2高考英语复习-名词.ppt

LESSON 2基础知识复习-名词英语成人高考复习指导1/54PART 1：语法概述2/54语法：分为词法和句法，分别研究词类和句子语法语法具体内容具体内容词类名词、冠词、代词、数词、介词、动 词、连词、形容词、副词句子简单句、并列句、复合句等3/54 Part 2：名词4/54人、事物和概念的名称Teacher老师Grass草Dog狗Word单词名词-名词概述名名词和它的各种修和它的各种修饰语一起构成名一起构成名词短短语，可在句子中充当主，可在句子中充当主语、表、表语、宾语、宾语补足足语、状、状语、同位、同位语等。等。对于名于名词我我们必必须掌握两个知掌握两个知识点：名点：名词的数和名的数和名词的所有格的所有格。5/54名词-名词的分类6/54普通名词泛指，表示某类人或事物或概念的名称，有单复数仅有单数形式的词：News,police仅有复数形式的词：Clothes,trousers专有名词 专指，表示某个人、地方、机构等所专有的名称，一般只有单数可数名词可以用数目来计算的人、事物和概念的普通名词，有单复数不可数名词表示无法用数目来计算的事物和概念的普通名词，一般只有单数形式。Smith,Europe,the United Nations 名词-可数名词可数名词个体名词表示某类人或物中的个体者policeman,cow（母牛、乳牛）,shirt集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体者police,cattle（牲口、家畜）,clothing抽象名词某些表示抽象概念者word,minute,worry（苦恼，愁闷）可数名词的数量常用数词或者表示数量意义的短语来表示：two cows,a dozen of shirts,a head of cattle（牲口）还可用由某些普通名词构成的短语来表示两个以上的数量：a pair of shoes,a group of policemen,a set of teeth,a lot of words,a great number of worries7/54名词-不可数名词不可数名词物质名词无法分为个体的实物者gold,meat,cloth,air,beer,bread,milk,butter,oil,chalk（粉笔）,cheese,blood,cake,paper,lumber（木材）,rain,coffee,rice,smoke,fog,snow,fish,soap,electricity,grass,sugar,tea,ice,water,ink,iron,wood抽象名词表示抽象概念者advice,money,age,knowledge,beauty,laughter,energy,fun,happiness,help,information,kindness,life,play,trouble,truth,wisdom（智慧）,work,youth（青年）属类business（商业）,news（新闻）,fruit,furniture（家具）,traffic,luggage（行李）,vegetation（植被）,mail,weather学科art,chemistry（化学）,history,Chinese,mathematics（数学）,music,science,economics,engineering,English,technology,grammar,vocabulary运动和休闲baseball（棒球）,basketball,football,swimming,softball（垒球）,volleyball,golf,opera（歌剧）,dancing,sinning,drinking,television,bridge（桥牌）,homework8/54名词-可数名词与不可数名词的区别可数名词可数名词不可数名词不可数名词单复数单、复数mapmaps单数some water单数表泛指时冠词的使用用不定冠词a（an）Li Hong is a driver不用冠词We cant see milk on the table.表特指时冠词的使用thePass me the ball，please.theThe chicken on the plate is yours.表复数意义时修饰词的使用many、some、any、a lot of（lots of）many applesmuch,little,a little、some、any、a lot of（lots of）much meat，a little bread，little water数词的使用直接使用three women，ten babies数词+表示数量的名词+of+不可数名词two glasses of milkfive pieces of bread做主语时谓语的单复数形式与主语的单、复数保持一致All the students are in the classroom.单数There is some rice in the bowl.对数量进行提问使用的疑问词how manyI can see two photos on the wall.How many photos can you see on the wall？how muchThere is a lot of pork in the basket.How much pork is there in the basket？特例可数名词以单数形式出现的集合可数名词表复数概念：people，police，family以复数形式出现的可数名词：clothes，glasses单、复数形式一致的可数名词：Japanese，sheep，Chinese9/54名词-名词的数（即名词的单复数）10/54可数名词单、复数的构成：a/an、数词或者表示数量意义的短语+可数名词单、复数形式Two cows,a dozen of shirts,a head of cattle，a teacher不可数名词单、复数的构成：单数：a/an+名词短语+不可数名词a piece of bread cake,paper,thread(线),furniture(家具),cloth(布),news,advice,information,work,meat。复数：数词或其他表数量的修饰词+名词短语复数+不可数名词Three pieces of bread名词-可数名词复数的构成1-规则名词名词种类名词种类复数构成复数构成读音读音e.g.e.g.备注备注一般情况-s清辅音s浊辅音及元音zfriendfriends;catcats;piecepieces;sportsports以s、z、x、ch、sh（读音为s z t d）结尾的词-es加读izbusbuses;foxfoxes;matchmatches;flashflashes 如有无声-e，只加-s辅音字母+y结尾将y改变为i，再加-es加读zcandycandies;；ladyladies 以-o结尾加-es，加读ztomatotomatoes;potatopotatoes;bingobingoes 外来词或缩写，加-sphotophotos以-f或-fe结尾将-f或-fe改变为-ves尾音f改读vzknifeknives;lifelives;leafleaves;特例：roofroofs 11/54名词-可数名词复数的构成2-不规则名词名词名词种类种类名词构成名词构成复数构成复数构成e.g.e.g.备注备注不规则名词/内部元音发生变化foot-feet;tooth-teeth Mouse-mice;man-men;woman-women与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women加-en或-renchild-children;ox-oxen/部分单词/复数形式不变fish;sheep;cattle;deer;Chinese;Japanese;works;means读音保持原音由形容词ing分词和ed分词加定冠词转化来的名词复数形式不变the rich,the killed,the living,the new,the unknown以-s结尾的名词仅用于复数（无单数形式）arms,clothes,goods表示集合意义的名词无复数词尾表述复数意义police,people,cattle12/54名词-可数名词复数的构成3-复合名词名词构成名词构成复数构成复数构成e.g.e.g.备注备注写成一个字者在第二部分加复数词尾bathroom-bathrooms分开写者通常在第二部分加复数词尾traffic light-traffic lights有连词符且有名词在主体名词后加复数词尾passer-by-passers-by有连词符无有名词在整个词的词末加复数词尾Grown-up-grown-ups常见复合名词：常见复合名词：blood type blood type 血型血型 winter clothes winter clothes冬装冬装 dinner table dinner table餐桌餐桌 looker-on looker-on旁观旁观者者 sister-in-law sister-in-law嫂子嫂子 news reporter news reporter新闻记者新闻记者 man-teacher man-teacher男老师男老师 editor-in-chiefeditor-in-chief总编辑总编辑 runner-uprunner-up亚军亚军 go-between go-between中间人中间人13/54名词-名词的数-练习题1几瓶奶 一碟肉两条新闻一大块冰十只羊一条裤子14/54several bottles of milka plate of meattwo pieces of newsa block of iceten sheepa pair of trousers名词-名词的数-练习题2 I have some(照片)of the(英雄)who once fought in that battle.photos heroesThe（婴儿）here are all（男孩）and those in the next room are all girls.babies boys You can see fallen（树叶）on the（屋顶）of all the houses.leaves roofs She still has all her own（牙）,yet I already have a（牙）taken out.teeth tooth The（日本人）live differently from the（美国人）in many ways.Japanese Americans15/54名词-名词的数-练习题3将下列句中可变复数的名词变成复数，并把句子做相应的变化：The nurse is taking good care of the child in the childs house.The nurses are taking good care of the children in the childrens house.There is a piano in the sitting-room.There are pianos in the sitting-rooms.The old woman has been an electrical engineer in this factory for many years.The old women have been electrical engineers in these factories for many years.What is that knife on the shelf in the kitchen made of?What are those knives on the shelves in the kitchen(s)made of?The man doctor worked as a bus driver in this city ten years ago.The men doctors worked as bus drivers in these cities ten years ago.16/54名词-名词的数-练习题4 A large (商店)was having its spring (销售)on (鞋子)and (靴子).It was the first day of the (销售),and the shoe department was full of (妇女).They were eagerly trying to buy them.There were all kinds of (鞋子)and (靴子)in various (颜色),and the (价钱)were a lot lower than they used to be,because the (商店)wanted to get rid of as many as possible in order to make (空间)for their new stock(存货).The (出纳员cashier)were very busy,and at one moment a (妇女)came to one of them with her (钱)in her (手)and said,“I dont need a (包),thank you.Im wearing the new (鞋子).”She pointed to them on her (脚).“Would you like a (包)to put your old (鞋子)in?”the (出纳员)asked politely as she took the womans (钱).“No,thank you,”the (妇女)answered,“Ive just sold them to someone else.”17/54 store sale shoes boots sale women shoes boots colours prices store roomcashiers woman money hand bag shoes feet bag shoes cashier money woman名词-名词所有格-概述名词主格（主主格（主语）宾格（格（宾语）s所有格Of所有格所有格（属格）所有格（属格）（表所有关系）（表所有关系）双重所有格18/54名词种类名词种类 s s所有格所有格e.g.e.g.单数名词在词尾加-sthe nurses shoes 那护士的鞋Mens room 男厕所the moons light不以-s结尾的复数名词the childrens palace 少年宫复合名词the woman cooks coat 那女厨师的外衣短语half an hours walk半小时的步行以s结尾的短语在s后加-3 hours walk 三小时的路程 the boys toys 男孩们的玩具two miles distance 两英里的距离以z结尾的人名 Charles ta:lz house查尔斯的房子或 Charless ta:lziz houseNoteNote：1 1、以以s z s z t t 和和dd 结尾，加结尾，加“s s”读读iziz，如，如nursesnnursesn:siz;:siz;2 2、名词后面、名词后面加加“”不读音不读音,。19/54名词所有格-S所有格的构成名词所有格-S所有格的使用类别类别具体分类具体分类e.g.e.g.表有生命的名词人her familys pride 她家庭的骄傲Robert Brownings poems 罗伯特-勃郎宁的诗高等动物mares mer,cows or ewes eivei milk马奶、牛奶或者羊奶表无生命的名词表地点意义the citys history 那城市的历史New Yorks population 纽约的人口the Europes future欧洲的前景表时间意义two days work 两天的工作 a moments hesitation 一点也没有犹豫有关人的活动the books author 那本书的作者团体、机构the delegations successful visit 代表团的访问Yales Department of Literature 耶鲁大学文学系习惯用语at the death door 病危；for friendships sake 为了友情；at a stones throw 一箭之远；at ones fingers tip 手头上有；at arms length 保持距离；at ones wits end 黔驴技穷Note：若一样东西为两人共有，则后一个人名用所有格；如果不是两人共有，而是各有各的，则两个名词都用所有格，且其后名词应为复数。这可称为特殊所有格。例如：Jim and Henrys bike 吉姆和亨利的自行车（两人共同的自行车）Jims and Henrys bike 吉姆的自行车和亨利的自行车（两人各自的自行车）20/54名词所有格-S所有格后名词的省略情况情况e.g.e.g.前面已经出现过，为避免重复This watch is Smiths(watch).这表是史密斯的。其后的名词表示某人的家时I stayed at Helens(house).我待在海伦家。其后的名词表示某家店铺时He went to the barbers(shop).他去理发店了。其后的名词表示公共建筑时St.Pauls(church)is grand.圣保罗教堂很雄伟。21/54名词所有格-OF所有格的构成凡不能加s的名词，都可以与of构成短语，来表示所有关系。the of 22/54名词所有格-OF所有格的使用类别类别e.g.e.g.无生命的名词The history of the city 那城市的历史he title of the novel 小说的名字the end of the road 路的尽头表示低等动物的名词the wings of the bird 那鸟的翅膀表示人和高等动物的名词the pride of her family 她家庭的骄傲This is a photo of my parents.这是父母的照片。特殊情况：如果名词后面有一个较长定语，尽管名词表示有生命的东西，也可以用这种所有格形式。Did you listen to the speech of the President Clinton over the radio？你听了克林顿总统的广播讲话了吗？They have the support of the people of the developing countries他们得到发展中国家人民的支持。23/54名词所有格-S所有格与OF所有格的关系 s属格主要用于人名、较高等动物、有生命或视为有生命的名词，还包括地理、天体、文化艺术活动、工业、科技、交通、电讯、时间、度量及价值等名词；of 属格主要用于表示无生命的名词；两者大都可以通用，但有时只能用s属格，有时则只能用of属格。24/54名词所有格-用S属格不用OF属格的情况属格名词属格名词e.g.e.g.表示事物类别或属性womens clothing女服（不用clothing of women）Childrens hospital儿童医院（不说the hospital of children）Womens Shoes女鞋（不说shoes of women）在习惯用语中at the deaths door病危（不用at the door of death）所修饰的名词后有修饰语等时the mans book(that is)about war那人写战争的书表示人的所属关系(=sb.has sth.)时Mikes son麦克的儿子（不用the son of Mike）Maggies mother玛吉的妈妈（不用the mother of Maggie）Henrys brother亨利的兄弟the teachers book老师的书Note:但为了用词的平衡或为了更多强调属格名词时，也可用of属格。The brother of Henry the Second亨利二世的兄弟The book of our teacher Smith我们老师史密斯的书25/54名词所有格-用OF 属格不用S属格的情况属格名词属格名词e.g.e.g.属格的名词后有修饰语等时the book of the man,(who is)a worker那人（一个工人）的书由the加形容词或分词构成名词时the tombs of the killed被害者的坟墓当所修饰的名词前有冠词、指示代词等时，我们常用ofan old friend of my uncle 我叔叔的老朋友One of my friends 我的一个朋友26/54名词所有格-双重属格 “双重所有格（double genitive）”，是指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格，即“of名词所有格”。是s属格和of属格的结合形式；通常表示“许多中的一个（或一部分）”之意，带有感情色彩，其中用于属格的名词或代词表述某个确定的人。考试当中基本上只有六种情况：a/an;数词；some;many;this,that.若遇到名词前有这六种情况修饰，请考虑用双重所有格！27/54名词所有格-双重属格的特征特征特征e.g.e.g.“of名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能表示事物a play of Shakespeares（莎士比亚的一个戏剧）a friend of my wifes（我妻子的一个朋友）a funnel（烟囱）of the ships a leg of a tables而且该名词必须是特指的，不能是泛指的（即名词前必须用定冠词the）a friend of the doctors（这位医生的一个朋友）a novel of the writers（那位作者的一部小说）a friend of a doctors a novel of a writers除了修饰的原因外，用双重所有格主要是由于被修饰词有排他性的限定词。如冠词、某些不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词、数词等我们的一个老相识an our old acquaintancean old acquaintance of ours 他们的许多书many their booksmany books of theirs28/54 名词-名词所有格-练习题1政府的计划 the governments plan/the plan of the government年轻人的教育the young peoples education/the education of the young people大象的鼻子an elephants trunk(trk 大象的长鼻)/the trunk of an elephant世界的人口 the worlds population/the population of the world欧洲的过去 Europes past/the past of Europe 那电影的结尾 the films end/the end of the film女服womans clothing上周日的比赛last Sundays match半小时的休息half an hours rest被害者的尸体the bodies of the killed29/54名词-名词所有格-练习题2That is(我父亲的房子).It looks beautiful from outside.my fathers houseMy wife has taken my daughter(儿童公园).the Childrens ParkAfter(两小时的会谈)they came to an agreement.two hours talkPlease dont put(狗的食物)under the kitchen table.the dogs foodThey forget(街名)and so had to refer to a map.the name of the street30/54名词-名词所有格-练习题3A judge was working in his room one day when a neighbor ran in and said,“If (一个人的奶牛)kills (另外一个人的奶牛),is (前一头奶牛的主人)responsible(有责任)?”“It depends,”answered the judge.“Well,”said the man,“(一个法官的奶牛)has killed (一个穷人的奶牛).”“Oh,”answered the judge,“Everyone knows that a cow cannot think like a man,so a cow is not responsible,and that means that (那头奶牛的主人)is not responsible,either.”“Im sorry,judge,”said the man.“I made a mistake.I meant that (穷人的奶牛)killed (法官的奶牛).”The judge thought for a few seconds and then said,“When I think about it more carefully,this case is not as easy as I thought at first.”And then he turned to his clerk and said,“Please bring me that big black book of mine from the shelf behind you.”31/54a mans cow anothersthe first cows owner a judges cowa poor mansthe cows owner the poor mans cowthe judges the owner of the first cowthe owner of the cow名词-名词所有格-练习题4 I am afraid that there isntleft for you two in my car.There are already five people in it.a.many room b.any rooms c.any room d.many rooms Now many people use the word Ms instead of Miss or Mrs before the name ofin business letters.a.woman manager b.women manager c.woman managers d.women managers We are quite hopeful aboutdevelopment in industry and agriculture.a.next year b.next years c.next years d.next yearss The children cooked someby burningand branches.a.potatosleaves b.potatoesleafs c.potatosleafs d.potatoesleaves32/54名词-名词所有格-练习题4 She has to clean all thein all thein two hours.a.furniturebedroom b.furnituresbedrooms c.furniturebedrooms d.furnituresbedsrooms They raised fiftyand a hundredon their farm last.a.deerssheep b.deerssheep c.deersheeps d.deersheep The beautifulare made of a special kind ofin these factories.a.glassglass b.glassglasses c.glassesglass d.glassesglasses The young students likeand Marknovels very much.a.DickensTwains b.DickensTwain c.DickenssTwain d.DickensTwains33/54名词-名词所有格-练习题4 I came across aon the street yesterday morning.a.friend of my fathers b.friend of my father c.my fathers friend d.fathers friend He read inpaper thatindustry is developing at a high speed.a.today.Chinas b.todays.China c.todays.Chinas d.today.China 34/54Part 3：课堂内容总结及作业布置35/54课后后练习题的完成的完成4040个英个英语单词的背的背诵当做考当做考试题目，不看答案自目，不看答案自觉完成完成THE END36/54