2023年语用培训心得.docx
2023年语用培训心得 第一篇:语用培训心得 昌吉市 昌吉市 昌吉市 其次篇:语用学习培训心得 从教“课文到“教语文的必定转变培训心得 滨湖镇中心学校 陈晶 本学期,我有幸参与了昌吉市小学语文学科“把握课标理念精髓,落实学习语言文字运用的专题培训,培训之前,盛老师用自己的亲身阅历的四个小故事说明白,为什么要组织全市小学语文老师进行这次培训的缘由,强调了语文老师确定要从 “教课文,走向“教语文的必定转变,转变的关键是老师的观念要变,老师的转型是必定的趋势。然后,盛老师向我们展示了一节示范课桥上课之前,盛老师给全体听课老师布置了四个听课任务: 1、教课老师教什么? 2、授课老师怎么教? 3、学生的学习效果怎么样? 4、在这节课中,授课老师有没有什么问题?应当怎么改?你有什么建议?在整堂课中,盛老师努力向我们呈现一种理念,那就是“教语文,教语用,而不要去“教课文。我能剧烈地感受到盛老师老师对语言文字、学问技能的训练、迁移运用和情感价值的渗透都恰到好处。强调了本体性学问的重要性。这里所讲的语文本体性学问,我把它等同于新教化的教学内容:确定一篇课文的本体性学问就是确定教学内容,目前以本体性学问教学为核心的“教语文,在教材、教参均不能给出统一标准的前提下照旧是由老师自行解读分析。本次培训我,收获颇多,平日里的教学,我们大多是把语文教材内容当成了语文课程内容,所以语文课上完,学生留下的多是教材内容的痕迹,而不是语文课程内容的痕迹。 我常常在语文课上,把大量时间放在课文思想内容的解读上,这是造成语文课效率不高的干脆缘由。教课文,就是把课文的内容当做教学的主要目标;而教语文,是指以课文为“例子,指导学生驾驭语文学问,语文方法。 盛世老师说“要和课文内容分析说再见,语文课不能跳出教课文的怪圈,主要和语文课的课程设计有关。我们的语文课,核心是阅读,主线是阅读,在现行语文课程背景下,语文老师如何运用课文来教语文呢? 我认为首先要根据课文合理开发课程内容。这篇课文原委要教什么,老师要特殊明确。语文课程内容的开发,要瞄准语言学问、语文方法的教学和语文实力的培育。 其次,要根据学生的特点合理地选择课程内容。其实语文课不应当追求教过,而是应当追求教会。另外要根据认知规律有效设计教学流程。要教会学生,其教学流程应当是“相识领悟实践运用反思总结的过程。 本次培训明确了教“语文和教“课文的区分,真想立即实现二者的转身。我会在今后的教学实践中慢慢去践行。叶圣陶先生曾精辟地指出:“语文这一门课是学习运用语言本领的。“语就是口头语言,文就是书面语言。要想实现从教课文到教语文的美丽转身,需要我们老师做的比平常更多,不但要认真解读文本,觉察课文中存在的语文因素,还要围绕教材给我们供应的语文因素选择设计教学方法。老师在转变观念的同时,还有大量的工作要做。 教学不要把自己当成了舞台的焦点,而要把更多的目光投注到学生的身上。不要担忧自己的教学会出错,不要在意环节的处理和太多的语言的打磨,我们要更多地去倾听学生的语言,去视察学生的表现,去适时地评价学生的表现,指引他们学习的方向。 第三篇:语用学 比方metaphor 表达类expressives 表述句constatives 不行分别性non-detachability 不行取消性non-cancellability 不确定性indeterminacy 承诺类commissives 代码模式code model 等级含意scalar implicatures 地点指示space deixis 调整性规则regulative rules 动态语用学dynamic pragmatics 断言类assertives 对方修正other-repair 二元关系dyadic relation 进展语用学developmental pragmatics 反讽/反语irony 方式准则manner maxim 非规约性non-conventionality 挖苦sarcasm 符号sign 符号关系学syntactics 符号学semiotics 负面礼貌策略negative politeness strategy 负面面子negative face 负向转移negative transfer 概念意义conceptual meaning 功能语言学functional linguistics 共知common knowledge 构成性规则constitutive rules 关联/关联性relevance 关联理论relevance theory 关系准则relevant maxim 规定语法prescriptive grammar 规约含意conventional implicature 规约性conventionality 规则rule 含混ambivalence 含意implicature 合适条件felicity condition 后指用法cataphoric use 互补性complementarity 互动语用学interactive pragmatics 互明mutual manifestness 互知mutual knowledge 互指co-referential 话轮turn-taking 话语utterance 话语分析discourse analysis 话语意义utterance meaning 话语指示discourse deixis 缓叙meiosis 会话分析conversation analysis 会话含意conversational implicature 会话结构conversational structure 会话修正conversational repair 会话原则conversational principle 或然性probability 记号symbol 间接言语行为indirect speech act 交际目的communicative goal/purpose 交际实力communicative competence 交际意图communicative intention 交际用意communicative force 交际原则communicative principle近指proximal terms 经济原则principle of economy 旧信息old information 句法学syntax 句子意义sentence meaning 可接收性acceptability 可取消性cancellability 可推导性calculability 可行性feasibility 客观环境physical situation 夸张hyperbole 跨文化语用学cross-cultural pragmatics 离格deviance 礼貌politeness 礼貌策略politeness strategy 礼貌原则politeness principle 连贯coherence 两可性ambiguity 量准则quantity maxim 临床语用学clinical pragmatics 笼统性generality 论言有所为How to do things with words规律语义学logical semantics 蒙塔古语法Montague grammar 面子face 明示-推理过程ostensive-inferential process 明说explicature 命题行为propositional act 模糊限制语hedges 模糊性fuzziness 内嵌施为句embedded performatives 恰当性appropriateness 前提presupposition 前提触发语presupposition triggers 前指用法anaphoric use 人称指示person deixis 人类文化方法论ethnomethodology 认知效果cognitive effect 认知语用学cognitive pragmatics 认知语用学cognitive pragmatics 认知原则cognitive principle 弱陈meiosis 三元关系triadic relation 社会语用学societal pragmatics 社交语用学social pragmatics 社交-语用学socio-pragmatics 社交指示social deixis 施为动词performative verb 施为假设performative hypothesis 施为句performatives 施为用意illocutionary force 时间指示time deixis 好用主义pragmatism 顺应理论adaptation theory 说话人意义speaker meaning 随便言谈loose talk 特殊含意particularized conversational implicature 同义反复句tautology 投射规则projection rule 推理努力processing effort 威胁面子的行为face threatening acts 委婉语understatement 未知信息unknown information 连接机制cohesive device 显性施为句explicit performatives 新格赖斯会话含意理论neo-Gricean theory of conversational implicature 新格赖斯语用学neo-Gricean pragmatics 新信息new information 信息意图informative intention 信息照应information bridging 形式语用学formal pragmatics 修辞学rhetoric 宣告类declarations 选择限制selectional restriction 言语交际verbal communication 言语情景speech situation 言语行为speech act 言语行为理论speech act theory 一般会话含意generalized conversational implicature 已知信息known information 以言成事perlocutionary act 以言行事illocutionary act 以言行事目的/施为目的illocutionary goal 以言指事locutionary act 意思 sense 意图intention 意向性intentionality 隐含结论implicated conclusion 隐含前提implicated premise 隐性施为句implicit performatives 隐喻metaphor 语法性grammaticality 语际语interlanguage 语际语用学interlanguage pragmatics语境暗含contextual implication 语境化contextualization 语境假设contextual assumptions 语境效果contextual effect 语境意义contextual meaning 语境因素contextual factor 语句sentence 语句意义sentence meaning 语言学转向linguistic turn 语言语境linguistic context 语言语用学linguistic pragmatics 语义前提semantic presupposition 语义学semantics 语用代码pragmatic code 语用模糊pragmatic vagueness 语用含意pragmatic force 语用类属pragmatic category 语用实力pragmatic competence 语用歧义pragmatic ambiguity 语用迁移pragmatic transfer 语用前提pragmatic presupposition 语用推理pragmatic inference 语用行为pragmatic act 语用学pragmatics 语用移情pragmatic empathy 语用语言学pragmalinguistics 语用原则pragmatic principle 寓意言谈metaphorical talk 元交际行为metacommunicative behaviour元指用法meta-phoric use 原意或刻意言谈literal talk 原则principle 远指distal terms 约略性approximation 蕴涵entailment 哲学语用学philosophical pragmatics 正面礼貌positive politeness 正面面子positive face 正向转移positive transfer 指称 reference 指令类directives 指示词语deictic expressions 指示语deixis, indexicals 质准则quality maxim 中介语/语际语 interlanguage 主题topic 字面用意literal force 自我修正self-repair adaptability顺应性1.2.2 affective mutuality情感共享4.5.3 agreement maxim一样准则2.2.1anaphora前照应6.1.1 anaphoric use前照应用法6.1.1approbation maxim赞誉准则3.2.4appropriate conditions合适条件3.2.4assertives断言类以言行事3.2.3 behabitives表态类以言行事3.2.1 calculability含意的可推导性4.4.2calendric time units历法时间单位6.1.3cancellability含意的可取消性4.4.2change-of-state verbs状态转变动词6.2.4code model代码交际模式2.1.1cognitive environment认知环境5.2cognitive mutuality认知共享4.5.3cognitive pragmatics认知语用学1.5 collaborative performatives协作性施为句3.2.1)commissives承诺类以言行事3.2.1)common knowledge共知5.2 communicative competence交际实力7.1communicative intention交际意图1.3.2 communicative language ability语言交际实力7.1constatives表述句3.2.1)context语境1.1) context of situation情景语境5 contextual assumptions语境假设1.5.4contextual correlates语境相关因素5.1.1)contextual effects语境效果1.5.4contextual features语境特征5.1.1 contextual implication语境暗含1.5.4contextual meaning语境意义1.2.3)contrastive markers对比性标记语6.4.1)contrastive pragmatics对比语用探讨1.5.2conventional implicature常规含意4.4.1conventionalization规约化1.3.2 conversation analysis/CA会话分析1.2.2conversational implicature会话含意4.4.1conversation structure会话结构1.2.2cooperative principle/CP合作原则2.1.2co-text上下文5.1.1 cross-cultural communication跨文化交际8.1cross-cultural pragmatics跨文化语用学1.2.2culture-loaded words富含文化内涵词语8.2.1 declarations宣告类以言行事3.2.3decoding解码2.1.1 defeasibility含意的可废除性6.2.5deictic center指示中心6.1.1deictic expression指示语1.1deictic use指示用法6.1.1deictics指示语1.1deixis指示语1.1 developmental pragmatics进展语用学1.6directives指令类以言行事3.2.3disambiguation消退歧义5.4discourse deixis话语指示6.1.1discourse markers话语标记语1.2.4)discourse meaning语篇意义1.2.4discourse operator话语操作语6.4 discourse particles话语小品词6.4extended speech act theory扩充的言语行为理论 guiding culture主文化 dynamic pragmatics动态语用学4.6elaborative markers阐发性标记语 face面子 hearing meaning听话人意义 emphathetic deixis移情指示 face theory面子理论 hedge模糊限制语 encoding编码 face threatening acts/FTA威胁面子的行为 illocutionary competence施为实力 encyclopaedic information百科信息 factive verbs叙实性动词 illocutionary force施为用意 entailment蕴涵 felicity conditions合适条件 implicated conclusion暗含结论 equivalent effect等值效果/等效 filler填充语 implicated premise暗含前提 essential condition实施言语行为的基本条件 implicative verbs含蓄性动词 ethnographyof communication交际中的人类文gambits话语策略语 implicature暗含/含意 化学 implicit performatives隐性施为句 general pragmatics exercitives行使类以言行事generalized implicature一般会话含意 indeterminacy含意的不确定性 explicature明说 generosity maxim慷慨准则 indirect speech act间接言语行为 explicit performatives显性施为句 gestural use手势用法 inference推理 expositives阐述类以言行事grammatical competence语法实力 inferential markers推导性标记语 expressives表情类以言行事group performatives群体性施为句 if someone says “The President is a mouse, something that is literally 语用学重要术语英汉比照说明 false, the hearer must assume the speaker means to convey more than is being 1、Adjacency pair: 相邻对A sequence of two utterances by different said.speakers in conversation.The second is a response to the first, e.g.,6、Declaration: 宣告句A speech act that brings about a change by being question-answer.uttered, e.g.a judge pronouncing a sentence.- 2、Background entailment: 背景蕴涵Any logical consequence of an 7、Deixis: 指示 “Pointing via language, using a deictic expression, utterance.e.g.“this, “here.3、Commissive: 承诺句A speech act in which the speaker commits himself 8、Directive: 指令句A speech act used to get someone else to do something, or herself to some future action, e.g.a promise.e.g.an order.4、Content conditions: 内容条件In order to count as a particular type of 9、Discourse analysis: 话语分析The study of language use with reference speech act, an utterance must contain certain features, e.g.a promise must to the social and psychological factors that influence communication.be about a future event.10、Dispreferred: 不期盼The structurally unexpected next utterance as a 5、Conversational implicature: 会话含义An additional unstated meaning response, e.g.an invitation is normally followed by an acceptance, so a that has to be assumed in order to maintain cooperative principle, e.g.refusal is dispreferred.11、Entailment: 蕴涵 Something that logically follows from what is asserted.12、Expressive: 表达句A speech act in which the speaker expresses feelings or attitudes, e.g.an apology.13、Face: 面子A persons public self-image.14、Felicity conditions: 恰当条件 The appropriate conditions for a speech act to be recognized as intended.15、Generalized conversational implicature: 一般性会话含义An additional unstated meaning that does not depend on special or local knowledge.16、Honorific: 敬语 Expression which marks that the addressee is of higher status.17、Illocutionary force: 言外之力 The communicative force of an utterance.18、Insertion sequence: 插入系列 A two part sequence that comes between the first and second parts of another sequence in conversation.19、Manner Maxim: 方式准则 One of the maxims, in which the speaker is to be clear, brief, and orderly.20、Maxim: 准则One of the four sub-principles of the cooperative principle.21、Particularized conversational implicature: 特殊会话含义An additional unstated meaning that depends on special or local knowledge.22、Performative verb: 行事动词A verb that explicitly names the speech act, e.g.the verb “promise in the utterance “I promise to be there.23、Perlocutionary act: 以言成事 The effect of an utterance used to perform a speech act.24、Person deixis: 人称指示 Forms used to point ot people, e.g.“me, “you.25、Pragmatics: 语用学 The study of speaker meaning as distinct from word or sentence meaning.26、Preferred: 期盼的 The structurally expected next utterance used in a response.27、Preparatory conditions: 准备条件Specific requirements prior to an utterance in order for it to cont as a particular speech act.28、Presupposition: 前提Something the speaker assumes to be the case.29、Projection problem: 映射问题The problem of the presupposition of a simple structure not surviving when part of a more complex structure.30、Quality maxim: 质量准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be truthful.31、Quantity maxim: 数量准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be neither more nor less informative than is necessary.32、Reference: 照应An act by which a speaker uses a word, or words, to enable a listener to identify someone or something.33、Relation maxim: 相关准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be relevant.34、Representative: 阐述句A speech act in which the speaker states what is believed or known, e.g.an assertion.35、Sincerity conditions: 诚意条件Requirements on the genuine intentions of a speaker in order for an utterance to count as a particular speech act.36、Social deixis: 社会指示Forms used to indicate relative social status.37、Speech act: 言语行为An action performed by the use of an utterance to communicate.38、Textual function: 篇章功能The use of language in the creation of well-formed text.39、Turn-taking: 轮换The change of speaker during conversation 第四篇:再说语用范文模版 再说说“语用 王村小学 常新涛 语言文字运用,不仅是课标修订版中关于语文教学定义的核心元素之一,更是近几年来小语老师耳熟能详的词汇。说它“时髦,一点都不为过。但,也正是这样时髦的词汇,才更加值得我们深思假如想当然,或许我们在教学中就有可能剑走偏锋,或者从一个极端走向另外一个极端。而这样的结果,无疑将给我们本已问题层出的小语教学雪上加霜。 始终以来,众多的一线小语课堂,乃至名师的课堂,都将“语用想象成了数学课堂呈现出的“讲练结合似乎,在语文课上没能见到学生写上几句,就不符合课标要求了,就不是语文课堂了!很明显,我们又在“想当然,又起先从“讲的课堂向“练得课堂转移,又起先从“过度关注人文性转向“过度关注工具性。 事实上,“语言文字运用在教学中的实施,不仅有“字词句段篇的进展规律和外显形式,同时也尤其重要的内在元素那就是学生这一生命主体精神主体、思想灵魂对语用的逐步情感认同与进展。 语用,在教学中的呈现须有三个层次: 1、外显层次。 这一层次的语用,基本与我们常见的“口语或书面表达相对应。也就是学生在课堂上学习、了解了一些语言或言语形式后,进行实际操作练习。这一层次的语用,我们更多关注的是语言内容,及言语表达的方法、形式,进行一种叫作“工具运用式的练说、练写。 比方,赵昭老师在执教乡愁一课时,就有这样的教学设计,收到了很好的语用效果: 师:如今就请同学们用第一节诗的结构和形式自己编写出其次节诗。可以独立编诗,也可以与四周同学探讨。 师:谁来朗读自己编的诗? 生:长大后,乡愁是一张小小的船票,我在这头,娇妻在那头。 师:意思对了!很不错!但是,称自己的妻子为“娇妻,难免有些炫耀的嫌疑,能不能换个词? 生:长大后,乡愁是一张窄窄的船票,我在这头,新娘在那头。 师:编得好哇!自己都会写诗了,多了不得!谁还能再背一遍? 这,或许是我们宠爱的、想要的语用形式。但是,我们却觉察:单单有这样的语用练习,似乎缺少了什么首先,在我们的课本中,适合进行这种语用练习的文本比较少,这就限制了学生在语用中更好学习语文、运用语言的进展;其次,这样的语用练习,更多地是关注言语的形式,是一个个符号的排列、组合依次,而对语言情感的把握却很少关注,缺失了对语言温度的感受;还有,我们在教学中也觉察:即使在阅读教学中时刻关注这样的语用练习,却很少觉察学生能将这样的学习运用到习作和口语表达之中。同时,学生在经过多次练习之后,很难将语用中所学到的进行拓展、升华,变成自己的语文进展实力。 那么,我们的语用缺少了什么?结合众多的名师课例探讨觉察,情感因素和语言素材的积累成为了我们不得不思索的问题。 2、储备层次。在很多名师的公开课上,我们没有见到“外显语用练习,却觉察学生的学习效果也很好。 如王崧舟老师在执教孔子游春一课时,有这样的教学片段: 师:瞧,在孔子的课堂里有什么? 生:孔子的课堂里有阳光、泗水、桃红柳绿、草色青青、春风、琴声、森林-有还有- 师:这样的课堂,实在是太奇异了!在孔子的课堂里有课件出示其次自然段变红词语生:读:阳光普照、桃红柳绿、草色青青、春风习习师:这样的课堂没有-没有-生:只有-只有- 师:大自然像一位宏大的母亲!广袤的大地 生:是她宽广的胸怀 师:茂密的森林 生:是她飘逸的长发 师:温和的太阳 生:是她光明的眸子 师:和煦的轻风 生:是他甜美的絮语 师:多么美丽的课堂啊!师生合作读阳光 生:普照着大地- 在这样的文本梳理和师生对读过程中,学生积累了进行描写的语用材料老师却没有让学生运用,学生也觉察了文本的言语形式老师也没有让学生仿写。学生只是在一遍又一遍的思索和有感情朗读中,去理解,去感受,去积累这些“语用碎片。 这样的课堂没有我们想象中的“语言文字运用,我们却又无法否认这是一节语文味十足的课。那么,王老师在干嘛?他在引领孩子们“储备这是语用的柔性层次,和“语用构思相对应。也就是结合文本的语用特性,让学生理解一些基础的语用学问,积累语用材料,以到达“储备和“丰富之效。