《英语修辞手法》PPT课件.ppt

FiguresofSpeech英语修辞英语修辞vFiguresofspeech(修辞)arewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.Commonformsoffiguresofspeech1.simile2.metaphor3.personification4.metonymy5.synecdoche6.irony7.epigram(paradox)8.repetition9.antithesis10.parallelism11.euphemism12.transferredepithet13.oxymoron14.alliteration15.hyperbole16.litotes17.anti-climax18.assonance19.periodicsentence20.rhetoricalquestion21.onomatopoeia22.pun23.antonomasia24.analogy1.Simile(明喻明喻)vacomparisonbetweentwounlikethingshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommonv1.用likevThewaterlaygreyandwrinkledlikeanelephantsskin.vHereyeswerejetblack,andherhairwaslikeawaterfall.v2、用as表示vEverytreeandeverybranchwasencrustedwithbrightanddelicatehoarfrost,whiteandpure,assnow,delicateanddefinedascarvedivory.vHisfacewasasgreyasashes.vAsthelioniskingofbeasts,soistheeaglekingofbirds.3、用what表示vWhatlightistotheeyeknowledgeistothemind.vReadingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.vJudiciouspraiseistothechildrenwhatthesunistoflowers.2.Metaphor(暗喻暗喻)vacomparisonbetweentwounlikethings,butthecomparisonisimpliedratherthanstatedvSnowclothestheground.vTheshipploughedthesea.vAlltheworldisastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.vTheboywolfeddownthefoodthemomenthegrabbedit.vHeswambravelyagainstthetideofpopularapplause.vmain artery of transportation in the young nations heart3.Personification(拟人拟人)a figure that endows objects,animals,ideas,or abstractions with human form,character,or sensibility Life dealt him profound personal tragedies.the river had acquainted him with.to literatures enduring gratitude.Bitterness fed on the man.America laughed with him.vThe Middle Easter bazaar takes you.vThe window winked at me.vdancing flashes4.Metonymy(换喻换喻)(借代）借代）vafigureofspeechthatconsistsinusingthenameofonethingforthatofsomethingelsewithwhichitisassociatedvInJapanthereisanincessantstrugglebetweenthekimonoandtheminiskirt.vShewasagirlwhoexcitedtheemotions,butIwasnotonetoletmyheartrulemyhead.vheart:feelingsandemotionsvhead,brain:wisdom,intelligence,reasonMetonymycanbederivedfromvarioussources:va.NamesofpersonsvUncleSam:theUSAvb.Animalsvthebear:theSovietUnionvthedragon:theChinese(afightbetweenthebearandthedragon)vc.Partsofthebodyvheart:feelingsandemotionsvhead,brain:wisdom,intelligence,reasonvShewasagirlwhoexcitedtheemotions,butIwasnotonetoletmyheartrulemyhead.vgreyhair:oldagevd.Profession:vthepress:newspapers,reportersetc.vHe met the press yesterday evening at theGrandHotel.vthebar:thelegalprofessionve.locationofgovernment,businessetc.vDowningStreet:theBritishGovernmentvthe White House:the US president and hisgovernmentvtheCapitolHill:USCongressvWallStreet:USfinancialcirclesvHollywood:AmericanfilmmakingindustryvLetsgotobednow.(bed-sleeping)vWhatislearnedinthecradleiscarriedtothegrave.(cradle-birth,grave-death)vHispenwouldprovemightierthanhispickax.5.Synecdoche(提喻提喻)vwithpartrepresentingthewholeorviseversavTwoheadsarebetterthanone.vManyhandsmakelightwork.vThefootballmatchwasaclosecontest.Intheend,Chinawon.vTheworldknowshisworth.vThecitypostedasign,whichturnedouttobeverycontroversial.6.Irony(反反语语)vafigureofspeechinwhichthemeaningliterally expressed is the opposite of themeaning intended and which aims atridicule,humourorsarcasmvHiroshima-theLiveliestCityinJapanvEach day of sufferingthathelpsto free me from earthly caresvcongratulate myself on the good fortunethatmyillnesshasbroughtmevmarching backwards to the glorious age ofthe16thcentury7.Epigram(paradox)(警句警句)(隽语）隽语）vabrief,pointedsayingthathasthenatureofaproverbvThebestepigramsarethoseinwhichthereisanapparentcontradictionbetweentheintendedmeaningandtheformoftheexpression.Likeantithesis,epigramisbasedoncontrast.vBusinessisbusiness.(Friendshipisfriendship.)vHomeishome,beiteversohomely.(EastorWest,homeisbest.)vAlittlelearningisadangerousthing.vIgnoranceisthecurseofGod,knowledgethewingwherewithweflytoheaven.vThedayhaseyes,thenighthasears.vAsnowyear,arichyear.vWordsarewomen,deedsaremen.vOnehastobecrueltobekind.vWarispeace.Freedomisslavery.Ignoranceisstrength.vMorehaste,lessspeed.vHowyoungaretheold?vThechildisfatheroftheman.(Wordsworth)vAfriendtoeverybodyisafriendtonobody.vThemoreyougive,themoreyouhave.v多施多得。vAmanwhoisfullofhimselfisempty.(Donne)8.Repetition(重复重复)vWe have but one aim and one singlepurposevnothingwillturnus-nothingvWe will never parley,we will nevernegotiate.vThis is our policy and this is ourdeclarationvasweshallfaithfullyandsteadfastly9.Antithesis(对偶对偶)the deliberate arrangement of contrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveemphasisManyarecalled,butfewarechosen.Speechissilver;silenceisgolden.Manproposes,Goddisposes.Deedsshowwhatweare,words,whatweshouldbe.between what people claim to be and what they really are.a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever10.Parallelism(排比排比)vuseofparallelpartsofrelevantmeaningsandsimilarstructurestoemphasizeorrenderdepthtothenarrationvThepast,withitscrimes,itsfollies,anditstragedies.vIsee,.Isee.vthereturnofthebread-winner,oftheirchampion,oftheirprotectorvWeshallfighthimbyland,weshallfighthimbysea,weshallfighthimintheair11.Euphemism(委婉语委婉语)vthe substitution of an agreeable or in-offensive expression for one that mayoffendorsuggeststhunpleasantvHe was sentenced to prison-He is nowlivingatthegovernmentsexpenses.vHe commented with a crushing sense ofdespaironmensfinalreleasefromearthlystruggle.vTheboyisabitslowforhisage.12.Transferredepithet(移就移就)vanadjectiveusedtolimitanounwhichitcannotlogicallymodifyvIspentsleeplessnightsonmyproject.vTheU.S.hasnowsetupalonelinessindustry.vDarrowhadwhisperedthrowingareassuringarmroundmyshoulderasvHemadehimselfaprofoundlybadcupoftea.vInstantlyfromthedarkholesallround,therewasafrenziedrushofJews.13.Oxymoron(矛盾修辞矛盾修辞)vformedbyconjoiningoftwocontrastingtermsMalonecalledmyconvictionavictoriousdefeat.bittersweetmemoriesproudhumilityorderlychaosadamnedsaintvcruelkindnessv害人不浅的仁慈（残忍的仁慈）vlaboriousidlenessv令人腻烦的闲散（辛苦的闲散）vpainfulpleasurev悲喜交集（痛苦的喜悦）vTheparentaldisciplinecanbedescribedascruel kindness.vSheisaclever fool.vHeisacheerful pessimist.vHewaspuzzledathercruel kindness.vIt(NewYork)hasthepoorestmillionaires,thelittlestgreatmen,thehaughtiestbeggars,theplainestbeauties,thelowestskyscrapers,thedolefulestpleasuresofanytownIeversaw.(O.Henry:TheDuel)v心灵最空虚的百万富翁（最贫困的百万富翁）心灵最空虚的百万富翁（最贫困的百万富翁）v人格最渺小的伟人（最矮小的伟人）人格最渺小的伟人（最矮小的伟人）v最目空一切的草包（最目空一切的乞丐）最目空一切的草包（最目空一切的乞丐）v最使人瞧不上眼的美女（最普通的美女）最使人瞧不上眼的美女（最普通的美女）v最卑鄙龌龊的摩天大楼（最低矮的摩天大楼）最卑鄙龌龊的摩天大楼（最低矮的摩天大楼）v最令人悲哀的娱乐最令人悲哀的娱乐（最令人悲哀的欢乐）（最令人悲哀的欢乐）14.Alliterationorfrontrhyme(首字母押韵首字母押韵)vtherepetitionofaninitialsoundthatisusu.aconsonantintwoormoreneighbouringwordsvsliptoastopvtestedandtreatedv.the slow,sleepy,sluggish-brained slothstayedathomevSpeechissilver;silenceisgolden.15.Hyperbole(夸张夸张)va device of comparison using exaggeration or obvious overstatement for comic or dramatic effect.vtakes you.hundreds even thousands of yearsvinnumerable lampsvincredibly youngvwith the dust of centuries:.cruise through eternal boyhood and.endless summer of freedom.The cast of characters-a cosmos.vThebagweighed aton.Youcannotcarryitwithyou.vThey murderedusatthenegotiatingsession.vIhaveasea ofsentimentsandaworldofwordstospeaktohim,butfailtotellthemwithmypoorpen.16.Litotesorrhetoricalunderstatement(含蓄表达含蓄表达)vtheoppositeofhyperbole,whichcontainsanunderstatementforemphasis,frequentlywithanegativeassertion,oftenusedwithironicalintentionsvIshantbesorrywhenitsover.(Ishallbeveryglad)vItsnolaughingmatter.(Itsveryserious.)vHeisnomeanscholar.(Hesagoodscholar.)vWearenotunpreparedforthewar.17.anti-climax(突降法)vthesuddenappearanceofanabsurdor trivial idea following a serioussignificant ideas and suspensions.Thisdeviceisusu.aimedatcreatingcomicorhumorouseffects.vatownknownthroughouttheworldforits-oystersvThedutiesofasoldieraretoprotecthiscountryandpeelpotatoes.18.Assonance(押尾韵押尾韵)vtheuseofthesameorrelated,vowelsoundsinsuccessivewordsvclanking,heel-clicking,vcowing and tying.plodding on likecrawlinglocusts,.smartingfrommanyaBritishwhipping.veasierandsaferpreyvwhenbigotslightedfaggotstoburn.19.periodicsentence(掉尾句掉尾句)(圆周句）圆周句）vtoleavethemostimportantpartattheendofthesentencesoastokeeptheaudienceinsuspensevItisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofafortunemustbeinwantofawife.vWhenIawokeon.invasionofRussia.vIfHitlerimaginesthat.woefullymistaken.vAny man or state who fights on againstNazidomwillhaveouraid.AnymanorstatewhomarcheswithHitlerisourfoe.20.Rhetoricalquestion(修辞修辞问问句句)vaquestionthatneedsnoanswer,butusedforemphasisvWasInotatthesceneofthecrime?vbutcanyoudoubtwhatourpolicywillbe?21.Onomatopoeia(拟声词拟声词)vwords imitating the sounds associated with the thing concernedvThe patient groaned as he was lifted on to the stretcher.vThe hinge of the door needs oiling,it creaks every time it is opened.vThetickingoftheclockwastheonlysoundthatgreetedhim,fornotasoulremained.vwithitsclanking,heel-clicking,dandifiedPrussianofficers,vI am hungry,my stomach is rumbling.22.Pun(双关双关语)vaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwordsvDarwinisright-inside.vSevendayswithoutwatermakesoneweak.vA:Whyareparliamentaryreportscalled“BlueBooks”?B:Becausetheyareneverred(read).vA:Whatisthemostcontradictorysignseeninthelibrary?B:Tospeakaloudisnotallowed(aloud).23.Antonomasia换称v与借代、典故相似，但它所使用的专用名词却常涉及历史上或文学作品中的著名人物与事件。v1.用专名词代替普通名词v(1)Soloman,Zhugeliang-awisemanv(2)Judas-atraitorv(3)UncleTom-aNegrowhocompromisesandconformswiththeWhitesv(4)JimGrow-blackpeoplev(5)Romeo-love情郎vItmaybecalledthe West Lakeofourprovince.vImsureheisourfutureNewton.vADaniel hascometojudgement.v(Daniel为正直的法官，圣经中希伯来的预言家。）vHeisourGorky.Heisournationalhero!v玛克西姆高尔基(英译MaksimGorky)vThelatter-dayAladdin,stillsnuglyabed,thenpressesabuttononabedsideboxandissuesv2.用普通名词代替专名词vBeefeater吃牛肉者（代替英国皇家卫兵）vFatheroflies谎言之父（代替魔鬼撒旦）vGardenofEngland英格兰的花园（代替英国肯特郡）24.Analogy类比v借助一些共同的相似之点来作平行的比较，比明喻与隐喻的着眼点更广阔。常用连接词语“asso”.vAnalogyisfavouredbyscientistsintheirwriting,sinceithelpsthemtoexplain,convince,andgetacrosstheirpointtothereader.Analogymakesdifficultthingseasytounderstandbytheuseofobjectsoractsthatarequitefamiliartothereaderasthebasisofcomparison.vAnalogyisalsousedinliteraryprosewriting.vShipsintheDesert(unit3)vAusefulsystemcomesfromthemilitary,local(skirmishes),regional(battles),strategic(conflicts)vEnvironmentalthreatscanbeconsideredinthesameway:vThebodyisaunit,thoughitismadeupofmanyparts;andthoughallitspartsaremany,theyformonebody.SoitiswithChrist.vPeoplesaythatwhenthefirstsuccessfulballoonflighttookplace,BenjaminFranklinwasasked:“Whatgoodwassuchaninvention?”Heanswered,“Whatgoodisanewbornbaby?”