2016高考英语阅读理解之推理判断题的解题技巧.ppt

阅读理解阅读理解推理判断题的解题技巧推理判断题的解题技巧所所谓谓推推断断，就就是是根根据据阅阅读读材材料料中中所所提提供供的的信信息息，推推断断出出未未知知的的信信息息，即即把把有有关关的的文文字字作作为为已已知知部部分分，从从中中推推断断出出未未知知部部分分。据据以以推推断断的的有有关关文文字字可可能能是是词词或或句句子子，也也可可能能是是若若干干句句子子，甚甚至至是是全全文文。此此类类考考题题虽虽然然没没有有明明确确的的答答案案，但但考考生生在在理理解解全全文文的的基基础础上上可可以以进进行行推推理理和和判判断断其其答答案案。广广东东卷卷中中的的推推理理判判断断题题主主要要包包括括推推断断隐隐含含意意思思、推推断断目目标标读读者者、推推断断观观点点态态度度、推推断断文文章章出出处处、推推断断写写作作意意图图等等。尤尤以以推推断断隐隐含含意意义义的题居多。的题居多。第一类第一类 推断隐含意义推断隐含意义 推推断断隐隐含含意意义义，即即要要求求考考生生根根据据文文章章的的某某个个句句子子、段段落落或或全全文文所所提提供供的的事事实实进进行行逻逻辑辑推推理理，推推断断出出作作者者没没有有提提到到的的或或者者没没有有明明说说的的事事实实或或者者可可能能发发生生的的事事实实。旨旨在在考考查查考考生生透透过过词词语语的的字字面面意意义义去去理理解解作作者者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力。的言外之意或弦外之音的能力。推推断断隐隐含含意意义义的的题题干干中中常常含含infer(推推断断)，suggest(暗暗示示)，imply(暗暗示示)，indicate(暗暗示示)，conclude(推推断断，得得出出结结论论)等等词词语。常见的题干设题形式如下：语。常见的题干设题形式如下：1We can know from the passage that _2.We can infer from the(first/last)passage that _3The passage/author implies/suggests that _4It can be concluded from the passage that _5The underlined sentence indicates that _一、常见的设问形式一、常见的设问形式解解答答这这类类题题时时，首首先先通通过过寻寻读读找找到到相相关关信信息息点点(推推理理的的依依据据)；然然后后细细读读、理理解解相相关关信信息息点点的的字字面面意意义义；最最后后结结合合语语境境和和常常识识，在在字字面面意意义义的的基基础础上上进进行行符符合合逻逻辑辑的的推推断断，从从而而理理解解作作者的言外之意。解答此类题目，需注意以下几个问题：者的言外之意。解答此类题目，需注意以下几个问题：1严严格格按按照照阅阅读读材材料料中中所所提提供供的的信信息息进进行行推推理理，切切忌忌掺掺杂自己的主观想法或经验。杂自己的主观想法或经验。2如如果果某某选选项项中中的的内内容容是是阅阅读读材材料料的的简简单单重重复复，那那它它就就不是推论，也就不是正确答案。不是推论，也就不是正确答案。二、解题方法二、解题方法3如如果果某某选选项项所所表表达达的的内内容容与与经经验验相相吻吻合合，文文中中却却没没有涉及，那它属于主观臆断的结论，也不是正确答案。有涉及，那它属于主观臆断的结论，也不是正确答案。4如如果果某某个个选选项项所所表表达达的的内内容容虽虽在在文文中中提提到到，但但很很片片面或很不完整，那也不是正确答案。面或很不完整，那也不是正确答案。5文文中中的的虚虚拟拟语语气气和和情情态态动动词词(should，must，may等等)往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，这有助于我们确定正确答案。往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，这有助于我们确定正确答案。6.注注意意作作者者在在文文章章中中的的措措辞辞，比比如如作作者者在在形形容容词词前前用用了了too，excessively，rather等，则常带有否定的意味。等，则常带有否定的意味。例例 The position was offered at the last minute，and I was given two weeks to prepare，a period I spent searching for briefcase(公公文文包包)and standing before my fulllength mirror，repeating the words，“Hello，class.Im Mr.Davis.”Sometimes I would give myself an aggressive voice.Sometimes I would sound experienced.But when the day eventually came，my nerves kicked in and the true Mr.Davis was there.I sounded not like a thoughtful professor，but rather a 12yearold boy.What can we learn about the author from the Paragraph?AHe would be aggressive in his first class.BHe was wellprepared for his first class.CHe got nervous upon the arrival of his first class.DHe waited long for the arrival of his first class.解析：解析：推推断断隐隐含含意意义义题题。根根据据本本段段中中的的“But when the day eventually came，my nerves kicked in and the true Mr.Davis was there.”和和“I sounded not like a thoughtful professor，but rather a 12yearold boy.”可可知本题选知本题选C。答案：答案：C 第二类第二类 推断写作意图推断写作意图推推断断写写作作意意图图，即即要要求求考考生生根根据据短短文文内内容容推推断断作作者者写该文章的目的。写该文章的目的。1The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to _2The passage is meant to _3The authors purpose is to show _4The purpose of the article is to _一、常见的设问形式一、常见的设问形式 作作者者的的写写作作目目的的通通常常有有娱娱乐乐读读者者、说说服服读读者者接接受受某某种种观点和告知读者某些信息三种。观点和告知读者某些信息三种。解答此类题时主要有两种方法：解答此类题时主要有两种方法：1主主旨旨推推断断法法：写写作作目目的的是是阐阐述述作作者者为为何何要要表表达达某某个个中心主题，因此可根据主旨推断作者的写作目的。中心主题，因此可根据主旨推断作者的写作目的。2文文体体推推断断法法：根根据据文文体体的的特特点点和和用用途途来来推推断断作作者者的的写作目的。如记叙文，写作目的。如记叙文，二、解题方法二、解题方法 特特别别是是个个人人的的有有趣趣经经历历或或幽幽默默故故事事类类的的文文章章，其其目目的的是是娱娱乐乐读读者者；夹夹叙叙夹夹议议的的文文章章，其其目目的的是是让让读读者者得得到到某某种种启启示示或或教教育育；广广告告和和议议论论文文的的目目的的是是说说服服读读者者接接受受某某种种产产品品、服服务务或或接接受受某某种种观观点点；科科普普说说明明文文或或新新闻报告，其目的是告知读者某些信息。闻报告，其目的是告知读者某些信息。例例Cold weather can be hard on pets，just like it can be hard on people.Sometimes owners forget that their pets are just as used to the warm shelter(住住所所)as they are.Some owners will leave their animals outside for a long period of time，thinking that all animals are used to living outdoors.This can put their pets in danger of serious illness.There are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe.Keep your pets inside as much as you can when the weather is bad.If you have to take them out，stay outside with them.When youre cold enough to go inside，they probably are too.If you must leave them outside for a long time，make sure they have a warm，solid shelter against the wind，thick bedding，and plenty of nonfrozen water.What is the purpose of this text?ATo solve a problem.BTo give practical advice.CTo tell an interesting story.DTo present a research result.解析：解析：推推断断写写作作目目的的题题。根根据据第第一一段段的的中中心心句句(最最后后一一句句)可可知知，这这是是一一篇篇说说明明文文，其其目目的的是是给给养宠物的人提一些实用的建议。养宠物的人提一些实用的建议。答案：答案：B第三类第三类 推断观点态度推断观点态度推推断断观观点点态态度度，即即要要求求考考生生推推断断作作者者对对某某人人某某事事的看法或作者所持的观点。的看法或作者所持的观点。1The author seems to be in favor of/against _2 The author may probably agree with/support _3Whats the authors opinion about.?4In the authors opinion.?一、常见的设问形式一、常见的设问形式根根据据文文章章的的内内容容和和作作者者的的措措辞辞能能推推断断作作者者所所持持的的观观点点或或看看法法，判判断断作作者者的的态态度度是是客客观观的的、主主观观的的，肯肯定定的的、否否定定的或是中立的。的或是中立的。例例It is not just unkind but also dangerous to say a fourhourly feeding schedule will make a baby satisfied.The first of the experts to advocate a strict clockwatching schedule was Dr.Frederic Truby King who was against feeding in the night.Ive never heard anything so二、解题方法二、解题方法ridiculous.Baby feeding shouldnt follow a timetable set by the mum.What is important is feeding a baby in the best way，though it may cause some inconvenience in the first few weeks.What does the author think about Dr.Frederic Truby King?AHe is strict.BHe is unkind.CHe has the wrong idea.DHe sets a timetable for mothers.解析：解析：推推断断作作者者观观点点态态度度题题。由由“Ive never heard anything so ridiculous(荒谬可笑的荒谬可笑的)”可知。可知。答案：答案：C第四类第四类 推断文章出处推断文章出处推推断断文文章章出出处处，即即通通过过阅阅读读材材料料，感感知知内内容容，从从而推断材料的来源。而推断材料的来源。1The text is most likely to be taken from _2Where does the text probably come from?3Where can we most probably read this text?一、常见的设问形式一、常见的设问形式解解答答这这类类推推断断题题时时，可可根根据据文文章章的的内内容容或或结结构构来来推推断断，也也可可根根据据各各种种文文体体的的特特征征来来判判断断其其出出处处，如如广广告告的的用用词词和和格格式式非非常常特特殊殊，因因此此容容易易辨辨认认；报报纸纸的的前前面面会会出出现现日日期期、地地点点或或通通讯讯社社名名称称；产产品品说说明明的的特特点点也也比比较较明明显显，一一般般会会介绍其名称、作用或操作方式等。介绍其名称、作用或操作方式等。例例 The multimillion pound new Library of Birmingham(LoB)will be the most visible sign of the way the city is accepting the digitalization(数数字字化化)of everyday life.二、解题方法二、解题方法 Set to open in 2013，the 188m LoB is already beginning to take shape next to the Birmingham Repertory Theatre，with which it will share some equipment.As digital media(媒媒介介)is important to its idea，the project is already providing chances for some of the many small new local companies working at the new technologies.Brian Gambles，the LoB project director，says it is about giving people the right tools for learning.“The aim is to mix the physical with the digital，providing 24hour services which can be used through many different ways.It is important to enable us to reach more people，more effectively.”The digital library will，he says，be as important as the physical one，allowing the distant use of the services，making sure that it is never closed to the public.Even before the LoB is complete，the public has been able to go online to visit the Virtual(虚虚拟拟的的)LoB，designed by Baden，the Birmingham virtual worlds specialists.Not only have the public been able to learn about the LoB，but the virtual one has also enabled those working on the LoB to understand the building and how it will work before it even opens.Two other small Birminghambased digital companies are also working on the LoB projects.Substrat，a digital design company，is developing what it calls an example of an“enlarged reality”project.It is about the use of an exciting smart phone，an important part of the LoB which is in the early stages of development.And The Peoples Archive is an online library of historical figures of the city being built up by a digital content company in Cahoots，in which users will be encouraged to add to and comment on the material.Gambles says:“Technology will enable us to make the librarys content and services open to citizens as never before.”The text is most probably taken from _Aa computer bookBa library guideCa project handbookDa newspaper report解析：解析：推推断断文文章章出出处处。文文章章开开头头用用简简短短的的话话概概括括文文章章，结尾又有评论结尾又有评论，符合新闻报道的特点。符合新闻报道的特点。答案：答案：D第五类第五类 推断目标读者推断目标读者推推断断目目标标读读者者，即即要要求求考考生生根根据据短短文文内内容容和和文文中中的措辞推断此篇文章主要是写给谁看的。的措辞推断此篇文章主要是写给谁看的。1The passage is probably written for _2Who is the passage written for?3The text is written mainly for _一、常见的设问形式一、常见的设问形式解解答答此此类类题题要要根根据据文文章章内内容容，特特别别是是从从作作者者使使用用的的词词语和口气来判断。语和口气来判断。例例 Exploit your parking spaceAn unused parking space or garage can make money.If you live near a city center or an airport，you could make anything up to 200 or 300 a week.Put an advertisement(广告广告)for free on Letpark or Atmyhousepark.Rent(出租出租)a room二、解题方法二、解题方法Spare room?Not only will a lodger(房房客客)earn you an income，but also，thanks to the governmentbacked“rent a room”program，you wont have to pay any tax on the first 4，500 you make per year.Try advertising your room on Roomspare or Roommateeasy.Make money during special eventsDont want a fulltime lodger?Then rent on a shortterm basis.If you live in the capital，renting a room out during the Olympics or other big events could bring in money.Grashpadder can advertise your space.For whom is the text most probably written?ALodgers.BAdvertisers.CHouse owners.DOnline companies.解析：解析：推推断断目目标标读读者者题题。文文中中围围绕绕如如何何利利用用家家中中闲闲置置的的空空间间来来赚赚取取额额外外的的收收入入进进行行论论述述，故故其其目目标标读读者应为房主。者应为房主。答案：答案：C阅阅读读下下列列文文段段，从从题题后后所所给给的的A、B、C和和D项项中中选选出出最佳选项。最佳选项。1When I was a teenager，my mothers broken English embarrassed me.But now，I see it differently.To me，my mothers English is perfectly clear，perfectly natural.It is my mother tongue.Her language，as I hear it，is vivid，direct，and full of observation and wisdom.It was the language that helped shape the way I saw things，expressed ideas，and made sense of the world.u即学即练即学即练What does the author think of her mothers English now?AIt confuses her.BIt embarrasses her.CIt helps her understand the world.DIt helps her tolerate rude people.解析：解析：推推 断断 隐隐 含含 意意 义义。由由“But now，I see it differently.To me.and made sense of the world”可知选可知选C。答案：答案：C 2When I put on my flashlights，I was saying to other drivers，“I have a problem here.I am weak and doing the best I can.”And everyone understood.Several times，I saw drivers who wanted to pass.They couldnt get around me because of the stream of passing traffic.But instead of getting impatient and angry，they waited，knowing the driver in front of them was in some way weak.What did the other drivers do when they saw the flashlights?AThey speeded up to pass.BThey waited with patience.CThey tried their best to help.DThey put on their flashlights too.解析：解析：推推断断隐隐含含意意义义。由由该该段段中中的的“But instead of getting impatient and angry，they waited，knowing the driver in front of them was in some way weak.”可知选可知选B。答案：答案：B 3Sometimes situations call for us to act strong and brave even when we dont feel that way.But those are few and far between.More often，it would be better if we dont pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scared.In this passage，the author advises us to_.Ahandle problems by ourselvesBaccept help from othersCadmit our weaknessDshow our bravery解析：解析：推推断断隐隐含含意意义义。根根据据文文章章最最后后一一句句“More often，it would be better if we dont pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scared.”可知选可知选C。答案：答案：C 4However，it wasnt all sweetness and light.There was a reported coldness between the cat and dog in 25%of the homes，while aggression and fighting were observed in 10%of the homes.One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals were just opposite.For example，when a cat turns its head away，it signals aggression，while a dog doing the same signals submission.Some cats and dogs may fight when_Athey are cold to each other解析：解析：推推断断隐隐含含意意义义。根根据据该该段段中中的的“One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals were just opposite.”一句可知选一句可知选C。答案：答案：CBthey look away from each otherCthey misunderstood each others signalsDthey are introduced at an early age 5The significance of the research on cats and dogs may go beyond petsto people who dont get along，including neighbors，colleagues at work，and even world superpowers.If cats and dogs can learn to get along，surely people have a good chance.What can we human beings learn from cats and dogs?AWe should learn to live in harmony.BWe should know more about animals.CWe should live in peace with animals.DWe should learn more body languages.推推断断隐隐含含意意义义。通通读读全全文文不不难难判判断断：猫猫狗狗且且能能和和谐谐相相处处，人人类类有有何何不不可可？根根据据该该段段大大意意可可知知本本题题选选A。解析：解析：答案：答案：A6A year after graduation，I was offered a position teaching a writing class.Teaching was a profession I had never seriously considered，though several of my stories had been published.I accepted the job without hesitation，as it would allow me to wear a tie and go by the name of Mr.Davis.My father went by the same name，and I liked to imagine people getting the two of us confused.“Wait a minute，”someone might say，“are you talking about Mr.Davis the retired man，or Mr.Davis the respectable scholar？”The author took the job to teach writing because_Ahe wanted to be respectedBhe had written some storiesChe wanted to please his fatherDhe had dreamed of being a teacher 推推理理隐隐含含意意义义。根根据据该该段段中中的的“as it would allow me to wear a tie and go by the name of Mr.Davis.”一句可知选一句可知选A。解析：解析：答案：答案：A 7Providing guidance for parents on how to raise children is an ageold tradition.Perhaps the most widelyused guide was Baby and Child Care by Benjamin Spock，published in 1946，one of the biggest bestsellers of all time.Michael Ungar adds a new handbook to show how parents can instill in their children a sense of compassion(同同情情)，giving priority to“we”rather than to“me”He draws on other authorities，his own experience as a father，and the understanding he has achieved from yearsof offering help to disturbed families.Practical guidance is offered on producing children who are responsible for themselves and others.Ungar fully recognizes the difficulty of helping young people move from selfcenteredness to caring for other people.Accordingly，he ends each chapter with a“Tips List”that offers effective suggestions on how to prepare children to become compassionate by engaging in simple acts of kindness.The importance of associations with parents and other adults is explored in two chapters that show how relationships can lead to responsibility.What Ungar calls“good touch”，both physically and emotionally，is thoughtfully examined as a way of fostering connections and kinship(亲密关系亲密关系)Chapters are devoted to showing how children can be helped to take responsibility for themselves and others；to criticizing what are called“monster homes”in wealthy suburbs；and to arguing for communities that facilitate(促促进进)human interaction.The author of this helpful guidebook is a Canadian social worker on the faculty of Dalhousie University in Halifax，Nova Scotia.He earned bachelors and masters degrees in social work at McGill University and his doctorate in social work at Wilfrid Laurier University.As an accomplished researcher and practitioner,Ungar has numerous publications to his credit.His new book will deservedly enhance his wellmerited reputation.It is a useful addition to the list of parental handbooks.(1