达芬奇的成就英文.ppt

Leonardo da Vincisuperhuman ingenuitymysteriousAchievement ArtPhysics Engineering and inventionsScientific studiesJournals and notesThese studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of notes and drawings.There are compositions for paintings,studies of details and drapery,studies of faces and emotions,of animals,babies,dissections（解剖）,plant studies,rock formations（岩石形成）,whirlpools（浴缸）,war machines,helicopters and architecture.Leonardos writings are mostly in mirror-image cursive（草稿）.The reason may have been more a practical expediency than for reasons of secrecy as is often suggested.Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand,it is probable that it was easier for him to write from right to left.Hefoundoutliquidpressure,andproposeprincipleofConnectedDevice(连通器).InoneConnectedDevice，thesameliquidhavethesameliquidlevel,differentliquidhavedifferentliquidlevel,theliquidheightanddensityisinverselyproportional（成反比）.PhysicsFormuchofhislife,Leonardowasfascinatedbythephenomenonofflight,producingmanystudiesoftheflightofbirds,includingplansforseveralflyingmachines,includingalighthanggliderandamachineresemblingahelicopter.Engineering Civil EngineeringToopenthepasswordbarrel,mustsolvefivedigits.Passwordbarrelhasfiverotary（旋转的）wheel,eachwheelonthe26letters,mayactasapasswordpermutationandcombination（排列组合）asmuchas11881376species.Passwordbarrelsareusuallyputavitreous（玻璃的）bottlewhichfullofacetum(醋溶液).Ifyouforceitopen,thebottlewillbreakandthepaperwiththesecretwilldisappearforever.Passwordbarrel(密码筒)Anatomy Asanartist,hequicklybecamemasteroftopographic(局部的）anatomy,drawingmanystudiesofmuscles,tendons（肌腱）andothervisibleanatomicalfeatures.Leonardoalsostudiedanddrewtheanatomyofmanyanimals,dissectingcows,birds,monkeys,bears,andfrogs（青蛙）,andcomparinginhisdrawingstheiranatomicalstructurewiththatofhumans.Healsomadeanumberofstudiesofhorses.LeonardoDaVincidrewthefirstrobotinhisnotes.DaVinciusedanatomicalprinciple(解剖学原理),givingtherobotshellwithwood,leatherandmetal。Heusedgear（齿轮）asactuatingdevice（驱动装置）toletrobotmove.Therobotevencanmakeasound.RobotEarly,DaVinciisdissatisfiedwiththewagon.Inhisscientificworldtherearecarsshadow.Forthedynamic(动力的)problem,leonardoDaVincisettleditwithtwosprings（弹簧）.Forthespeedproblem,leonardoDaVincisettleditwithadiskdevice（圆盘装置）.Forthebrakedevice(制动装置),leonardoDaVincisolveditwitharope.But,thecarcantputintouse,becauseitcantrunlongdistancesonlyrelyonthepowerofspring.Vehicle(车辆车辆)Da Vinci sleep(Polyphasic sleep,Uberman sleep)多相睡眠It refers to the practice of sleeping multiple times(好几次）in a 24-hour periodusually more than two,in contrast to biphasic sleep(twice per day)or monophasic sleep(once per day).It does not imply any particular sleep schedule.The circadian（生理节奏的，以24小时为周期的）rhythm disorder known as irregular（不规则的）sleep-wake syndrome（综合征）is an example of polyphasic sleep in humans.Polyphasic sleep is common in many animals,and is believed to be the ancestral sleep stateSleeping 15minutes every 4 hours,how many hours did Da Vinci sleep a week?Live full lives,more energyPersonal lifeVegetarianism（素食主义者）Beyond friendship,Leonardo kept his private life secretHe spent his rest life in Crookes Manor（克鲁克斯庄园）Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuityItalian Renaissance polymath:painter,sculptor,architect,musician,scientist,mathematician,engineer,inventor,anatomist,geologist,cartographer,botanist,and writerHe conceptualised（使概念化）a helicopter,a tank,concentrated solar power,a calculator,and the double hull,and he outlined a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics.He made important discoveries in anatomy,civil engineering,optics,and hydrodynamics,but he did not publish his findings and they had no direct influence on later scienceFurther