《定语从句译法》PPT课件.ppt

1 14.2DispositionofSomeParticularEnglish4.2DispositionofSomeParticularEnglishSentenceStructuresSentenceStructuresTranslationofAttributiveClauseandTranslationofAttributiveClauseandnon-attributiveelementsinSci-tech定语从句的译法以及科技英语中定语从句的非定语化译法（1 1）译成）译成“的的的的”（2 2）重复先行词，将定语从句）重复先行词，将定语从句译成并列句译成并列句译成并列句译成并列句（3）省掉关联词,按原句序译成独立句独立句（4 4）定语从句与先行词或主句定语从句与先行词或主句溶为一体溶为一体溶为一体溶为一体（5 5）译成相应的译成相应的状语从句状语从句状语从句状语从句（6 6）译成汉语的）译成汉语的复指成分复指成分复指成分复指成分(7)(7)译成汉语的译成汉语的复合结构型宾语复合结构型宾语(8)(8)译成汉语的译成汉语的独立式插说独立式插说成分成分成分成分(9)(9)由由“名词等名词等+of+whichof+which”引导的定语从句，引导的定语从句，ofwhichofwhich译译成：成：“其、该、它其、该、它其、该、它其、该、它“（1）译成“的”当定语从句较短，对主导词（先行词）限制较强，并且与其关系紧密时。1.Galileolivedatatimewhen the human spirit was waking after a thousand years of sleep.译:伽利略生活在人类灵魂经过了千年沉睡之后正在苏醒的时代。2.Thepeoplewho worked for himlivedinmortalfearofhim.在他手下干事的人对他怕得要命。3 3（2）重复先行词，将定语从句译成并列句当定语从句较长，或对主导词（先行词）限制力较弱，并与其关系松弛时。1.Itwasgettingdark,wehadtoquickenourpaceandmadeourwayrapidlytowardstheriverwhere we hoped the boatman was waiting.译：天快黑了，我们不得不加快了步伐，迅速地朝着那条小河走去，希望船夫还在那儿等着我们。2.ShehadtalkedtothevicepresidentNixon,2.ShehadtalkedtothevicepresidentNixon,who who assured herassured herthateverythingthatcouldbedonethateverythingthatcouldbedonewouldbedone.wouldbedone.2.ShehadtalkedtothevicepresidentNixon,2.ShehadtalkedtothevicepresidentNixon,who assured herwho assured herthateverythingthatcouldbethateverythingthatcouldbedonewouldbedone.donewouldbedone.译译:她同副总统谈过话。她同副总统谈过话。尼克松让她放心，凡是能尼克松让她放心，凡是能够做到的将竭尽全力去做。够做到的将竭尽全力去做。3.Forthat,useisgenerallymadeofcorrectionmotorswhichinthepresentstateofthetechniquearecomplicated,veryexpensiveandoftendonotgivecompletesatisfaction.为此，通常应使用校正电动机，但就目前的技术水平而言，这种电动机结构复杂、价格昂贵，且性能往往不能尽如人意。（3）省掉关联词,按原句序译成独立句当定语从句补充先行词所牵涉到的具体内容,与主导词关系十分松弛时。Theyworkedoutanewmethodby which production has now been rapidly increased.他们制定出一种新方案,采用后生产已迅速得到了提高。6 6Thesun,which had hidden all day,nowcameoverinallitssplendor.那太阳，整天躲在云层里，现在又露面了，光芒四射。ThelastbigAlaskanearthquakecreatedatsunami,thatwasfelt15000milesaway.最近发生的阿拉斯加大地震引起了海啸，在1500英里之外都能感觉到。1.1.7 7(4)(4)定语从句与先行词或主句定语从句与先行词或主句溶为一体溶为一体当定语从句与先行词或主句的当定语从句与先行词或主句的深层结构深层结构深层结构深层结构关系关系十分紧密十分紧密时。时。TheywereafamilyTheywereafamilythat must beg to stay alive.that must beg to stay alive.译译:他们那个家他们那个家不讨饭就活不下去。不讨饭就活不下去。WearepeopleWearepeoplethat have inherited ancient wisdom,that have inherited ancient wisdom,that know the worth of biding ones time and that know the worth of biding ones time and recognized opportunity for combat.recognized opportunity for combat.译译:我们的人民我们的人民继承了古代的智慧，懂得如何等待并善继承了古代的智慧，懂得如何等待并善于抓住战机。于抓住战机。ThisisthewayThisistheway that Americans themselves become that Americans themselves become familiar with one another.familiar with one another.译译:美国人自己也是这样相互熟识的。美国人自己也是这样相互熟识的。(5)译成相应的状语从句定语从句在逻辑上相当于“让步”、“条件”、“原因”、“结果”等状语功用状语功用。1.Sheseekshappinessinselfishenjoyment,where it can never be found.译：她在自私的享乐中寻找幸福，结果永远也寻找不到幸福。2.Electricalenergythat is suppliedto a lampcanbeturnedintolightenergy.译：把电供给电灯时，电能就转变成光能。9 93.Wemaintainthatnopeacesituationispermanent3.Wemaintainthatnopeacesituationispermanentwhich does not take into account the legitimate which does not take into account the legitimate wishes of the majority of the people of any countrywishes of the majority of the people of any country.我们认为，我们认为，如果不尊重一个国家大多数人民的正当如果不尊重一个国家大多数人民的正当愿望愿望，任何和平局面都是不会持久的，任何和平局面都是不会持久的4.Anelectricalcurrentbeginstoflowthroughacoil,whichisconnectedacrossachargedcapacitor.如果把一个线圈接在已充电的电容器上，5.Vegetarianismisdefinitelyunsatisfactoryforgrowingchildren,whoneedmoreproteinthantheycangetfromvegetablesources.对生长发育中的儿童来说，素食肯定是不可取的，因为他们需要的蛋白质不可能全部从植物类食品中获得。(6)译成汉语的复指成分TheSovietdeploymentofnewandmoreaccuratemissilesmaybespeedingupthetimewhen U.S.intercontinental ballistic missiles could be destroyed in a surprise attack.苏联部署更为精确的新型导弹，也许会使这一时刻提前到来，即在一次突然的袭击中，美国的洲际导弹有可能毁于一旦。(7)(7)译成汉语的译成汉语的复合结构型宾语复合结构型宾语WeallknowthedifficultythatwesometimeshaveWeallknowthedifficultythatwesometimeshaveintryingtodescribeacolortoafriend.intryingtodescribeacolortoafriend.我们都知道，有时要向朋友说清楚一种颜色是很我们都知道，有时要向朋友说清楚一种颜色是很困难的。困难的。(8)(8)译成汉语的译成汉语的独立式插说成分成分Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem.与许多人的看法不同，蜘蛛不是昆虫，甚至与昆与许多人的看法不同，蜘蛛不是昆虫，甚至与昆虫没有什麽联系。虫没有什麽联系。(9)(9)由由“名词等名词等+of+whichof+which”引导的定语从句，引导的定语从句，ofofwhichwhich译成：译成：“其、该、它其、该、它Language Characteristics of EST and Translation Techniques（科技英语语言特点（科技英语语言特点及其翻译）及其翻译）1.CharacteristicsofwordsinEST（词法特点）大量使用科技词汇。Asthisproportionincreases,sotheamountofthrust(推动力）developedinthejet-pipediminished.随着这一部分变大，喷射管里产生的推动力就会减少。科技英语的词汇包括：普通词汇，半专业词汇(semi-technicalwords)和专业词汇(technicalwords)普通词汇科技英语词汇tosendtotransmittochangetoconverttoputintotoinserttouseuptoconsumeenoughsufficientbettersuperioralotofappreciable半专业词汇(semi-technicalwords)pencilcolourpencil笔型温度计metalpencil焊条pencilrocket小型火箭ceilingceilingvoltage峰值电压dress专业词汇(technicalwords)（1)缩写和缩略词:radar,laser,BASIC（2）前、后缀派生词:semi-,auto-,micro-,thermo-（3）外来词（由拉丁文或希腊文词根构成的词汇）：photosynthesis2.theFeaturesofGrammarandStructure(语法句法特点)动词被动语态（PassiveForm）时态-ThePresentIndefiniteTense动词派生的名词（DerivationNounsfromVerbs）Eg.1）Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.2）在沸水中加入2%的碳酸钠（sodiumcarbonate）会增加杀菌效果。Theadditionof2percentsodiumcarbonatetoboilingwaterincreasesthebactericideeffect.长句（LongSentences）Withtheadventofthespaceshuttle,itwillbepossibletoputanorbitingsolarpowerplantinstationaryorbit24000milesfromtheearththatwouldcollectsolarenergyalmostcontinuouslyandconvertthisenergyeitherdirectlytoelectricityviaphotovoltaiccells（光电池）orindirectlywithflatplateorfocusedcollectorsthatwouldboilacarryingmediumtoproducesteamthatwoulddriveaturbine.随着航天飞机的出现，有可能把一个沿轨道运行的随着航天飞机的出现，有可能把一个沿轨道运行的发电站送到离地球发电站送到离地球2424，000000英里的一条定常轨道上去。英里的一条定常轨道上去。这个太阳能发电站这个太阳能发电站几乎不间断地采集太阳能。它还能几乎不间断地采集太阳能。它还能够用光电池（够用光电池（photovoltaiccells）将太阳能直接转换将太阳能直接转换成电能，或者用平板集热器或聚焦集热器将太阳能间成电能，或者用平板集热器或聚焦集热器将太阳能间接转换成电能，（接转换成电能，（即集热器即集热器使热传导体汽化，驱动涡使热传导体汽化，驱动涡轮机发电）。轮机发电）。Withtheadventofthespaceshuttle,itwillbepossibletoputanorbitingsolarpowerplantinstationaryorbit24000milesfromtheearththatwouldcollectsolarenergyalmostcontinuouslyandconvertthisenergyeitherdirectlytoelectricityviaphotovoltaiccells（光电池）orindirectlywithflatplateorfocusedcollectorsthatwouldboilacarryingmediumtoproducesteamthatwoulddriveaturbine.翻译下列句子，注意英语定语从句的非定化译翻译下列句子，注意英语定语从句的非定化译法：法：20201.Thiswastheperiodwhen Einstein began the research which resulted in the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity.译：就在这期间,爱因斯坦开始一项研究,这项研究使他创立了著名的相对论。(主从句溶为一体后置)2.Charlie,who never believed in interfering ifitcouldbeavoided,leftheralone,hopingthatshewouldeventuallycomearound.译:查理一向认为,只要能避免,就不要插手,所以就没有管她,希望她最终回心转意。（主从句溶为一体译成独立句）21213.Allthewhile,GeorgeBush,who ultimately benefit from the try that failed,satsilentlyby,anearlyforgottenspectator.译:在此期间,乔治.布什一言不发地坐在那里,几乎成了一个被人们遗忘的旁观者,但他将在最后从这一场失败的试探中获得好处。(后置)4.Theambassadorwasgivingadinnerforafewpeoplewhom he whished especially to talk to or to hear from.译:大使只宴请了几个人，因为他特想和这些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。（原因）22225.InhisarticlesonsocialproblemsfortheExaminer hewroteaboutthepovertyandmiserablelivingconditionsthat kept the working people in ignorance and drove them to drink and crime.译:在他为观察家杂志所写的关于社会问题的文章中，他描述了劳动者的贫困和恶劣的生活条件，这种贫困和恶劣的生活使劳动者受不到教育，驱使他们去酗酒和犯罪。(后置)23236.Therewassomethingoriginal,independent,andheroicabouttheplan that pleased all of them.译:这个方案很有创意，很有魄力，有独到之处，所以他们都很满意。（结果）7.Menbecamedesperateforwork,anywork,whichwouldhelpthemtokeeptheirfamilies.译:人们极其迫切地要求工作,不管什么工作,只要能维持一家人的生活就行。（条件）8.Therewasanothermanwhoseemedtohaveanswer,andthatwasRobert.译:另外一个人似乎胸有成竹,那就是罗伯特。（独立句）24249.Amanisnothingwhoyieldshispurpose.译:如果一个人放弃自己的目的,就成为一个不堪造就的人。（假设）10.GPS(GlobalPositioningSystem)isactuallybutpartofalargermovement,called“telematics”,which will eventually attempt to put smart cars on smart highways.译:全球卫星定位系统其实只是叫做“远程信息学”的这一更大行动的一部分，这一行动最终将智能汽车送上智能高速公路。(后置)252511.Therewillcomeaday whenpeopletheworldoverwillliveharmoniouslyandhappilyunderthesun.译:普天下的人们得以和谐而幸福生活的日子终将会到来。12.Theyarestrivingfortheideal whichistotheheartofeveryChineseandfor which,inthepast,manyChinesehavelaiddowntheirlives译:他们正为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。262613.Heinsistedonbuildinganotherhouse,13.Heinsistedonbuildinganotherhouse,whichwhichhehehadnousefor.hadnousefor.译译:他坚持要再造一栋房子，他坚持要再造一栋房子，尽管他并无此需要尽管他并无此需要。14.Wecanimagineammoniaproductionplantsthatwill“fuel”bothfarmandcity.可以想象，氨厂将不仅可向农村、而且可向城市提供“燃料”。(译成汉语的译成汉语的复合结构型宾语复合结构型宾语)15.Astrictvegetarianisapersonwhoneverinhislifeeatsanythingderivedfromanimals.严格的素食者终生都不食用动物性食品。（定语与定语与先行词或主句先行词或主句溶为一体溶为一体）16.Over-productionofanycommoditycancreatedifficulties,becauseitcanleadtoaglutonthemarket,whichmaycausepricestofallsharply.任何商品的生产过剩都会带来麻烦，因为它会导致市场上供过于求，从而价格急剧下跌。17.Theheatthatwarmsabodydoesnotchangeeithertheweightofthebodyoritsinertia.热在加热物体时，既不会改变物体的重量，也不会改变物体的惯性。18.In1905,whichwasmanyyearsbeforeotherscientistsreallyunderstoodagreatdealaboutatomicenergy,Einsteindeclaredthistheory.1905年，即在其他科学家确实对原子能有所了解之前许多年，爱因斯坦就已宣布了这一理论。19.心脏是一个中空的肌性器官(muscularorgan)，其功能是把血液压送(pump)到全身各部分。Theheartisahollow,muscularorgan,thefunctionofwhichistopumpbloodtoallpartsofthebody.20.我们知道，由于猫的眼睛比人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚。Weknowthatacat,whoseeyescantakeinmanymoreraysoflightthanoureyes,canseeclearlyinthenight.21.WorldWarIIwas,however,morecomplexthantheprecedingworldwar,whichwasacollisionamongtheimperialistpowersoverthespoilsofmarkets,resources,andterritories.第一次世界大战只是帝国主义大国之间争夺市场、资源和领土的一场冲突，而第二次世界大战（的原因）却比较复杂。30303)TranslationofComparativeStructures（比较句的翻译）(1)等比句式:A.由asas引导,一般译作“同样”，“与一样”(P.63)(P.63)B.由nomore/lessthan和nomore/lessthan,notanymorethan引导,译成:“不正如不、“和一样+句中形容词的反义词”。1.Ifmachinereallythoughtasmendo,therewouldbeno morereasontofearthemthantofearmen.译：如果机器真的能象人一样思维，那么就没有甚么理由怕它们，正如没有理由怕人一样。3131试比较:a.Heisno morefondofwatchingTVthan sheis.b.HeisnotmorefondofwatchingTV than sheis.译:a.他们两都不爱看电视。b.他看电视的劲头不比她大。2.Unmeritedpraiseisno morehonourthandeservedblame.译:不应受的表扬和应受的责备同样不是荣誉。3.Humansshouldnottrytoavoidstressany more thantheywouldshunfood,loveorexercise.译:人们不应该总是试图逃避压力，正如人们不应该躲避食物、爱情和运动那样。4.Schoolboyashewas,headdressedtheaugust（庄严的)audiencewithno morefear thanasifhehadbeentalkingtoagroupofhisplaymates.译:别看他是个小学生，他对庄严的听众讲话，一点也不害怕，就象对一块儿玩的同伴讲话一样。33335.Asregardsourpolicy,itisno lessourinterestthanourdutytomaintainthemostfriendlyrelationswithothercountries.译:关于我们的外交政策,维持和其他国家的友好关系,既是我们的义务,也同样是我们的利益。6.Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.译：那些社会地位高的人同样感到焦虑，他们的生活如同他们手下人生活一样空虚C.句型AistoBwhatCistoD,译成：“A对于B，如同C对于D”e.g.Airistouswhatwateristofish.Apenistoawriterwhataguntoasoldier.7.Beingcompletelyrelaxedintheexaminationisno better thanbeingtootense.译:考试中完全放松和过度紧张没什么区别。e.g.a)Youmayaswellfollowtheinstructionsinthebookletasasktheengineerforhelp.(“可以同样也可以”)3535D.“mayaswellas”“mightaswellas”b)Onemightaswellexpecttheleopardtochangeitsspotsasexpecthimtochangehishottemper.(“不可以同样不可以”(P.65)3636(2)(2)差比句式差比句式A.A.由由 morethan,lessthanmorethan,lessthan引导引导,译成译成：“与其与其说说不如说不如说”HeisHeismoremoreofagoodteacherofagoodteacherthanthanhishelpfulhishelpfulfriend.friend.译译:他是益友他是益友,更是良师。更是良师。Itwasacuriousexchange,Itwasacuriousexchange,lesslessadebateadebatethanthan aaquarrelbetweentheoldcouple.quarrelbetweentheoldcouple.译：这是一次奇妙的交锋，与其说是老夫妇之间的译：这是一次奇妙的交锋，与其说是老夫妇之间的一场辩论，不如说是一次争吵。一场辩论，不如说是一次争吵。B.B.由由 morethanmorethan引导的比较句引导的比较句morethanmorethan用在名词前，用在名词前，译成：译成：“不仅仅是不仅仅是”、“不不只是只是”(与与nomorethannomorethan意思相反）意思相反）morethanmorethan用在动词前，用在动词前，译成：译成：“不仅仅不仅仅”、“远远远远”、“大大地大大地”3737Theymayteachverywell,andTheymayteachverywell,andmore thanmore than earnearntheirsalaries.theirsalaries.译：他们可以教的很好，而且译：他们可以教的很好，而且不仅仅不仅仅是为了挣薪水。是为了挣薪水。HisnastyHisnastybehaviourbehaviourhashasmore thanmore than createdcreatedsomesometroubleinhisclass.troubleinhisclass.译：他的劣行在他班级里译：他的劣行在他班级里大大地大大地制造了麻烦。制造了麻烦。morethanmorethan用在形容前，用在形容前，译成：译成：“分外分外”、“非非常常”、“岂止岂止而已而已”Toourgreatsurprise,theywereToourgreatsurprise,theyweremore thanmore than delighteddelighted tostayinthecrowdedtown.tostayinthecrowdedtown.译：令我们大为惊讶的是译：令我们大为惊讶的是,他们竟他们竟很乐意很乐意呆在拥挤不呆在拥挤不堪的城市。堪的城市。3838C.all/none/somuch+比较级,译成“更加”、“还是”。D.notsomuchas，译成“与其说是不如说是”E.no/nothing/never/little/morethan，译成“不过是”、“就是”、“只是”。(3)(3)极比句式极比句式A.A.asasany“asasany“最最”E.gE.g1.Itissaidthattheweatherhereisasagreeableasanyinthewholecountry.译:据说,这儿的天气是全国最最宜人的。B.否定词+比较级结构和类似nothing is more than,few things are morethan,nothing is as as结构,译作”没有比更”或”最”1.Noissueismoreemotion-rousingthanfood,becausenoissueisasbasictoindividualandnationalsurvivalasfood.译:没有甚麽问题比粮食更能激起人们的情绪,因为粮食是个人和国家生存的最根本的问题。40402.NomanthinksmorehighlythanIdoofthepatriotism,aswellasabilities,oftheveryworthygentlemenwhohavejustaddressthehouse.刚才几位可敬的先生向全体代表发言了。对于这几位先生的爱国主义精神及才干，我个人比任何人更敬佩。C.thelast+n.“极少可能的”D.no+amount/degree/effort+of“即使最”3.Nodegreeofattentionjustifiestheimportanceofthisissue.译:即使倾注再多的注意力,对此重要问题来说都不过分。(4)拟比句式Preferto,preferratherthan,wouldsoonerthan,wouldratherthan,译成“宁可也不愿”。1.Hewouldratherdiethangavein.2.Theoldmanprefertowriteherlettersratherthandictateothers,Ex1.Iholdthemaximno lessapplicabletopublicthantoprivateaffairsthathonestyisalwaysthebestpolicy.2.Acultureinwhichthecitizenssharesimilarreligiousbeliefsandvaluesismorelikelytohavelawsthatrepresentthewishesofitspeople thanisaculturewherecitizenscomefromdiversebackground.3.Wehaveno morerighttoconsumehappinesswithoutproducingitthantoconsumewealthwithoutproducingit.4.Fitnessisbeingpursuedbymillionswhorealizethattheirmedicalfateliesmoreintheirownthanintheirphysicianshands.5.ThefirstobjectobservedbyGalileo,naturallyenough,wastheMoon.Hewasthefirsttoseemore thantheshadowsthatpeoplesimaginationshasmadeintoshapes.6.Herlettersaysthatsheisnone the wiserformypatientexplanation.7.Moneyisthe last thinghewants,andyouwontsucceedbyofferingit.8.Hisinitialwillingnesstoexperimentwithreformsstemmednot so muchfromaloveofdemocracy asfromhisrecognitionthatwithoutreform,hiscountryandthegovernmentwouldslidetowardseconomicruin.9.Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcodewhichgovernshisactivity,any more thanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.4545ExEx1.Iholdthemaxim1.Iholdthemaximno lessno lessapplicabletopublicapplicabletopublicthanthantoprivateaffairsthathonestyisalwaysthetoprivateaffairsthathonestyisalwaysthebestpolicy.bestpolicy.译：译：我认为诚实是最好的政策这句格言，我认为诚实是最好的政策这句格言，不仅不仅可适可适用于私事，用于私事，亦亦可适用于公事。可适用于公事。2.Acultureinwhichthecitizenssharesimilar2.Acultureinwhichthecitizenssharesimilarreligiousbeliefsandvaluesisreligiousbeliefsandvaluesismoremorelikelytohavelikelytohavelawsthatrepresentthewishesofitspeoplelawsthatrepresentthewishesofitspeople thanthan isisaculturewherecitizenscomefromdiverseaculturewherecitizenscomefromdiversebackground.background.译：译：有一种文化有一种文化,其公民共有相似的宗教信仰和价值其公民共有相似的宗教信仰和价值观念观念,还有一种文化还有一种文化,其公民来自于不同的背景。前其公民来自于不同的背景。前者比后者者比后者更有可能更有可能制定出代表其人民意愿的法律。制定出代表其人民意愿的法律。3.Fitnessisbeingpursuedbymillionswhorealizethattheirmedicalfateliesmoreintheirownthanintheirphysicianshands.译：成千上万的人追求健康，因为他们认识到，自己的健康状况与其说是掌握在医生手里，倒不如说是由自己掌握的。46464.Wehaveno morerighttoconsumehappinesswithoutproducingitthantoconsumewealthwithoutproducingit.5.ThefirstobjectobservedbyGalileo,naturallyenough,wastheMoon.Hewasthe