《英语句法特征》PPT课件.ppt

英语句法特征英语句法特征o英语句法名词化现象普遍，即偏重使用名词词组，“名词优势于动词”。例如：You can rectify the fault if you insert a wedge.(嵌入一个楔子/三角木就可以纠正误差。）oRectification of this fault is achieved by insertion of a wedge.oHe failed in this exam,so he felt disheartened.oHis failure in the exam made him disheartened.o优点：优点：o英语的名词化优势往往使表达比较简洁，造句比较灵活，行文比较自然，也便于表达较为复杂的思想内容。o名词化使表达科学思想的一种工具，用在政论文体或科技文体中具有庄重感和严肃感，更能体现哲理性和科学性。（叶斯泊森）o课堂练习课堂练习oHis support for Portugals occupation of Goa has turned the Asian peoples against his government all the more.o他支持葡萄牙占据果阿，使得亚洲人民更加反对他的政府。oBuilt for hard pulling,the Husky has a deep wild chest,thick neck and iron-hard legs.o爱斯基摩狗胸部宽厚，脖子粗大，腿脚壮实，生来适于拖拉重载。oHis weariness and increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.o 他疲惫不堪，天气也越来越热，于是他下决心一碰到舒适的阴凉处就坐下休息。oHis action was prompted by the fear of being attacked.o他所以这样做是由于害怕遭受攻击。oShortness of time has required the omission of some countries.o由于时间不够，他不能访问某些国家。英汉句法现象对比英汉句法现象对比o形合、意合o 英语句子中各意群、成分的结合通常都用适当的连接词(连词、关系代词、关系副词、o介词等)来表达其相互关系，因此形式比较完备、严谨。而汉语句子各意群、成分等则往往o通过内在的联系贯串在一起，不一定用或很少用连接词，因此形式比较简约，相对比较松o散，其主从或并列关系主要是通过逻辑纽带或语序间接地表现出来，由读者自己去体会。o英汉语的这种基本差异，我们概括为前者重形合，后者重意合。o形合：指得是句中的词语成分或分句之间用语言形式手段连接起来，表达语法关系和逻辑关系。ow关系词：关系代词、关系副词、连接代词、连接副词，如who,whose,that,which,what,when,owhere,why,how 等，用来连接主句和定语从句，主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句。ow连接词：并列连词和从属连词，如and,or,but,yet,so,however,as well as,eitheror,when,while,as,since,until,so that,unless,lest等，用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。ow介词：简单介词（with,to,in)、合成介词（inside,onto,upon)、成语介词（according to,along with,apart from)，用来连接词、或从句。o其他连接手段：如形态变化，包括词缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化（如性、格、时、体、语态、语气、比较级、人称等）及其保持前后一致的关系的关系。o意合：指的是词语或成分之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。汉语的意合法往往采用以下手段。o语序o她不老实，我不能信任她。oBecause she is not honest,I cant trust her./I cant trust her,because she is not honest.o人不犯我，我不犯人。oWe will not attack unless we are attacked.o说是说了，没有结果。oIve made proposals,but they proved futile.o抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。oOnce the principal contradiction is grasped,all problems can be readily solved.o反复、排比、对偶、对照。这些句式词句整齐、匀称，往往不用关联词。o他不来，我不去。oIf he wont come here,Ill not go there.紧缩句o紧缩句：这类意合句是由复句紧缩而成的。“所谓紧，就是紧凑，是取消各分句之间的语音停顿，让它们紧紧地挨在一起；所谓缩，就是压缩，是略去原来分句的一些词语，让它们简约一些。”这类句式简明紧凑，分句之间的语法关系和逻辑关系往往是隐含的。o有饭大家吃。（如果有饭的话，那就让大家吃吧。）oLet everybody share the food if there is any.o不到黄河心不死。Until all is over,ambition never dies.o狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。oHowever sly a fox may be,it is no match for a good hunter.o狼披羊皮还是狼。oA wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheeps clothing.o问遍千家成行家。oLearn from numerous advisers,and youll become a master.o上梁不正下梁歪。oIf the upper beam is not straight,the lower ones will go aslant./when those above unworthily,those below will do the same.四字格o不进则退。oHe who does not advance falls backward./move forward,or youll fall behind.o玩火必焚。oWhoever plays with fire will perish by fire.o欲盖弥彰oThe more one tries to hide,the more one is exposed.o种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。oAs you sow,so will you reap.o不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？oIf you have never tasted the bitterness of gall,how can you know the sweetness of honey?o东边闪电出日头，西边闪电必有雨，南边闪电天气热，北边闪电有雷雨。oIf it lightens in the east,it will be sunny;if it lightens in the west,it will be rainy;if it lightens in the south,it will be sultry;if it lightens in the north,it will be stormy.物称与人称物称与人称 o英语的另一个造句特点是其物称倾向，即往往采用不能主动发出动作或无生命事物的词语作主语，尤其在新闻、科技、学术文献及某些散文作品中用得较多;而汉语则往往更习惯于人称化的说法，即采用能主动发出动作或有生命的物体充当主语。o例如:oAbsence and distance make the overseas Chinese heart increasingly fond of the Peking regime.(物称)o 华侨离乡背井，远居国外，因而他们在感情上越来越向往北京政权。(人称)oBitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.(物称)o这位曾使全世界人发出笑声的人自己却饱受辛酸。(人称)oHis addition completed the list.(物称)o加上他，名单就完备了。(无主句)o这种差异的文化根源是:西方人较注重客体思维，因而往往让事物以客观的口气呈现出来;而汉人注重主体思维，往往以人为中心叙述事物。这种思维方式反映在语言表达上便产生了与西方的差异，即英语句法的物称特点和汉语的人称倾向。翻译时一般都需作主客体转换，有时译成无主句。