《MBA语法点》PPT课件.ppt

语法概要语法概要英语句子：英语句子：按按用途用途分：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。分：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。按按结构结构分：简单句、并列句、复合句分：简单句、并列句、复合句(主从句主从句)。简单句简单句5种：种：1.主主+谓。谓。2.主主+系系+表。表。3.主主+谓谓+宾。宾。4.主主+谓谓+双宾。双宾。5.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补。宾补。双宾和宾补的判断方法：双宾和宾补的判断方法：I gave her a Teddy Bear.We elected John monitor.句子成分句子成分(9种种)：主、谓、表、宾、定、状、补、同位语、独立主、谓、表、宾、定、状、补、同位语、独立成分。成分。基本成分基本成分：主、谓、表、宾、补。：主、谓、表、宾、补。附属成分附属成分：定、状、同位语、独立成分。：定、状、同位语、独立成分。复合句复合句(主从句主从句)中的中的从句从句共分共分3大类：大类：名从名从(4种种)、形从、形从(定从定从)、副从、副从(状从状从)。名从：主从、表从、宾从、同位语从。名从：主从、表从、宾从、同位语从。主语从句主语从句(谓语用谓语用单数单数)：引导词：引导词：连词连词that/whether(不不作成分，但作成分，但不可省，不可省，whether不能换作不能换作if)。连接代词连接代词：what,who,whom,whose,which以及以及 whatever,whoever,whomever,whosever,whichever.(均不可均不可省省)连接副词连接副词：when,where,why,how以及以及whenever,wherever,however.(均不可均不可省省)如果以上从句过长，则用如果以上从句过长，则用it替代，作形式主语。替代，作形式主语。it作形式主语的从句常见类型：作形式主语的从句常见类型：1).It is+过去分词过去分词+thatIt is known thatIt is believed thatIt is said thatIt is expected thatIt is reported thatIt is alleged thatIt is rumored thatIt is estimated that2).It is+形容词形容词+thatIt is easy thatIt is difficult thatIt is certain thatIt is possible thatIt is likely thatIt is important thatIt is obvious that3).It+不及物动词不及物动词+thatIt seems thatIt appears thatIt happens thatIt turns out thatIt occurs to sb that4).It is+名词名词(短语短语)+thatIt is a shame thatIt is a pity thatIt is an honor thatIt is common knowledge thatIt is no wonder thatIt is no accident thatIt is no rarity thatwhetherwhether与与ifif的用法区别：的用法区别：whether:(1).whether:(1).无论，不管无论，不管引导引导让步状让步状；(2).(2).是否是否引导引导名词从名词从。if:(1).if:(1).是否是否引导引导宾从宾从；(2).(2).如果如果引导引导条件从条件从。因此，因此，ifif一般只用于引导宾从，而一般只用于引导宾从，而whetherwhether可可用于包括宾从在内的其它名词从。用于包括宾从在内的其它名词从。另外，另外，(1).if or not?ifor not?(1).if or not?ifor not?(2).We havent settled the question of(2).We havent settled the question of if/whether?if/whether?he will be fired.he will be fired.同位语从句：同位语从句：引导词：引导词：that,whether,who,which,where,when等。等。抽象名词在前抽象名词在前,表具体解释内容的从句在后。表具体解释内容的从句在后。接同位语从句的名词：接同位语从句的名词：report,fact,idea,suggestion,evidence,conclusion,statement,knowledge,discovery等有内涵的名词等有内涵的名词,如如building则不则不行。行。同位语从句与定语从句区别：同位语从句与定语从句区别：1.1.前者是名词性质，后者是形容词性质；前者是名词性质，后者是形容词性质；2.2.前者的前者的thatthat不作成分，但不可省，后者的不作成分，但不可省，后者的thatthat作成分，常省；作成分，常省；同位语从句：引导词同位语从句：引导词that,whether,who,that,whether,who,which,where,whenwhich,where,when等；抽象名词在前等；抽象名词在前,表具表具体解释内容的从句在后。体解释内容的从句在后。句子后有逗号句子后有逗号/冒号冒号/破折号，且这些符号后是破折号，且这些符号后是名词名词/动名词，则这些名词动名词，则这些名词/动名词作同位语。动名词作同位语。定语从句：定语从句：修饰限定名词或代词的从句，因此功能上定语修饰限定名词或代词的从句，因此功能上定语从句相当于形容词，也称为形容词从句；引导从句相当于形容词，也称为形容词从句；引导词有三大功能：词有三大功能：1 1、引导定语从句；、引导定语从句；2 2、指代被、指代被修饰的词修饰的词(即先行词即先行词)；3 3、在从句中作成分。、在从句中作成分。引导词：引导词：关系代词：关系代词：that,who/whom,which,whose.that,who/whom,which,whose.关系副词：关系副词：when,where,why.when,where,why.限定性与非限定性定从：限定性与非限定性定从：限定性与非限定性定从：限定性与非限定性定从：The people The people who get on in this worldwho get on in this world are the are the people people who make every effort to fulfill their who make every effort to fulfill their goalgoal.（限定性，决定先行词的性质，无逗号间隔）（限定性，决定先行词的性质，无逗号间隔）（限定性，决定先行词的性质，无逗号间隔）（限定性，决定先行词的性质，无逗号间隔）“I struck gold,”said Roland,“I struck gold,”said Roland,who emailed his who emailed his resume to the employer and won a positionresume to the employer and won a position.（非限定性，对先行词的补充说明，不决定先行词的（非限定性，对先行词的补充说明，不决定先行词的（非限定性，对先行词的补充说明，不决定先行词的（非限定性，对先行词的补充说明，不决定先行词的性质，有逗号间隔）性质，有逗号间隔）性质，有逗号间隔）性质，有逗号间隔）a).Ill never forget the time _ we first met in the park.(which/when)b).Ill never forget the time _ I spent on campus.(which/when)a).The reason _ he gave for his being late was unacceptable.(that/why)b).The shop _ I told you about before has closed down.(that/where)whose引导的定从中，若引导的定从中，若whose指物时，可用指物时，可用of which来替代，此时语序为：来替代，此时语序为：限定词限定词+名词名词+of+which 或或of+which+限定限定词词+名词。名词。I had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear.I had a meeting the purpose of which/of which the purpose was completely unclear.1.When one opens an account at a bank,he is lending the bank money,repayment of which he may demand at any time.2.This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar,the principle of which is similar.在下列情况中最好用在下列情况中最好用that:1).先行词为指物的先行词为指物的all,little,few,much,none,the first。2).先行词为不定代词先行词为不定代词something,anything,nothing,everything。3).先行词被先行词被any,every,no,only,all,some,much,few,little,序数词，最高级，序数词，最高级，the only,the one,the very,the right,the last修饰时。修饰时。as引导限定性定语从句时，只是用在一些固定引导限定性定语从句时，只是用在一些固定结构中，即只用在结构中，即只用在such、the same、as、so的后面。的后面。He will repeat such points as are discussed in the book.He is not the same playboy as we knew.asas和和和和whichwhich引导的非限定定语从句的区别：引导的非限定定语从句的区别：引导的非限定定语从句的区别：引导的非限定定语从句的区别：1.which1.which不能在句首；不能在句首；不能在句首；不能在句首；2.which2.which的先行词可以是单个名词的先行词可以是单个名词的先行词可以是单个名词的先行词可以是单个名词,而而而而asas的先行的先行的先行的先行词一般应是句子或短语；词一般应是句子或短语；词一般应是句子或短语；词一般应是句子或短语；3.3.如果主句和从句意思相顺时，用如果主句和从句意思相顺时，用如果主句和从句意思相顺时，用如果主句和从句意思相顺时，用asas；如果从；如果从；如果从；如果从句和主句相悖或对主句削弱时，用句和主句相悖或对主句削弱时，用句和主句相悖或对主句削弱时，用句和主句相悖或对主句削弱时，用whichwhich。例：。例：。例：。例：1).The young man cheated his friend of 1).The young man cheated his friend of much money,much money,whichwhich was disgraceful.was disgraceful.2).She has married again,2).She has married again,asas was expected.was expected.3).She has married again,3).She has married again,which which was was unexpected.unexpected.介词介词+关系代词关系代词引导的定语从句引导的定语从句:定语从句之前加介词，一般出于以下三种情况：定语从句之前加介词，一般出于以下三种情况：1.依照先行词的要求。例：依照先行词的要求。例：The age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21.2.由于从句中某个词的要求，通常是动词和形由于从句中某个词的要求，通常是动词和形容词。容词。It is a theory to which many economists subscribe.3.3.一些固定的介词短语在定语从句中的使用，如：一些固定的介词短语在定语从句中的使用，如：一些固定的介词短语在定语从句中的使用，如：一些固定的介词短语在定语从句中的使用，如：with ones help/with whose help;in ones with ones help/with whose help;in ones honor/in whose honor;in this(that)case/in honor/in whose honor;in this(that)case/in which case,which case,等。例：等。例：等。例：等。例：We extend our warm welcome to the visiting We extend our warm welcome to the visiting delegation delegation in whose honorin whose honor a grand banquet a grand banquet was given.was given.状语从句（时状、地状、条件状、目的状、方式状、状语从句（时状、地状、条件状、目的状、方式状、状语从句（时状、地状、条件状、目的状、方式状、状语从句（时状、地状、条件状、目的状、方式状、结果状、让步状、原因状、比较状）结果状、让步状、原因状、比较状）结果状、让步状、原因状、比较状）结果状、让步状、原因状、比较状）1.1.时状特殊引导词：时状特殊引导词：时状特殊引导词：时状特殊引导词：the moment,the minute,the instant,directly,the moment,the minute,the instant,directly,immediately,instantly.immediately,instantly.hardly/scarcelywhenhardly/scarcelywhen；no soonerthanno soonerthan ；（若描述过去状况，前半部；（若描述过去状况，前半部；（若描述过去状况，前半部；（若描述过去状况，前半部分多用过去完成时，后半部分一般过去时）分多用过去完成时，后半部分一般过去时）分多用过去完成时，后半部分一般过去时）分多用过去完成时，后半部分一般过去时）例：例：例：例：Hardly Hardly had he assumedhad he assumed the leadership role the leadership role when when he began tohe began to put on airs.put on airs.2.条件状特殊引导词：条件状特殊引导词：provided/providing;suppose/supposing；as(so)long as.3.目的状引导词：目的状引导词：so that,in order that,so as to,in order to,in the hope that,on purpose that,for the purpose that,lest,in case,for fear that.4.方式状引导词：方式状引导词：as；as though/as if；the way；5.结果状特殊引导词：结果状特殊引导词：so that,to the degree/extent that；to such a degree/extent that；6.原因状引导词：原因状引导词：Because,as,since,for,in that,now that,given(that),seeing that.so that引导结果状从和目的状从的区别：引导结果状从和目的状从的区别：前者中通常前者中通常so that前有逗号，与主句分开，后前有逗号，与主句分开，后者通常没有逗号。者通常没有逗号。He turned the radio up,so that everyone heard the news.He turned the radio up so that everyone might hear the news.(1).as,for(1).as,for引导的主、从句，二者处于平等位置。引导的主、从句，二者处于平等位置。引导的主、从句，二者处于平等位置。引导的主、从句，二者处于平等位置。(2).because(2).because引导的从句一般比主句重要，强调原因。引导的从句一般比主句重要，强调原因。引导的从句一般比主句重要，强调原因。引导的从句一般比主句重要，强调原因。(3).since(3).since引导的从句一般次要，主句重要，以说明引导的从句一般次要，主句重要，以说明引导的从句一般次要，主句重要，以说明引导的从句一般次要，主句重要，以说明将要做什么。将要做什么。将要做什么。将要做什么。It rained last night,for the ground is wet this morning.Because it rained last night,the ground is wet this morning.Since everyone is here,lets get started.7.让步状特殊引导词：让步状特殊引导词：while；althoughyet/still；adj/adv/Ved/n(不加冠词不加冠词)+as+主主+谓；谓；V+as+主主+助动词助动词(may,might,can,could,will)例：例：Poor as he is,he is very generous.Much as I respect him,I cannot agree with him.Praised as he was,he was modest.Child as he is,he knows common sense.Try as you will,you wont manage it.whatever,whoever,whichever既可作关系既可作关系代词引导定从，也可作连词引导让步状从代词引导定从，也可作连词引导让步状从,区区别别是：是：Take whatever you want.whatever=anything that.We have decided to do so,whatever happens.whatever=no matter what.试比较：试比较：Whoever may trouble you,I will help you to the last.Whoever has finished the test may go out.8.比较状语从句：比较状语从句：(1).倍数比较：倍数比较：A is N times 形比形比 than B.A is N+1 times as 形形 as B.A is N+1 times the n of B.(2)The more.,the more.结构结构(3).not A so much as Bnot so much A as Bnot so much A but B(If)the more you know,the more you know you dont know.(If)the longer we stay together,the more passionately attached we are to each other.(If)no pains,no gains.(If)no money,no honey.(If)no representation,no taxation.(4).A is no morethan B neither norA is not morethan B lessthanA is no lessthan B bothandA is not lessthan B morethanno more than only,justnot more than at mostno less than as much asnot less than at least1.She is no more pleased than I.2.She is not more pleased than I.3.What he did was no less than a miracle.4.He is no more than 10.5.He is no less than 10.非谓语结构：非谓语结构：V-ing,V-ed,to do.语法功能语法功能:V-ing:定，表，状，补。定，表，状，补。V-ed：定，表，状，补。：定，表，状，补。to do：主，宾，定，状，补，：主，宾，定，状，补，独立成分独立成分。独立成分：独立成分：to be honest,to begin with.等等.问题：问题：Sb+is+adj+to do的的 to do 做什么成分？做什么成分？It+is+adj+to do的的 to do 作什么成分？作什么成分？不带不带不带不带totototo的不定式：的不定式：的不定式：的不定式：1.1.1.1.感官动词之后：感官动词之后：感官动词之后：感官动词之后：see,hear,watch,notice,see,hear,watch,notice,see,hear,watch,notice,see,hear,watch,notice,findfindfindfind等。等。等。等。2.2.2.2.使役动词之后：使役动词之后：使役动词之后：使役动词之后：let,make,havelet,make,havelet,make,havelet,make,have等。等。等。等。注意：若以上结构转为被动语态，则必须加注意：若以上结构转为被动语态，则必须加注意：若以上结构转为被动语态，则必须加注意：若以上结构转为被动语态，则必须加totototo。Her innocence Her innocence Her innocence Her innocence made me feelmade me feelmade me feelmade me feel guilty.guilty.guilty.guilty.变为：变为：变为：变为：I was made _guilty by her I was made _guilty by her I was made _guilty by her I was made _guilty by her innocence.innocence.innocence.innocence.3.3.3.3.一些固定搭配：一些固定搭配：一些固定搭配：一些固定搭配：make do,make believe,let drop,let fall,let make do,make believe,let drop,let fall,let make do,make believe,let drop,let fall,let make do,make believe,let drop,let fall,let slip,let fly,let go of,leave go ofslip,let fly,let go of,leave go ofslip,let fly,let go of,leave go ofslip,let fly,let go of,leave go of，等。，等。，等。，等。4.4.在下列句型中：在下列句型中：1).had better,1).had better,2).would rather/would sooner/would just 2).would rather/would sooner/would just as soon as soon 3).might as well3).might as well4).cannot but/cannot choose but4).cannot but/cannot choose but5).cannot help but5).cannot help but The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests.For years,doctors have advised their patients the only thing taking multivitamins does is give them expensive urine.现在分词与动名词的区别现在分词与动名词的区别：现在分词现在分词:定，表定，表，状，补。，状，补。动名词动名词:主，宾，主，宾，表，定表，定。两者作表语的区别：两者作表语的区别：现在分词作表语多表示主语的现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征特征；而动名词；而动名词作表语多表示主语的作表语多表示主语的内容内容。These results are most satisfying.Her hobby is collecting stamps.两者作定语的区别：两者作定语的区别：现在分词作定语表被修饰名词的行为状现在分词作定语表被修饰名词的行为状态，一般可改为定语从句；动名词作定语表被态，一般可改为定语从句；动名词作定语表被修饰名词的用途，一般不可改为定语从句。修饰名词的用途，一般不可改为定语从句。a sleeping car/a sleeping childa reading room/a reading girl后接动名词的动词：后接动名词的动词：admit,advise,anticipate,appreciate,authorize,avoid,consider,contemplate,delay,deny,detest,discuss,dislike,encourage,endure,enjoy,escape,excuse,face,fancy,feel like,finish,forbid,forgive,give up,cant help,imagine,involve,mention,mind,miss,overlook,permit,postpone,practice,prohibit,put off,recommend,resent,risk,cant stand,suggest,tolerate,understand,等。等。注意：注意：allow doing allow sb to do.advise doing advise sb to do.forbid doing forbid sb to do.encourage doing encourage sb to do.authorize doing authorize sb to do.remember/forget/regret/stop+doing，其中的其中的doing表先于这些动词之前发生的事。表先于这些动词之前发生的事。remember/forget/regret/stop+to do，其中的其中的doing表这些动词之后发生的事。表这些动词之后发生的事。比较：比较：He forgot to pay me back.He forgot paying me back.I regret letting slip that opportunity.We regret to inform you that we cannot offer you employment.to doing:look forward to doing,object to doing,be/get used to doing,prefer doing to doing,in addition to doing,be accustomed to do/doing,amount to doing,take to doing,devoteto doing,get round to doing.have difficulty/trouble/problem/(great)fun/(great)pleasure/a hard time/a good time(in)doing.cant help doing,cant resist doing,cant keep from doing,cant refrain from doing,cant hold back from doing,cant keep back from doing.注意：注意：cant help but do,cant but do,cant choose but do.be worth doing,be worthy of being done/to be done.be busy doing,be busy with sth.remind sb of sth,remind sb to do sth.虚拟语气：虚拟语气：1.用在宾语从句中。用在宾语从句中。2.用在主语从句中。用在主语从句中。3.用在状语从句中。用在状语从句中。用于状从中（多见于用于状从中（多见于用于状从中（多见于用于状从中（多见于if if从句）：从句）：从句）：从句）：1.1.与现在相反：与现在相反：与现在相反：与现在相反：从句：从句：从句：从句：if+if+主语主语主语主语+did/were,did/were,主句：主语主句：主语主句：主语主句：主语+would(could,should,might)+do+would(could,should,might)+do。2.2.与过去相反：与过去相反：与过去相反：与过去相反：从句：从句：从句：从句：if+if+主语主语主语主语+had done/had been,had done/had been,主句：主语主句：主语主句：主语主句：主语+would(could,should,might)+have+would(could,should,might)+have done(been)done(been)。3.3.与将来相反：与将来相反：与将来相反：与将来相反：从句：从句：从句：从句：if+if+主语主语主语主语+were to(should)+do,were to(should)+do,主句：主语主句：主语主句：主语主句：主语+would(could,should,might)+do+would(could,should,might)+do。倒装虚拟语气：倒装虚拟语气：If he had not been promoted,he would never have remained with the company.If I could win the lottery,I would buy a car.If you were to/should change your mind,no one would blame you.If I were you和和 If I had money能否倒能否倒装？装？特殊状语从句：特殊状语从句：1.if only句中。句中。2.as if/as though从句中。从句中。3.lest,in case,for fear that用于主从中：用于主从中：It is necessary/important/crucial/critical that sb/sth+(should)do用于宾从中：用于宾从中：1.表表命令、建议和要求命令、建议和要求的虚拟语气以下动词的虚拟语气以下动词一般要接虚拟语气一般要接虚拟语气,即即V+sb(should)do.advise,agree,demand,insist,command,decide,ensure,order,instruct,propose,recommend,require,request,suggest,urge等。等。2.wish引导的宾从中。引导的宾从中。l l did/were(与现在、将来与现在、将来 l 相反相反)lwish(ed)had done(与过去相反与过去相反)l l l would/could do(与将来与将来 l 相反相反)The scenery is marvelous,I wish I had a camera.(现在现在)The scenery was marvelous,I wished I had had a camera.(过去过去)I wish I could buy a BMW at my 30th birthday party.(将来将来)特殊结构：特殊结构：It is(about/high)time sb/sth did sth.would rather(would as soon,would sooner)sb did sth.Its high time that such practices _.a.are ended b.be ended c.were ended d.must be ended If I were in a movie,then it would be about time that I_my head in my hands for a cry.A.bury B.am burying C.buried D.would buryThe manager would rather his daughter _ in the same office.a.had not worked b.not to workc.doesnt work d.didnt work1.1.全部倒装全部倒装全部倒装全部倒装1).1).方向副词方向副词方向副词方向副词/地点副词地点副词地点副词地点副词/时间副词时间副词时间副词时间副词/介词词组在句首。介词词组在句首。介词词组在句首。介词词组在句首。如：如：如：如：away/in,out,here,there/now,then/into the,away/in,out,here,there/now,then/into the,under the+under the+运动性运动性运动性运动性/存在性存在性存在性存在性Vi+Vi+名词主语名词主语名词主语名词主语.2).2).表系主倒装表系主倒装表系主倒装表系主倒装 。2.2.部分倒装部分倒装部分倒装部分倒装1).1).否定副词否定副词否定副词否定副词(词组词组词组词组)2).only+2).only+状语状语状语状语3).3).程度状语在句首。程度状语在句首。程度状语在句首。程度状语在句首。如：如：如：如：never/only by the way/so+never/only by the way/so+助动词助动词助动词助动词(V(V1 1)+)+名词主语名词主语名词主语名词主语(S)+(S)+谓语动词谓语动词谓语动词谓语动词(V(V2 2