转换生成语法幻灯片.ppt

转换生成语法第1页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Institute professor and professor Emeritus of linguistics of M.I.T.NoamChomskyDec.7,1928Americanlinguist第2页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二1.Chomskys GB Theory(管辖和约束理论管辖和约束理论)2.Minimalist Program （最简方案）（最简方案）第3页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二GB Theory(管辖与约定理论)BackgroundIn1979,ChomskydeliveredaseriesoflecturesinPisa,Italy,whichwerereviselaterandpublishedin1981underthetitleofLectures on Government and Binding(管辖与约束理论讲座).第4页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二管辖与约束理论讲座管辖与约束理论讲座以管辖和约束论集为代表。这本书是根据乔姆斯基1979年在意大利比萨的一次学术会议上提出的“管辖”和“约束”理论整理成的。这一阶段的理论有两个重大变化：一是在原来的规则系统之外增加了原则系统，二是提出了“虚范畴”。第5页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Government and binding is a theory of syntax in the tradition of transformational grammar developed principally by Noam Chomsky in the 1980s.This theory is a radical revision of his earlier theories and was later revised in The Minimalist Program(1995)and several subsequent papers,the latest being Three Factors in Language Design(2005).GB Theory(管辖与约定理论)第6页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二The name refers to two central sub-theories of the theory:government,which is an abstract syntactic relation,and binding,which deals with the referents of pronouns,anaphors,and referential expressions.GB was the first theory to be based on the principles and parameters model of language,which also underlies the later developments of the Minimalist Program.GB Theory(管辖与约定理论)第7页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Governmentisdefinedasfollows:AgovernsBifandonlyifAisagovernorandAc-commandBandnobarrierintervenesbetweenAandB.Government(管辖)其定义为其定义为:A A是管辖语是管辖语 A A统治统治B B A A和和B B之间无障碍之间无障碍第8页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Governors are heads of the lexical categories(V,N,A,P)and tensed I(T).A c-commands B if A does not dominate B and B does not dominate A and the first maximal projection of A dominates B.The maximal projection of a head X is XP.This means that for example in a structure like the following,A c-commands B,but B does not c-command A:Government(管辖)第9页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二APXAABPYBAc-commandBGovernment(管辖)第10页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二C-command:(成分统制)constituentcommandtherelationbetweenanelementandanotherofthesamelevelandunderthesamenodeinatreediagram.ABCDEFGovernment(管辖)第11页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Anotherdefinitionofgovernment:Itreferstoatypeofcontrolovertheformofsomewordsbyotherwordsincertainsyntacticconstruction.Forexample:speak about the languageGovernment(管辖)第12页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二VPVPPPNPDetNspeakaboutthelanguageVP:VerbphrasePP:PrepositionalphraseDet:DeterminerGovernment(管辖)第13页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Inthiscase,therearetwogovernmentrelation：aboutgovernsthe languagespeakgovernsabout the languageGovernment(管辖)To summarize,an element governs another if the two are under the same notion directly,and the former is the head of the construction.第14页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二 Binding theory provides constraints on the coreference possibilities of nominal term elements：anaphors(照应语照应语),pronouns(代词代词)and referring expressions（指称语）（指称语）.Binding theory(约束)第15页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Now,bindingtheorystatesthefollowing:1.an anaphor is bound in a local domain 2.a pronominal is free in a local domain 3.an r-expression is free (in the domain of the head of his chain)Binding theory(约束)第16页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Bindingcanbedefinedasfollows:AbindsBifandonlyifi.Ac-commandsBii.AandBarecoindexed/co-referent.Binding theory(约束)第17页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Now,considerthesentenceJohn saw his mother.Inthissentence,Johnc-commandshisbecausehisiswithinthegoverningcategoryofJohn.Johnandhisarealsoco-referent(theyrefertothesameperson),therefore,Johnbindshis.Binding theory(约束)第19页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Binding theory(约束)第20页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Ontheotherhand,inthesentence“A friend of John saw his mother”,“John”doesnotc-command“his”,sotheyhavenobindingrelationship,regardlessofwhethertheyareco-referent.Binding theory(约束)第21页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Theimportanceofbindingisshowninthegrammaticallyofthefollowingsentences:1.John saw him.(ungrammatical with co-reference)2.John saw himself.(unambiguously co-referent)3.Himself saw John.(ungrammatical)4.John saw John.(ungrammatical,unless it refers to distinct Johns)Binding theory(约束)第22页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二BackgroundIn1992,Chomskywroteanessay“AMinimalistProgramforLanguageTheory”,collectedinhisThe Minimalist Program(1995),markinganewstageofhisgenerativegrammar.Minimalistprogram(最简方案)第23页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Minimalistprogram(最简方案)The Principle of EconomyBare Phrase StructurePhase第24页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Thenewresearchdirectioninvolvesthefurtherdevelopmentofideasinvolvingeconomy of derivationandeconomy of representationwhichhadstartedtobecomesignificantintheearly1990s,butwerestillratherperipheralaspectsofTGGtheory.The Principle of Economy第25页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Economy of derivation：Definitionaprinciplestatingthatmovements(i.e.transformations)onlyoccurinordertomatchinterpretable featureswithuninterpretable features.The Principle of Economy第26页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二An example of an interpretable feature is the plural inflection on regular English nouns,e.g.dogs.The word dogs can only be used to refer to several dogs,not a single dog,and so this inflection contributes to meaning,making it interpretable.English verbs are inflected according to the number of their subject(e.g.Dogs bite vs A dog bites),but this information is only interpretable once a relationship is formed between the subject and the verb,so movement of the subject is required.The Principle of Economy第27页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Principlethatgrammaticalstructuresmustexistforapurpose,i.e.thestructureofasentenceshouldbenolargerormorecomplexthanrequiredtosatisfyconstraintsongrammaticality.Economy of Representation第28页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Bare Phrase Structure(BPS),is a minimalist theory of phrase structure(sentence building in simple terms).It was developed by Noam Chomsky.This theory contrast with the X-bar theory:Bare Phrase Structure第29页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Contrast:1.BPS is explicitly derivational.2.BPS does not have a preconceived phrasal structure,while in X-Bar Theory,every phrase has a specifier,a head,and a complement.3.BPS permits only binary branching,while X-Bar Theory permits both binary and unary branching.4.BPS does not distinguish between a“head”and a“terminal”,while some versions of X-Bar Theory require such a distinction.第30页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二BPSincorporatestwobasicoperations:Merge(合并)andMove(移动).Merge is a function that takes two objects(say and)and merges them into an unordered set with a label(either or,in this case).The label identifies the properties of the phrase.Merge(,),。Bare Phrase Structure第31页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二For example,Merge can operate on the lexical items drink and water to give drink water.Note that the phrase drink water behaves more like the verb drink than like the noun water.That is,wherever we can put the verb drink we can usually put the phrase drink water.I like to _(drink)/(drink water).(Drinking/Drinking water)_ is fun.Bare Phrase Structure第32页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二So,we identify the phrase with a label.In the case of drink water,the label is drink since the phrase acts as a verb.For simplicity,we call this phrase a verb phrase or VP.Now if we were to Merge cold and water to get cold water,then we would have a noun phrase or NP with the label water.The reader can verify that the phrase cold water can appear in the same environments as the noun water in the three test sentences above.So,for drink water we have the following:Bare Phrase StructureMerge(drink,water)drink,drink,water第33页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二drink/drinkwateror,withmoretechnicalterms,as:VP/drinkwaterBare Phrase Structure第34页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二AphaseisasyntacticdomainfirsthypothesizedbyNoamChomskyin1998.Simplesentenceisoftendecomposedintotwophases,CPandvP(seeX-bartheory).ThevPexpressesthebasicpropositonandtheCPaddsallotheraspectsofmeaning.Movementofaconstituentoutofaphaseis(inthegeneralcase)onlypermittediftheconstituenthasfirstmovedtotheleftedgeofthephase.Phase第35页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二ThisconditionisdescribedinthePhase Impenetrability Condition,whichhasbeenvariouslyformulatedwithintheliterature.Initsoriginalconception,onlythevPintransitiveandunergativeverbsconstitutephases.ThevPinpassivesandunaccusativeverbs(ifevenpresent)arenotphases.Phase第36页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二最简方案最简方案与管约理论相比，最简方案理论有几个显著的变化：与管约理论相比，最简方案理论有几个显著的变化：首先，他抛弃了管约理论中的一些具体的分析模型，深层结首先，他抛弃了管约理论中的一些具体的分析模型，深层结构和表层结构这两个分析层次也不复存在。构和表层结构这两个分析层次也不复存在。其次，管约理论中的重要概念其次，管约理论中的重要概念“管辖管辖”也被舍弃不用，而代也被舍弃不用，而代之以若干修正后的概念来解释管辖理论所概括的事实。之以若干修正后的概念来解释管辖理论所概括的事实。第37页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二Thank you!第38页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期二