《质性研究入门》PPT课件.ppt

LOGO质性研究入门质性研究入门质性研究入门质性研究入门章崇会研究问题研究问题研究目的研究目的研究背景研究背景研究方法研究方法研究效度研究效度研究时代背景下的人性问题v我们必须借有适当的我们必须借有适当的“中介中介”来认识研究对象。你没有相来认识研究对象。你没有相应的背景，就看不出来，就是从实际出发就是看看到底怎应的背景，就看不出来，就是从实际出发就是看看到底怎么回事？么回事？v中介：创造出各种超验的哲学学说，如人类为了寻求最根中介：创造出各种超验的哲学学说，如人类为了寻求最根本的东西的意义，创造本体论（可能隐藏在经验背后），本的东西的意义，创造本体论（可能隐藏在经验背后），它在一段时间内就是人们普遍认为的超验的存在。它在一段时间内就是人们普遍认为的超验的存在。v社会科学的哲学背景：社会科学的哲学背景：本体论论(ontology)无本体论；无本体论；主客体关系主客体关系主体间（主体间（intersubjective）关系；现象学）关系；现象学（本质即现象）（本质即现象）-阐释学（理解和阐释）阐释学（理解和阐释）-建构主义（建建构主义（建构现实）构现实）。In search of excellence:lessons form Americas best-run companies vPeters and Waterman(1982)vThey visited companies,conducted extensive interviews,and studied corporate documents.vThey extracted eight attributes of excellence:a bias for action;close to the customer;autonomy and entrepreneurship;productivity through people;hands-on,value-driven;stick to the knitting;simple form,lean staff;and simultaneous loose-tight properties.vTheir research helped launch the quality movement that has now moved from business world to not-for-profit organizations and government.Highly effective peoplevStephen covey(1990)vCase studies and identified seven habits these people practice:being proactive;beginning with the end in mind;putting first things first;think win/win;seeking first to understand,then seeking to be understood;synergizing,or engaging in creative cooperation;self-renewal.An astute and dedicated observer of relationshipvClark Moustakeas(1995),a humanistic psychologist and phenomenologist.vDrew deeply on his own experiences and clinical cases to identify,distinguish,and elaborate three primary processes that contribute to the development of a relationship:Being-in,Being-for,and Being with.Being with,a sense of joint enterprisetwo people fully involved,struggling,exploring,sharing.vThrough cases,dialogues,quotations,case,and introspective reflections.Author illuminates the process of moving the process and exemplifies the contribution of phenomenological inquiry to humanistic psychology.The design of a research study begins with the selection of a topic and a paradigm.A paradigm is essentially a worldview,a whole framework of beliefs,values and methods within which research takes place.It is this world view within which researchers work.Aim for credibilityvThe theoretical positioning of the researchervThe congruence between methodology and methodsvThe strategies to establish rigorvThe analytic lens through which the data are examinedTheoretical positioningvRefers to the researchers motives,presuppositions,and personal history that leads him or her toward,and subsequently shapes,a particular inquiry.vA further positioning occurs through disciplinary socialization to particular research approaches.Disciplinary socialization occurs when a research receives his or her research training within a disciplinary culture or setting where a particular approach is well known and accepted.Their failure to address these foundations may be more reflection of their educational exposure than their personal research capacity.Investigators must also demonstrate congruence between the questions posed and the generic approach employed.Methodology and methodsvThe terms methodology and method are used synonymously or are used in an inconsistent manner.So relevant methodological issues and method must be understood and clearly articulated in generic qualitative studies.Disciplinary allegiances must be made explicit then for two reason:1.As a signal to the researchers theoretical positioning2.As an indication of the possible disciplinary-related methodological interpretations and associated methods of authorsThe strategies to establish rigorvOur position is that qualitative researchers need to:1.Articulate a knowledgeable,theoretically informed choice regarding their approach to rigor2.Select an approach that is philosophically and methodologically congruent with their inquiryResearchers approaches to these two issues must reflect an understanding that rigor is a deeply theoretical issue,not a technical onevInvestigators need to ensure rigor by adhering to principles that are congruent with the assumptions of the approach they are using.If a participatory action approach is used,the study may be evaluated the degree to which the collaboration was achieved,and change facilitated among participants and researchers.vThe research choices made in any generic study are informed by a set of assumptions,preconceptions and beliefs.These influences need to be articulated.The analytic lensvRefer to the methodological and interpretive presuppositions that a researcher brings to bear on his or her data.The analytic lens is about how the researcher engages with his or her data.vIdentification of the researchers position is of the utmost importance,and researchers must make their own assumptions clear,as well as ensure that the methods they choose are congruent with those assumptions.Variety in qualitative inquiryvLincoln and Guba(2000)identify five“alternative inquiry paradigms”:positivism,post-positivism,critical theory,constructivism,and participatory.vSchwandt(2000)discusses“three epistemological stances for qualitative inquiry:interpretivism,hermeneutics,and social constructionism”.vCrotty(1998)offers three primary epistemological influences:objectivism,constructionism,and subjectivism;these,he posits have influences in varying degrees different theoretical perspectives:positivism(and postpositivism),interpretivism(symbolic interaction,phenmenology,hermeneutics),critical inquiry,feminism,and postmodernism.vCreswell(1998)distinguishes“five qualitative traditions of inquiry”:biography,phenomenology,grounded theory,ethnography,and case study.Distinguish them by answers to six core questionsvWhat do we believe about the nature of reality?(ontological)vHow do we know what we know?(epistemological)vHow should we study the world?(methodological)vWhat is worth knowing?(philosophical debates about what matters and why)vWhat questions should we ask?(disciplinary and interdisciplinary debates about the importance of various burning questions,inquiry traditions,and areas of inquiry)vHow do we personally engage in inquiry?(praxis debates about interjecting personal experiences and values into the inquiry,including issues of voice and political action)EthnographyvWhat is the culture of this group of people?vCulture is that collection of behavior patterns and beliefs that constitutes“standards for deciding what is,standards for deciding what can be,standards for deciding how one feels about it,standards for what to do about it,and standards for deciding how to go about doing it”(Goodenough 1971:21-22).vThere is debate about the nature of its essence(Douglass 2000)as well as several different styles of ethnography,including the classic holistic style of Benedict and Mead,the semiotic style of Boas and Geertz,and the behaviorist style of the Whitings(Sanday 1983).vAnthropologist have traditionally studied nonliterate cultures.vModern anthropologists apply ethnographic methods to the study of contemporary society and social problems,for example,technological diffusion,globalization,environmental degradation,poverty,the gap between rich and poor,and societal breakdown(Scudder 1999);education(Sprindler and Hammond 2000);addiction(Agar 1986;Agar and Reisinger 1999);and international border conflicts(Hart 1999).The importance of understanding culture,especially in relation to change efforts of all kinds,is the cornerstone of“applied ethnography”as it emerged in modern society(Chambers 2000)vSince the 1980s,understanding culture has become central in organizational studies(Morgan 1986,1989;Pettigrew 1983),in much organizational development work(Raia and Margulies 1985;Louis 1983),including major efforts to change an organizations culture(Schein 1985;Silverzweig and Allen 1976).Organizational ethnography has a distinguished historySocial construction and constructivismvHow have the people in this setting constructed reality?What are their reported perceptions,“truth”,explanations,beliefs,and world-view?What are the consequences of their constructions for their behaviors and for those with whom they interact?vWhat is defined or perceived by people as real is real in its consequences.Gube and Lincoln(1989):1.Truth is a matter of consensus among informed and sophisticated constructors,not of correspondence with objective reality.2.Fact have no meaning except within some value framework,hence there can not be an“objective”assessment of any proposition.3.Cause and effects do not exist except by imputation.4.Phenomena can only be understood within the context in which are studied;findings from one context cannot be generalized to another;neither problems nor solutions can be generalized from one setting to another.5.Data derived from constructivist inquiry have neither status nor legitimation;they represent simply another construction to be taken into account in the move toward consensus.(pp.44-45)phenomenologyvWhat is the meaning,structure,and essence of the lived experience of this phenomenon for this person or group of people?vAs a philosophical tradition,it was first used in the development of a rigorous science by philosopher Edmund H.Husserl(1859-1938).The work of Alfred Schutz(1899-1959)was important influence in applying and establishing phenomenology as a major social science perspective(Schutz 1977).Now it has become important in certain approaches to psychotherapy(Moustakas 1988,1995).vVarying forms complicate the picture even more;transcendental,existential,and hermeneutic phenomenology offer different nuances of focusthe essential meanings of individual experience,the social construction of group reality,and the language and structure of communication,respectively(Schwandt 2001:191-194).vFocus on exploring how human beings make sense of experience and transform experience into consciousness,both individually and as shared meaning.This requires methodologically,carefully,and thoroughly capturing and describing how people experience some phenomenon.To gather such data,one must undertake in-depth interviews with people who have directly experienced the phenomenon of interest;that is,they have“lived experience”Symbolic interactionvWhat common set of symbols and understandings has emerged to give meaning to peoples interactions?vIt,a social-psychological approach closely associated with George Herbert Mead(1934)is a perspective that places great emphasis on the importance of meaning and interpretation as essential human processes in reaction against behaviorism and mechanical stimulus-response psychology.Blumer articulated three major premises as fundamental to symbolic interactionism:1.Human being act toward things on the basis of the meanings that the things have for them.2.The meaning of things arises out of the social interaction one has with ones fellows.3.The meanings of things are handled in and modified through an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he or she encounters.vLabeling theorythe proposition that what people are called has major consequences for social interactionhas been a primary focus of inquiry in symbolic interaction.Orientational qualitative inquiry:feminist inquiry,critical theory,and queer theory as examplesvIt begins with an explicit theoretical or ideological perspective that determines what conceptual framework will direct fieldwork and the interpretation of findings.vA feminist perspective presumes the importance of gender in human relationships and societal processes and orients the study in that direction(Guerrero 1999b;Ribbens and Edwards 1998;Maguire 1996).It has principles:1.A sense of connectedness and equality between researcher and researched2.Explicitly acknowledging and valuing“womens ways of knowing”including integrating reason,emotion,intuition,experience,and analytic thought3.Participatory processes that support consciousness-raising and the researcher reflexivity4.Engage in using knowledge for change,especially“knowledge about women that will contribute to womens liberation and emancipation”vQueer theory,an orientational approach focused on sexual orientation,“took social constructionist critique of the unified,autonomous self”vCritical theory is concerned in particular with issues of power and justice and the ways that the economy,matters of race,class,and gender,ideologies,discourses,education,religion and other social institutions and cultural dynamics interact to construct a social system.inquiry that aspires to the name critical must be connected to an attempt to confront the injustice of a particular society.Strategic themes in qualitative inquiryvDesign strategies1.Naturalistic inquiry2.Emergent design3.PurposefulvData collection and Fieldwork strategies1.Qualitative data2.Personal experience and engagement3.Empathic neutrality and mindfulness4.Dynamic systemsvAnalysis strategies1.Unique case orientation2.Inductive analysis and creative synthesis3.Holistic perspective4.Context sensitivity5.Voice,perspective,and reflexivityNaturalistic inquiryvObservations take place in real-world settings and people are interviewed with open-ended questions in places and under conditions that are comfortable for and familiar to them.vIn a wilderness-based leadership training program,the only“unnatural”elements of researchers participation is that:1.Everyone knew I was taking notes to document what happened2.At the end of I conducted open-ended,conversational interviews with staff.Emergent designvIt cannot be given in advance;it must emerge,develop,unfoldvDesign flexibility stems form the open-ended nature of naturalistic inquiry as well as pragmatic considerations.vDoctoral students doing qualitative dissertations will usually be expected to present fairly detailed fieldwork proposals and interview schedules so that the approving doctoral committee can guide the student and be sure that the proposed work will lead to satisfying degree requirements.Personal experience and engagementvDirect personal experience and engagement:going into the field.vIn thinking about the issue of closeness to the people and situations being studied,it is useful to remember that many major contributions to our understanding of the world have come form scientists personal experiences.One finds many instances where closeness to sources of data made key insights possiblePiagets closeness to his children,Freuds proximity to and empathy with his patients,Darwins closeness to nature,In short,closeness doesnt make bias and loss of perspective inevitable;distance is no guarantee of objectivity.Empathic neutralityvThe ideals of absolute objectivity and value-free science are impossible to attain in practice and are of questionable desirability in the first place since they ignore the intrinsically social nature and human purposes of research.vPreferring such language as trustworthiness and authenticity to supersede the hot button term objective and the epithet sub