语时,其逻辑主语由形容词性物主代词和名词所有格构成。My sisters being ill made we worried.我姐姐病了,使我很担心。Your being right doesnt necessarily mean my being wrong.你正确未必就意味着我错了。2.作动词的宾语作动词的宾语动名词作宾语有两种情况。一是有些动词只能后接动名词作宾语;二是有些动词既可后接动名词也可后接不定式作宾语。（1）只能后接动名词作宾语的动词,常见的有avoid,consider,enjoy,keep,finish,suggest,dislike,delay,escape,cannot help,imagine,mind,miss,practise,cannot stand等。如:I cant avoid going.我不能不去。Have you considered looking for one special friend?你是否考虑过找一位挚友?We must try to avoid repeating the same mistake.我们必须设法避免犯同样的错误。Do you feel like having a walk with me after supper?晚饭后你想和我一起散步吗?People couldnt help laughing foolish man.人们忍不住嘲笑那个愚蠢的人。这类动词还有:excuse,fancy,give up,put off,risk等。（2）既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词,常见的有:begin,start,continue,like,love,prefer,by,mean,forget,remember,hate等。A.在like,love,hate,prefer等动词之后,用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同,只是侧重点有些不同,动名词表示泛指的动作,不定式表示具体的一次性动作。例如:I considered going,but I have this composition to write.我考虑要去,可是我要写这篇作文。I enjoy learning about new things from politics to sports and music.我喜欢从政治、体育及音乐等方面学习新的事情。We believe that many more people will prefer to travel by air.我们相信将会有更多的人喜欢乘坐飞机旅行。在would likeloveprefer之后,只能用不定式。例如:Id prefer to do that tomorrow.这事我想明天再做。Id like to do some shopping,but not during the day.我倒是想去购物,但又不想白天去。Id like you to meet Dr Zhang.我想让你见一见张医生。Oh,I would love to be a contestant.噢,我倒是想做个参赛者。B.在begin/start,continue之后,用动名词和不定式,意义无甚区别,尤其是当主语是人的时候。例如:Jazz started developing in the 1920s in the Southern States.20年代爵士音乐在美国南部各州开始发展。The ship started to leak and begin to fill with water.船体开始出现漏洞,并开始进水Hank started to walk through the carriages to get back to his seat.汉克开始走回他自己坐的车厢。Journalists have to stop working on one story and start working immediately on the important new one.新闻记者不得不停下手中所写的,立刻开始写最新的重要新闻。当begin/start 与see,think,feel,understand等动词连用时,用不定式。例如:They began to understand how important the forest is.他们开始明白森林有多么重要。begin/start用进行式时,只能后接不定式。例如:I was beginning to wonder if it was easy enough to go on the climbing.我开始想继续往上爬会不会越来越难。Im starting to put on weight again.我又开始长胖了。C.在动词forget,remember,regret之后,用动名词与不定式意义不同。动名词表示动作先于谓语发生,不定式表示后于谓语动作,例如:I remember posting the letter.我记得我已把信寄了。Ill remember to post the letter.我会记着去寄信的。I shall never forget seeing the famous writer.我永远不会忘记见到过那位著名作家。Dont forget to write to your mother.不要忘了给你母亲写信。I regret missing the report.我真后悔没赶上那次报告会。I regret to say I cant take your advice.我遗憾地告诉你我不能接受你的建议。D.在try,mean之后,意义各不相同,如try to do(设法),try doing(试试),mean to do(打算,有意要做),mean doing(意思是,意味着)。例如:We must try to get everything done in time.我们必须设法及时把一切搞好。Lets try doing the working in some other way.我们用别的方法做这工作试试。I didnt mean to make you angry.我并不想叫你生气。Your plan would mean spending hours.你的计划意味着要花费几个小时。E.go on doing 和go on to dogo on doing继续做一直在做的事;go on to do接着做另一件事。例如:Please go on doing the same exercise.请接着做这同一个练习。Please go on to do the other exercise.请做另外一个练习。F.stop doing与stop to dostop doing停止做,stop to do停下正在干的事去干另一件事。如:We stopped talking.我们停止了交谈。We stopped to talk.我们停了下来去谈话。3.作介词的宾语作介词的宾语动名词可与介词一起构成介词短语。A.介词+动名词,如:Weve got to think of ways of changing peoples habits.我们得想些办法改变人们的习惯。I apologize for being so angry with you.我向你道歉,刚才对你那样生气After being away for several years,it is a strange experience to return to the place you were born and brought up.离开几年之后再回到你生长的地方,感觉有点怪。B.动词+介词+动名词,例如:I insist on taking proper food for this expedition.我坚持为这次出行带足需要的食物。Instead of smiling,each of them made a face.同学们脸上没有笑容,相反都做了怪脸。She was very interested in working for our company.她对为我们公司工作很感兴趣。下列短语中的to都是介词,所以后面跟名词或-ing形式:devote to,object to,pay attention to,get down to,lead to,look forward to,stick to,be used to等。