语言和认知幻灯片.ppt

语言和认知语言和认知第1页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三1.What is Cognition?n nMental processes,information processingn nMental process,including awareness,perception,reasoning,and judgment.认知认知cognition，指通过心理活动（如形成，指通过心理活动（如形成概念、知觉、判断或想象）获取知识。习惯上概念、知觉、判断或想象）获取知识。习惯上将认知与情感、意志相对应。将认知与情感、意志相对应。2第2页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nThe formal approach:形式法形式法.n nThe psychological approach:心理学方法心理学方法.n nThe conceptual approach:认知法认知法3第3页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三2.Psycholinguisticsn nPsychological aspects of language.n nPsychological states and mental activity with the use of language.n nLanguage acquisition,language production&comprehension.4第4页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nLanguage acquisition(L1/L2)n nLanguage comprehensionn nLanguage productionn nLanguage disordersn nLanguage and Thoughtn nNeurocognitionSix subjects of research5第5页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三2.1 Language Acquisition6第6页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nThree-word-utterance stagen nGive doggie paper.n nPut truck window.n nTractor go floor.7第7页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三2.2 Language comprehensionn nMental lexicon:information about the properties of words,retrievable when understanding language8第8页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nFor example,we may use morphological rules to decompose a complex word like rewritable the first few times we encounter it and after several exposures we may store and access it as a unit or word.n nIt means that frequency of exposure determines our ability to recall stored instances.9第9页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Lexical ambiguityn nAll the meanings related to the word are accessed.n nOnly one meaning is accessed initially.10第10页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nAre you engaged?n nMy friend drove me to the bank.n nThey passed the port at midnight.n nPlease give me a camel.n n上课上课n n做手术做手术11第11页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三The clerk(entering):Are you engaged?Augustus:What business is that of yours?However,if you will take the trouble to read the society papers for this week,you will see that I am engaged to the Honourable Lucy Popham,youngest daughter of.The clerk:That isnt what I mean.Can you see a female?Augustus:Of course,I can see a female as easily as a male.Do you suppose I am blind?(George Bernard Shaw:(George Bernard Shaw:Augustus Does His BitAugustus Does His Bit)12第12页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Lexical factors in comprehension n nThe human sentence processor is primarily guided by information about specific words that is stored in the lexicon.13第13页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Syntactic ambiguityn nDifferent possible ways in which words can be fit into phrases.n nAmbiguous category of some of the words in the sentence.14第14页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nJohn painted the car in the garage.15第15页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nMay likes the vase on the cupboard which she bought yesterday.n nThe students will discuss their plan to hold a dancing party in the classroom.n nI know Simon better than you.n nTell me if you have time.16第16页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nMy brother wasnt reading all the time.n nThe chairman appointed Mr.Brown an assistant.n nThe scholar wrote long thesis and books.n nFlying planes can be dangerous.17第17页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三1.1.John went into a restaurant.He asked the waitress for coq au vin.He ate it,paid the bill and left.(perfectly understandable)2.2.John went into a restaurant.He saw a waitress.He got up and went home.(does not seem to make sense)18第18页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三 一天，我在看中央三台的一天，我在看中央三台的中国音乐电视。我正看得中国音乐电视。我正看得津津有味的时候，老妈回津津有味的时候，老妈回来了说：来了说：“这是谁啊？这是谁啊？”当时正是龙宽九段在唱歌。当时正是龙宽九段在唱歌。我就说：我就说：“龙宽九段。龙宽九段。”这时，老妈一本正经的问：这时，老妈一本正经的问：“九段？下围棋的啊？她九段？下围棋的啊？她还能唱歌啊？还能唱歌啊？”19第19页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Pragmatic ambiguityn nThere is a fly in my soup.n nToday is Sunday.n n“Do you enjoy sitting beside me?”she asked coldly.n n“Oh,no,”I said.n n“Well,you are not wanted here.”(W.E.B.DuBois,“On Being Crazy”)(W.E.B.DuBois,“On Being Crazy”)20第20页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三2.3 Language productionn nAccess to wordsn nConceptualization:what to expressn nWord selection:a competitive processn nMorpho-phonological encoding:target words21第21页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nWritten language productionn nSimilar to spoken language.n nOrthographic form instead of phonological form.n nHowever,phonology plays an important role in this process.n nWriters have more time available for conceptual preparation and planning.22第22页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三3.Cognitive Linguisticsn nCognition is the way we think.n nCognitive linguistics is the scientific study of the relation between the way we communicate and the way we think.n nIt is an approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it.23第23页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Three main approachesn nThe Experiential Viewn n经验观经验观n nThe Prominence Viewn n凸显观凸显观n nThe Attentional Viewn n注意观注意观24第24页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Experiential viewn nCar:a box-like shape,wheels,doors,windows comfort,speed,mobility,independence,social status25第25页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Prominence viewn nThe selection and arrangement of the information that is expressed.n nThe car crashed into the tree.n nThe tree is hit by the car.26第26页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Attentional viewn nWhat we actually express reflects which parts of an event attract our attention.n nThe car crashed into the tree.a.a.How the car started to swerve;b.b.How it skidded across the road;c.c.How it rumbled onto the verge.27第27页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三3.1 Construal 识解识解n nConstrual:the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in different ways28第28页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三29第29页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nFigure-ground reversal30第30页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nThe tree is in front of the man.n nThe man is behind the tree.31第31页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三3.2 Categorizationn nThe process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differencesn n“范畴范畴”一词在认知语言学中是个用途很广而一词在认知语言学中是个用途很广而且含义模糊的术语。一种事物及其类似成员可且含义模糊的术语。一种事物及其类似成员可以构成一个范畴，一类事物及其包含的事物可以构成一个范畴，一类事物及其包含的事物可以构成一个范畴。以构成一个范畴。32第32页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n n纳米纳米 高分子高分子 碳纤维碳纤维n n蓝色农业蓝色农业n n贫铀弹贫铀弹 燃料电池燃料电池n n人文发展指数人文发展指数33第33页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Basic level Superordinate level Animal Horse DogCat Chihuahua German dachshund shepherdSubordinate levelVertical organization34第34页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三3.3 Image Scheman nJohnson,Mark.1987.The body in the mind:The bodily basis of meaning,imagination,and reason.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.35第35页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nAn image-schema is a“skeletal”mental representation of a recurrent pattern of embodied(especially spatial or kinesthetic)experience.n nThey are highly schematic representations of perceptually grounded experience.n nThey emerge from our embodied interactions with the world.36第36页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Center-periphery schema n nInvolves n na physical or metaphorical core and edge,and n ndegrees of distance from the core.n nExamples(English):n nThe structure of an apple n nAn individuals perceptual sphere n nAn individuals social sphere,with family and friends at the core and others having degrees of peripherality 37第37页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Containment schema n nInvolves a physical or metaphorical n nboundary n nenclosed area or volume,or n nexcluded area or volume.38第38页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nBodily experience:human bodies as containers.n nStructural elements:interior,boundary,exteriorn nBasic logic:For all A,X,either IN(X,A)or not.n nFor all A,B,X,if CONTAINER(A)and CONTAINER(B)and IN(A,B)and IN(X,A),then IN(X,B).n nThe ship is coming into view.n nShes deep in thought.n nWe stood in silence.39第39页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Cycle schema n nInvolves repetitious events and event series.Its structure includes the following:n nA starting point n nA progression through successive events without backtracking n nA return to the initial state n nThe schema often has superimposed on it a structure that builds toward a climax and then goes through a release or decline.40第40页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nExamples(English)n nDays n nWeeks n nYears n nSleeping and waking n nBreathing n nCirculation n nEmotional buildup and release 41第41页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三End-of-path schema n nAn image schema in which a location is understood as the termination of a prescribed path n nExample(English):In the following sentence,it is understood that one must traverse the hill before reaching Sams home,which is at the end of the path:n nSam lives over the hill.42第42页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Force schema n nInvolves physical or metaphorical causal interaction.It includes the following elements:n nA source and target of the force n nA direction and intensity of the force n nA path of motion of the source and/or target n nA sequence of causation 43第43页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nExamples(English):n nPhysical:Wind,Gravityn nStructural elements:force,path,entity,etc.n nInteraction,directionality,causalityn nCompulsionn nBlockagen nCounterforcen nDiversionn nRemoval of restraint44第44页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Link scheman nConsists of two or more entities,connected physically or metaphorically,and the bond between them.Entity AEntity B45第45页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nExamples(English):n nA child holding her mothers hand n nSomeone plugging a lamp into the wall n nA causal“connection”n nKinship“ties”46第46页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Part-whole schema n nInvolves physical or metaphorical wholes along with their parts and a configuration of the parts.n nExamples(English):n nPhysical:The body and its parts n nMetaphorical:The family;The caste structure of India 47第47页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Path scheman nInvolves physical or metaphorical movement from place to place,and n nconsists of a starting point,a goal,and a series of intermediate points.48第48页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nExamples(English):n nPhysical:Paths;Trajectories n nMetaphorical:The purpose-as-physical-goal metaphor,as expressed in the following sentences:n nTom has gone a long way toward changing his personality.n nYou have reached the midpoint of your flight training.n nShes just starting out to make her fortune.n nJane was sidetracked in her search for self-understanding.49第49页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Scale scheman nInvolves an increase or decrease of physical or metaphorical amount,and n nconsists of any of the following:n nA closed-or open-ended progression of amount n nA position in the progression of amount n nOne or more norms of amount n nA calibration of amount 50第50页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nExamples:n nPhysical amounts n nProperties in the number system n nEconomic entities such as supply and demand 51第51页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Verticality scheman nInvolves“up”and“down”relations.n nExamples:n nStanding upright n nClimbing stairs n nViewing a flagpole n nWatching water rise in a tub A B 52第52页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三3.4 Metaphorn nGeorge Lakoff and Mark Johnson(1980).Metaphors We Live By.University of Chicago Press.53第53页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Conceptual Metaphor Theoryn nMetaphors are actually cognitive tools that help us structure our thoughts and experiences in the world around us.n nMetaphor is a conceptual mapping,not a linguistic one,from one domain to another,not from a word to another.54第54页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nTarget domain-what is actually being talked about.n nSource domain-the domain used as a basis for understanding targetn nOntological correspondencen nEpistemic correspondence Target domain Source domain RATIONAL ARGUMENTWAR55第55页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三The epistemic correspondence56第56页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Example:LIFE IS A JOURNEYOntological correspondence:source:JOURNEYtarget:LIFESTARTING POINTBIRTHTRAVELERPERSONPATHAGINGDESTINATIONDEATHOBSTACLESPROBLEMS IN LIFECROSSROADSCHOICES57第57页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Epistemic correspondencen nTRAVELER LEAVES STARTING POINTPERSON IS BORNn nTRAVELER TRAVELS ALONG PATHPERSON AGESn nTRAVELER FACES A CROSSROADPERSON MUST TAKE A CHOICEn nTRAVELER FACES AN OBSTACLEPERSON HAD PROBLEMS IN LIFEn nTRAVELER REACHES DESTINATIONPERSON DIES58第58页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Structural Metaphor n nProvides rich highly structured,clearly delineated source domain to structure target domain.n nThe nature of the mapping:The mapping involves two types of correspondence between target and source domain,which are both grounded in our experiences in the world.59第59页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Example:n nARGUMENT IS WAR:n nYour claims are indefensible.n nHe attacked every weak point in my argument.n nHis criticisms were right on target.n nI demolished his argument.n nIve never won an argument with him.n nYou disagree?OK,shoot!n nIf you use that strategy,hell wipe you out.n nHe shot down all of my arguments.60第60页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三Orientational Metaphorn nGives a concept a spatial orientationn nCharacterized by a co-occurrence in our experiencen nGrounded in an experiential basis,which link together the two parts of the metaphorn nThe link verb“is”,part of the metaphor,should be seen as the link of two different co-occurring experiences.61第61页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nFor example,n nMORE IS UPn nThis metaphor is grounded in the co-occurrence of two different kinds of experiences:n nadding more of a substance,andn nperceiving the level of the substance rise.62第62页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nExamples:n nHAPPY IS UP;SAD IS DOWNn nThat boosted my spiritsn nIm feeling downn nIm depressedn nCONSCIOUS IS UP;UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWNn nWake upn nHe fell asleepn nHes under hypnosis63第63页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三3.5 Metonymyn nIt is a cognitive process in which one conceptual entity,the vehicle,provides mental access to another conceptual entity,the target,within the same domain.n nThe reference point activates the target.64第64页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nIt is modeled as n nidealized cognitive models(ICMs)by Lakoff(1987),n nconceptual mappings by Radden&Kovecses(1999),n ndomain highlighting by Croft(2002),n ncombinations of mappings and highlighting by Ruiz de Mendoza(2000),n nscenarios by Panther&Thornburg(1999)and n nmore generally as reference-point activation by Langacker(1999)and Barcelona(2000).65第65页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nOn the basis of the ontological realms,we may distinguish three categories:n nthe world of“concept”n nthe world of“form”n nthe world of“things”and“events”n nThey roughly correspond to the three entities that comprise the well-known semantic triangle.n nThe interrelations between entities of the same or from different ontological realms lead to various ICMs and possibilities for metonymy.n nThus,we have three ICMs in ontological realms:Sign ICMs,Reference ICMs and Concept ICMs.66第66页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三n nTwo general conceptual configurations:n nwhole ICM and its part(s)n nparts of an ICM.(1)Whole ICM and its part(s)(i)Thing-and-Part ICM,which may lead to two metonymic variants:n nWHOLE THING FOR A PART OR THE THING:America for“United States”n nPART OF A THNG FOR THE WHOLE THING:England for“Great Britain”67第67页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三(ii)Scale ICM.Scales are a special class of things and the scalar units are parts of them.Typically,a scale as a whole is used for its upper end and the upper end of a scale is used to stand for the scale as a whole:n nWHOLE SCALE FOR UPPER END OF THE SCALE:Henry is speeding again for“Henry is going too fast.”n nUPPER END OF A SCALE FOR WHOLE SCALE:How old are you?for“what is your age?”68第68页，共95页，编辑于2022年，星期三(iii)Constitution ICM.It involves matter,material or substances which are seen as con