《英语语法》PPT课件.ppt
汉英语法对比 第一节 基本语法特征对比 一、什么是特征一、什么是特征l(一)“特征”的特征l1.特征是比较出来的l2.特征是个相对的概念l3.特征必须从本质上着眼(二)不是(二)不是“特征特征”的特征的特征l1、从英语看汉语l(1)助词不是汉语“所独”l(2)词序和虚词不是汉语的特点l(3)词、短语、句子采取相同的结构方式不是汉语的特点l主谓:earthquake,daybreak,watchdog,l动宾:haircut,dress-design,sightseeing,l stockholder;scarecrowl状动:diving board(dive from a board);l sewing machine(sewing with a machine);l sun-bathing(bath in the sun);l daydream(dream during the day)l(4)主语经常不用不是汉语的特点 lVeni,Vidi,Vici(I came,I saw,I conquered)lWish you good luck!Good luck!lThis is a good film,I love it very much.l“情动于中而形于言,言之不足故嗟叹之,嗟叹之不足故永歌之,永歌之不足,不知手之舞之足之蹈之也。”l(5)人文性不是汉语的特点2、从汉语看英语、从汉语看英语l(1)词序和虚词的使用不是英语的特点l(2)分析性不是英语的特点l(3)男性化和女性化问题 l叶斯柏森英语的发展与结构lmasculine:childish/feminine l林语堂,My Country and My People lThere is no difference but difference of degree between difference degree of difference and difference.(三)汉语和英语的特征(三)汉语和英语的特征l1、怎样寻找特征l2、汉语和英语的语法特征 l(1)汉语语法是隐性的,英语语法是显性的l(2)汉语语法是柔性的,英语语法是刚性的 l(3)由汉语特点得出的汉语观l1)汉语是语义型语言,英语是形态型语言l2)汉语是音足型语言,英语是形足型语言二、隐性与显性二、隐性与显性l(一)“隐性”和“显性”差异的表现l1、词类的标记:词缀l2、语法中的形态标志l(1)综合式形态 l附加/异根/内部屈折/零形式 l(2)分析式形态 3、语言中的形式词、语言中的形式词(二)(二)“隐性隐性”和和“显性显性”差异的特差异的特点点l1、汉语偏重语义和英语偏重形式l英语:“结构语义”l汉语:“语义结构”2、汉语语法单位的模糊性与英语语法单位、汉语语法单位的模糊性与英语语法单位的清晰性的清晰性l3、词法与句法的对勘性l4、语序与虚词的问题三、柔性与刚性三、柔性与刚性l(一)英语语法的刚性l1、英语语词形式固定,缺乏伸缩性。l2、英语刚性的语法规则l3、英语虚词使用的必要性l(二)汉语语法的柔性l1、汉语语词的弹性特征l2、汉语语法的弹性特征第二节第二节 语言单位对比语言单位对比 l一、什么是“本位”l三层意思 l二、汉英语寻找“本位”的历史l(一)英语寻找“本位”的历史l(二)汉语寻找“本位”的历史三、汉语的字本位和英语的词本位三、汉语的字本位和英语的词本位l汉语词的概念及其结构和节奏 l(一)“字”和“词”分别是汉语和英语的天然语言单位l字与语素 l非线性结构 l汉语的研究传统主要是语义 l现成、离散、心理现实性(二)(二)“字字”和和“词词”是不同编码机制的是不同编码机制的产物产物l1、语义句法lTomorrow the sleeping table married its jumping lake.l以语义为基础的句法结构,最重要的特征是句法单位的组合顺序。l2、语义句法和汉语沈家煊沈家煊英汉对比语法三题英汉对比语法三题,外语教外语教学与研究学与研究,1996(04)lthe dogs tail,worn clotheslhandle of the teapot,an attempt to cross the river,the man who came yesterdayl基本假设:人通过对外部世界的感知而形成的概念结构跟语言结构之间在很大程度上存在着一种对应关系 .l英汉偏正结构语序的差异 l(1)a.教堂附近的学校l the school near the churchl b.学校附近的教堂l the church near the schooll(2)a.教堂附近的自行车l the bike near the churchl b.?自行车附近的教堂l?the church near the bikel(3)a.茶壶上的把l the handle of the teapotl b.?把上的茶壶l .the teapot of the handlel“目标”(figure):“背景”(ground)l(4)a.亭子在湖中心。(由“目标”到“背景”)l b.湖中心有个亭子。(由“背景”到“目标”)l(5)a.The pavilion is at the centre of the lake.l b.There is a pavilion at the centre of the lake.l英语不象汉语一样具很强的由“背景”到“目标”的感知倾向。3、汉英语的结构基础、汉英语的结构基础l层序 层组织 结构公式l1 (1个韵头)1个韵腹(1个韵尾)(1)1(1)=1个韵母l2 1个声母1个韵母=1个音段 11=1l3 1个音段1个声调=1个音节 11=1l4 1个音节1个概念 11=14、语义句法的结构框架、语义句法的结构框架l汉:“1个字1个音节1个概念”l英:“1个词n个音节1个概念”l不同语言的音义关联点的差异扎根于语言社团的语音感知单位、感知方式的差异,并由此造成语言基本结构单位的差异。l(三)“字”和“词”分别是汉英语各个平面研究的交会点l(四)“字”处于汉语言组织研究中承上启下的枢纽位置,词在英语语法上处于承上启下的枢纽位置,是词法与句法的交接点。26l四、关于四、关于“字字”本位的评价及在对外汉语教本位的评价及在对外汉语教学方面的讨论学方面的讨论(一)字本位理论的主要观点综述l1.汉语与印欧语的编码机制不同。l2.分析了汉语单字格局解体的原因,揭示了字组中字与字的组合规律。l3.创建了汉语语义语法27l推荐阅读:闵毅,“字本位”理论述评,中华文化论坛2008.8l产生背景l理论的提出:音义关联的基点生成问题(潘文国“音义互动律”)形成过程l具体理论内容l缺漏与意义28(二)讨论与评价(二)讨论与评价l骆锤炼骆锤炼,字本位研究质疑字本位研究质疑宁夏大学学报宁夏大学学报(人文社会科学版人文社会科学版)2006(02)l王庆王庆,评徐通锵的评徐通锵的“字本位理论字本位理论”和学风,外国语言文学,和学风,外国语言文学,2009(04)l孙剑艺,论汉语字、词、词素的本位问题,山东大学学报孙剑艺,论汉语字、词、词素的本位问题,山东大学学报(哲学哲学社会科学版社会科学版),2003(04)l彭泽润,潘文国,彭泽润,潘文国,“词本位词本位”还是还是“字本位字本位”有利于汉语语言有利于汉语语言学?学?l第第一一届届“汉汉语语独独特特性性理理论论与与教教学学国国际际研研讨讨会会”学学术术观观点点综综述述l通化师范学院学报通化师范学院学报,2010(09)29l潘文国的字本位观点陈述l第一,主张字本位的两个理由第一,主张字本位的两个理由l第二,什么是字本位?第二,什么是字本位?l徐通锵:基本结构单位徐通锵:基本结构单位l潘文国:潘文国:基本单位基本单位l第三,为什么字本位的对立面是词本位?第三,为什么字本位的对立面是词本位?l最后,字本位和词本位的根本分歧。最后,字本位和词本位的根本分歧。30l彭泽润的词本位观点陈述彭泽润的词本位观点陈述l陆俭明、江枫等学者的辩论陆俭明、江枫等学者的辩论l1.摆脱印欧语言的束缚是对的,但是方向要准确摆脱印欧语言的束缚是对的,但是方向要准确l2.汉语的汉语的“字字”不要证明,汉语的不要证明,汉语的“词词”需要证明需要证明l3.书书面面语语教教学学可可以以用用“字字”本本位位,口口语语教教学学要要“词词”本本位位l4.“词词”是小孩从小就有的,是小孩从小就有的,“字字”是在学校学的是在学校学的l5.汉汉语语的的“字字”和和英英语语的的“word”有有形形式式依依据据,“语语素素”没有没有l6.应该区分文字学的应该区分文字学的“字字”和语言学中的所谓和语言学中的所谓“字字”31l推荐阅读:l潘文国,“字本位”理论的哲学思考,语言教学与研究,2006(03)l陆俭明,我关于“字本位”的基本观点,语言科学,2011(03)32l陈俊羽,陈俊羽,“字本位字本位”理论在对外汉语教学中的作用与认识,理论在对外汉语教学中的作用与认识,2008(03),云南师范大学学报),云南师范大学学报(对外汉语教学与研究版对外汉语教学与研究版)l 略论略论“字本位字本位”理论及其教学路子,(埃及)瓦西德,汉字文化,理论及其教学路子,(埃及)瓦西德,汉字文化,2009(03)l贾颖,字本位与对外汉语词汇教学,汉语学习,贾颖,字本位与对外汉语词汇教学,汉语学习,2001(04)l鹂青、王飞华,字本位与对外汉语教学,西南民族大学学报(人文鹂青、王飞华,字本位与对外汉语教学,西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),社科版),2004(06)l刘婷婷,刘婷婷,“字本位字本位”与对外汉字教学,鲁东大学学报(哲学社会科与对外汉字教学,鲁东大学学报(哲学社会科学版),学版),2009(04)l6、王王骏骏,在在对对外外汉汉语语词词汇汇教教学学中中实实施施“字字本本位位”方方法法的的实实验验报报告告,暨南大学华文学院学报,暨南大学华文学院学报,2005(03)33l王若江,由法国王若江,由法国“字本位字本位”汉语教材引发的思考,世汉语教材引发的思考,世界汉语教学界汉语教学2000(03)l硕士论文:硕士论文:l基基于于字字本本位位理理论论的的汉汉语语词词汇汇教教学学韩韩国国语语“汉汉字字词词”与针对韩国学生的汉语词汇教学与针对韩国学生的汉语词汇教学l试论白乐桑的试论白乐桑的“法式字本位法式字本位”教学法教学法34四、英汉实词词类对比四、英汉实词词类对比l(一)英汉名词词对比l(二)英汉动词词对比l(三)英汉形容词词对比l(一)英汉副词词对比35lUp the street they went,past stores,across a broad square,and then entered a huge building.l他们沿着大街走去,经过一家家店铺,穿过一他们沿着大街走去,经过一家家店铺,穿过一个宽阔的广场,然后走进一幢大楼。个宽阔的广场,然后走进一幢大楼。36l第三节 句子结构对比l一、汉英简单句对比l(一)英语简单句l由一个小句构成的句子,其中只包含一个主谓结构。l7个基本类型l(二)汉语简单句l主谓句与非主谓句l二、汉英复杂句对比二、汉英复杂句对比l(一)英语复句l1、并列复合句l2、主从复杂句l(1)从关联词的角度看l(2)按从句在主句中的功用和种类l主语从句/表语从句/宾语从句同位语从句/状语从句l(二)汉语复句(二)汉语复句l1、形合复句l(1)因果类l(2)转折类l(3)并列类l2、紧缩句、紧缩句l(1)紧缩的形合复句 l(2)紧缩的意合复句l紧缩形合复句与一般形合复句的区别:l第一,紧缩句无明显的语音停顿,书面语中各分句间没有逗号;l第二,形式标示也有简化。l3、公因话题句l音义 语块 平面铺陈的复句。l(1)公因话题l(2)语序规律l(3)音义语块l1.小王下午去逛颐和园。l2.花猫逮住了一只耗子。l3.李晓明打开窗户向远处眺望。l4.大夫嘱咐他按时吃药。三、话题与主语三、话题与主语l5.槽内的水左冲右突,翻着花,滚着个,激扬飞溅,像爆炒着一槽玉珠,风翻着一槽白雪,隆隆声震荡着山谷。(郑伯伦:黑龙潭印象)l且说鸳鸯一夜没睡,至次日,l他哥哥回贾母,接他家去逛逛,贾母允了,叫他家去。(红楼梦)lThat night Faithful was unable to sleep.l Her brother came next morning to ask Grandmother Jia if he could take his sister back home for the day.lHis request was granted,and Grandmother Jia ordered Faithful to get ready.1.他是个日本女人。2.这场火幸亏消防队来得早。明显区别表现:与谓语动词的关系相应的语义角色延伸阅读:石毓智,汉语的主语与话题之辨,载语言研究2001(02)l(一)汉英主语差异(一)汉英主语差异l1、概述、概述l (1)英语主语的主要功能特点)英语主语的主要功能特点l对全句有对全句有“全面密切的关系全面密切的关系”,l一般处于句子的主位一般处于句子的主位(theme)l有形式主语有形式主语l与谓语动词关系极其密切与谓语动词关系极其密切 四、汉英主谓宾语的差异对比四、汉英主谓宾语的差异对比英语主语的主要功能特点英语主语的主要功能特点l汉语主语例1.pptl不具不具“不可或缺性不可或缺性”l汉语主语例2.pptl模糊性模糊性l汉语主语例3.pptl形式的多样性形式的多样性(2)汉语的主语汉语的主语(2)汉语的主语)汉语的主语推论推论l1)对全句不“具有全面密切的关系”l2)主位词的“周遍性”l3)话题 l4)“零位”/“两极化”2、比较与分析、比较与分析(1)英语的主谓提挈机制)英语的主谓提挈机制(a)The policemen are carefully searching the room(SVO)(b)The girl is now a student at this college.(SVC)(c)The door was painted yesterday(SVCA)(d)It rained steadily all day.(SVA)(e)I had taken the medicine twice by 6P.M(SVOA)(f)They make him the chairman every year(SVOC)(a)我我吃了一碗饭。I ate a bowl of rice(b)这碗饭这碗饭我不吃了。Im not going to eat the bowl of rice(c)桌上桌上搁着一碗饭。A bowl of rice is on the table(d)锅里锅里正在蒸饭。Rice is being steamed in the cooker(e)这点儿饭这点儿饭够吃吗?Is the rice enough?(f)今天早上今天早上吃的什么饭?What did you have for breakfast this morning?l词类兼容性:名词性词类兼容性:名词性 l(a)名词性:计算机很有用。lThe computer is usefull(b)动词性:计算是第一步。lThe first step is to calculatel(c)形容词性:冷静才能计算得准确。lExact calculation depends on a calm mind(2)汉英主语的特征比较)汉英主语的特征比较(3)汉英主语的类型比较)汉英主语的类型比较英语(a)施事主语Actor SubjectWe caught a young tiger.(b)受事主语Receptor SubjectThe sick should be taken good of.(c)形式主语Expletive SubjectIt rained steadily all day.It is never too late to learn.(d)话题主语Topic Subject,The brain is a wonderful organ.汉语主语分布模式汉语主语分布模式l1)我们我们盖了一栋房子。盖了一栋房子。We built a house.l2)房子房子盖在西院。盖在西院。lThe house was built in the western compoundl3)房子我们房子我们已经盖了一大半了。已经盖了一大半了。lWe have finished a good part of the house.l4)住户家具住户家具都搬进屋了。都搬进屋了。lThe lodgers have moved in their furniture.54l5)去年去年又盖了一栋房子。又盖了一栋房子。lAnother house was built last year.l6)西院西院盖了一栋房子。盖了一栋房子。lThe house was built in the western compound.l7)这些材料这些材料只够盖一栋房子。只够盖一栋房子。lThese materials were enough for building only one house.l8)这些材料我们这些材料我们只够盖一栋房子。只够盖一栋房子。lWe could build only one house with these materials.55我们几户人家在西院盖了一栋房子。Some of our families built a house in the western compound.1)动作主语跑跑跳跳助消化。Jumping and running help your digestion.2)修饰语主语干干净净逗人爱。Everybody loves clean things.很诚实是一大优点。Honesty is a merit3)数词主语“15”是个奇数。“15”is an odd number4)方式主语这么快就盖好了一栋房子。The house was built at admirable speed5)复合主语复合主语l要有计划地办事。lA good plan is necessary for doing business.l我一个人干就可以了。lLet me do it,its enough.l互相学习已蔚然成风。lTo Learn from each other has become the order of the dayl计算得快是个好条件。lThe ability to do quick calculation is of course an advantagel6)“的”字词组主语l学得最好的有奖。lThe best learner will be given a rewardl7)零位主语l早走了。He was gone long ago.“与事主语”(dative subject,即DaS)也就是句首关系语,具某种参与关系。(a)他的事你不必着急。As for his business,you neednt worry too much(b)这件事你暂且保密。You had better keep quiet about it for the time being(c)十壶水、二十壶水你也灌不出耗子来。You cant even drive the rats out with ten or twenty pots of water.(d)婚姻大事儿女们自己做主。As for marriage,grown-up sons and daughters have minds of their own.(4)汉语主语的形态弱势)汉语主语的形态弱势(a)他们将她数落了一顿,可她却连顶他们一句的勇气都没有。They scoffed at her but she even did not have the pluck to talk back(b)人不可以无耻,无耻之耻,无耻矣。A man must not be shameless;being shameless is a shame in itself.(c)家事、国事、天下事、事事关心。We must not only concern ourselves with personal affairs but the affairs of the state and the worldl英语主语决定谓动形态,英语主语决定谓动形态,S+V SV提挈机制提挈机制l主语例主语例4.pptl1)SV是必有核心、基本框架;是必有核心、基本框架;l2)SV是句子结构起点;是句子结构起点;l3)S与与V间有严谨的形式连接规范,间有严谨的形式连接规范,V又有各种变化形又有各种变化形式,形成式,形成SV提挈机制下的提挈机制下的SV派生句型。派生句型。l汉语:汉语:意念主轴意念主轴(5)汉英主语的语法功能比较)汉英主语的语法功能比较The true joy of joys is the joy that joys in the joy of others.与人同乐才是真乐l1.英语谓语的基本特征英语谓语的基本特征:l英语形式程式的核心英语形式程式的核心l必须以动词为基础和核心必须以动词为基础和核心 l必须主谓一致必须主谓一致(二)汉英谓语差异(二)汉英谓语差异(1)语法原则)语法原则(Grammatical Principle)l(a)Trousers often bag at the kneesl裤子常在膝盖处松垂得像个袋子。l(b)They each have got onel他们每人都得到了一件(个)。(2)逻辑原则)逻辑原则(Logical Principle)l(c)Half the boys are herel半数男孩子都来了。l(d)Half the car has been damagedl汽车给毁了一半。(3)靠近原则)靠近原则(Principle of Proximity)l(e)Not only the students but the teacher objects to the planl(f)Either my children or I am going(4)惯用法原则)惯用法原则(Principle of Idiomaticness)l(g)There is more than option in this case l(h)Five times eight is fortyl(i)Only one out of five were present2.汉语谓语的独立性、自足性较强,汉语谓语的独立性、自足性较强,形式机制弱形式机制弱汉语汉语英语英语主谓句:主谓句:1)你没变,可他变了。)你没变,可他变了。2)我喜欢,但他不喜欢。)我喜欢,但他不喜欢。3)明天去吗?)明天去吗?必须由必须由SV提挈:提挈:1)You have not changed,but he has.2)I like it but he doesnt.3)Will you go tomorrow?汉语汉语英语英语非主谓句:非主谓句:1)太美了!)太美了!2)完了吗?)完了吗?3)有好的,也有不好的。)有好的,也有不好的。4)把我吓坏了。)把我吓坏了。必须由必须由SV提挈:提挈:1)How beautiful it is!2)Have you finished with it?3)There are good ones and bad ones.4)I was scared.(a)诚招天下客。Honesty wins over wider patronage(b)这种行为很不道德。This conduct is immoral(c)你们厂里情况怎么样?What do you think of your factory?(d)七月二十二日她生日。July 22 is her birthday(e)老秤一斤十六两。Sixteen“liang”makes one“jin”by the old system of weights.(f)那神探足智多谋。The marvelously infallible detective is so very resourceful(g)这个问题工会要解决。The problem remains to be solved by the labor union(h)河畔草青青。The grass is green by the riverside(i)你把我吓坏了。You scared me our of my senses。(j)他有气无力地说着。He said listlessly3、汉语谓语构成成分复杂多样、汉语谓语构成成分复杂多样4.汉语谓语形式比较复杂汉语谓语形式比较复杂l(1)连动式谓语)连动式谓语SV1(X)V2(X)lA并列式:并列式:V1(X)+V2(X)l(a)会客赴宴:会客赴宴:V1(O)+V2(O)lreceive visitors and attend dinner partiesl(b)脱了鞋进屋:脱了鞋进屋:V1(O)+V2(O)ltake off shoes and enter the rooml(c)敲锣打鼓:敲锣打鼓:V1(O)+V2(O)lbeat drums and strike gongs75B从属式:从属式:V1(X)V2(X)l(1)条件关系条件关系l干完就走干完就走lgo as soon as(until)the job is donel 能干多少就干多少能干多少就干多少ldo as much as possible76(2)对象关系对象关系 替谁干活替谁干活do the job for whom 找你算账找你算账get even with you77(3)方式关系方式关系 屈膝求饶:屈膝求饶:go down on ones knees to beg for mercy 站着讲课:站着讲课:stand giving a lecture 用拍子打苍蝇:用拍子打苍蝇:kill a fly with a swatter78(4)时间、处所关系时间、处所关系到上海就失踪了:到上海就失踪了:disappear upon ones arrival in Shanghai 等天亮再走:等天亮再走:leave after daybreak 立地成佛:立地成佛:achieve salvation as soon as one gives up domineering79(5)目的关系目的关系 烤火取暖:烤火取暖:warm oneself by the fire 临渴掘井:临渴掘井:dig a well when one is thirsty 开门捉贼:开门捉贼:throw the door open for the thief 打点水洗洗脚:打点水洗洗脚:fetch some water to wash ones feet 打开窗户换换空气:打开窗户换换空气:open the window to let in some fresh air80C链式:链式:S+V1(X)V2(X)V3(X)(a)请假坐飞机回家探亲:请假坐飞机回家探亲:ask for leave to go home by air to see ones relatives (b)持枪劫车杀人越货:持枪劫车杀人越货:hijack a truck and loot the goods by killing the driver with a gun (c)打电话约个时间见面叙谈:打电话约个时间见面叙谈:fix an appointment over the phone to meet for a chat81(2)兼语式谓语)兼语式谓语82l(a)我们派我们派他他做代表。做代表。lWe delegated him to be representative.l(b)他请他请你你帮忙。帮忙。lHe asked you to helpl(c)老师叫老师叫你你去。去。lThe teacher wanted you to gol(d)多谢多谢姐姐姐姐提醒提醒(我我)。lThank you for you reminder,dear sister.83l(e)告诉他我不知道这件事。告诉他我不知道这件事。lTell him I dont know this matterl(f)我找一张报纸看看。我找一张报纸看看。lI want to read a newspaper.l(g)我记得他来过这里。我记得他来过这里。lI remembered that he had come herel(b)买了张桌子买了张桌子(有有)三条腿。三条腿。lI have bought a table which has three legs.l(0r:I have bought a three-legged table.)84(3)紧缩式谓语紧缩式谓语l(a)吃点药祛寒退热吃点药祛寒退热ltake some medicine to shake off cold and feverl(b)爱去不去。爱去不去。lI dont mind whether you go or not.85(c)你许下的诺言你许下的诺言非非信守信守不不可。可。Its a promise you madeYou ought to keep it(d)对这种人对这种人以以文明有礼文明有礼为为好。好。To this kind of people,try to be civil and polite86l英语补语基本结构式:英语补语基本结构式:S(V)C及及OC。l(a)SC:SVC中的组成部分:中的组成部分:lHes getting angryl(b)OC:是:是SVOC中的组成部分:中的组成部分:lHe got his shoes and socks wet.5、汉英补语对比、汉英补语对比87第一类:各式主语补语第一类:各式主语补语l(a)He is,of course,a good teacher.l(b)Your point sounds reasonable,anyhowl(c)Trees turned green againl(d)You are regarded by everyone in the community as indispensable.88第二类:各式宾语补语第二类:各式宾语补语 l(a)The news makes him happyl(b)He paints the tree bluel(c)They named the street Addinl(d)Somebody has left the light switched on89述补结构述补结构l(1)表示行为态势或动向表示行为态势或动向 l肯定式:上、下;来、去;开、开来;起来;过(了);完、成肯定式:上、下;来、去;开、开来;起来;过(了);完、成VC l否定式:不(置于补语前);未、没、没有(置于动词前)否定式:不(置于补语前);未、没、没有(置于动词前)V不不C l走出来走出来walk out l走不出来走不出来cant walk out/be unable to walk outl打开打开open out(up),unfold,untie,undo l打不开打不开cant not be open 90(2)表示可能表示可能 l肯定式肯定式:得得V得得Cl否定式否定式:不不V不不Cl听得清听得清lcan hear/be able to hearl听不清听不清lcan not hear clearly/be unable to hear clearly91(3)表示结果)表示结果 lVC:不,未,没没有不,未,没没有V不不Cl染红染红dye in redl染染不不红;红;未未染红;染红;没没/没有没有染红染红lcant dye in red/be unable to dye in redl拿走拿走take awayl拿不走拿不走cant be taken away/remain in the placel没有(未)拿走没有(未)拿走do not take away/have not taken away92(4)表示状态表示状态 lV+得得+C:V+得得+不(很)不(很)Cl看得很清楚看得很清楚see very clearlyl看得不很清楚看得不很清楚see not very clearlyl擦得油光铮亮擦得油光铮亮polish(sth.)till it glittersl擦得不很亮擦得不很亮not well polishedl洗得干干净净洗得干干净净wash sth.till it is perfectly cleanl洗得不很干净洗得不很干净not very cleanly washedl写得催人泪下写得催人泪下write in an irresistibly moving stylel写得不很感人写得不很感人not very successfully written93(a)急得我直冒汗。急得我直冒汗。I was so agitated(b)气得他全身打哆嗦。气得他全身打哆嗦。He was all of a tremble with anger.(c)“V V得得到好成到好成+V+V不不到好成到好成”:见得到见不到:见得到见不到:whether(one)can see it or not94(5)表示程度)表示程度 l(a)这种作风我实在是讨厌。这种作风我实在是讨厌。(一般强度一般强度)lI just hate this style of workl(b)这种作风我真是讨厌透了。这种作风我真是讨厌透了。(高强度高强度)lI hate this style of work intenselyl(c)要要煮烂煮烂,才好吃。,才好吃。lIt must be boiled very soft to make it tastyl煮烂煮烂了,才好吃。了,才好吃。lIt really tasty when its boiled soft.95(a)她节省,每天只吃两顿饭。她节省,每天只吃两顿饭。By practicing thrifty,she managed to get along on two meals every day 她节省她节省到到每天只吃两顿饭。每天只吃两顿饭。She is so thrifty that she manages to get along on two meals every day (b)片子短,二十分钟就看完了。片子短,二十分钟就看完了。Its a short film,over in 20 minutes.片子短片子短得得二十分钟就看完了。二十分钟就看完了。The film is so short that it last only 20 minutes.966、汉英谓语比较结语、汉英谓语比较结语 汉:以汉:以意念机制意念机制为基础,有较大为基础,有较大独立性独立性,有多样的有多样的述补述补关系关系英:有动词的稳定性英:有动词的稳定性形态变化形态变化体系,体系,形形式机制式机制较强较强97(三)汉英宾语差异(三)汉英宾语差异l直接宾语直接宾语l(a)Terry baked a cake.l(b)Terry baked a potato.l(c)Terry saw the cake.l(d)Terry liked the cake.l(e)Terry bought the cake.98间接宾语l(a)Terry gave me the cake.l(b)Terry baked me