化学专业英语有机化合物中英文命名一.ppt
有机化合物的命名n系统命名IUPAC names(systematic names)n 俗名法trivial names(popular names)n国际纯粹化学和应用化学联合会 IUPAC:International Union of Pure and Applied ChemistryNomenclature of Organic Compounds有机化合物的命名n系统命名IUPAC names(systematic names)nCCS命名法-中文系统命名法CCS-Chinese Chemical Society,CCS以IUPAC基本原则为准则,结合中文特点稍有不同.n不含官能团化合物 Nonfunctional Compounds1烃类-(烷烃 Alkane烯烃 Alkene炔烃Alkyne)2单环化合物(Monocyclic compounds)n官能团化合物 Functional compounds有机化合物的命名1烃类-(烷烃 Alkane烯烃 Alkene炔烃Alkyne)nAlkane 烷烃,链烷nAlkene 烯烃,链烯nAlkyne 炔烃烷烃命名nAlkane十二十二十一十一十十九九NumberNumberoctaocta-八八heptahepta-七七hexahexa-六六pentapenta-五五PrefixPrefixNumberNumbertetra-tetra-四四tri-tri-三三didi-二二mono-mono-一一PrefixPrefixNumberNumberdodecadodeca-undecaundeca-decadeca-nonanona-PrefixPrefix希腊前缀prefix十三十三tridecatrideca十七十七heptadecaheptadeca十四十四tetradecatetradeca十八十八octadecaoctadeca十五十五pentadecapentadeca十九十九nonadecanonadeca十六十六hexadecahexadeca二十二十icosaicosa链烷烃命名(The names of linear alkanes)CH4MethaneC8H18OctaneC15H32pentadecane C2H6EthaneC9H20NonaneC16H34hexadecaneC3H8PropaneC10H22DecaneC17H36heptadecaneC4H10ButaneC11H24UndecaneC18H38octadecaneC5H12PentaneC12H26DodecaneC19H40nonadecane C6H14HexaneC13H28TridecaneC20H42icosaneC7H16HeptaneC14H30TetradecaneNames of continuous-chain alkanes(C1-C20)后缀Suffix-ane 烯烃的命名(Alkene)n-ene(Suffix)nIUPAC names:Ethene propene butenenTrivial name:ethylene propylene butylenen如果不是端烯烃则需要给出双键在碳链中的位置give position of C=C烯烃的命名(Alkene)C8H18OcteneC15H32pentadecene C2H6EtheneC9H20NoneneC16H34hexadeceneC3H8PropeneC10H22DeceneC17H36heptadeceneC4H10ButeneC11H24UndeceneC18H38octadeceneC5H12PenteneC12H26DodeceneC19H40nonadecene C6H14HexeneC13H28TrideceneC20H42icoseneC7H16HepteneC14H30TetradeceneNames of continuous-chain alkenes(C1-C20)炔烃的命名(Alkyne)n-yne(Suffix)nIUPAC names:Ethyne propyne butyneIcosyne nTrivial name:acetylene n如果不是端烯烃则需要给出叁键的位置give position of CC直链烃基取代基(substituents)的命名n烷基alkyl-alkanen Rule:omit the suffix“ane”and add“yl”to the end of the name(去掉后缀“ane”,加上“yl”)methyl nonadecyl icosyl直链烃基取代基的命名n烯基alkenyl-alkenenRule:omit the last letter“e”and add“yl”to the end of the name(去掉最后一个字母“e”,加上后缀“yl”)ethenyl 乙烯基)1-propenyl(丙烯基)ntrivial names:vinyl,allyl(烯丙基)直链烃基取代基的命名n炔基alkynyl alkynenRule:omit the last letter“e”and add“yl”to the end of the name(去掉最后一个字母“e”,加上后缀“yl”)1-propynyl(丙炔基),1-pentynyl(戊炔基)n苯基 benzene=phene phenyl(苯基)-benzyl(苯甲基,苄基)n如果相同的烷基(简单的烷基)在一个分子中超过一个,用前缀来表示:di-,tri-,tetra-n如果相同的烷基(复杂的烷基)在一个分子中超过一个,用前缀来表示:bis-,tris-,tetrakis-,pentakis-nbi-:biphenyl(联苯),binuclear-(双核)烃基取代基的命名支链烃的命名(Branched-alkyl group)nRule i.Choose the longest continuous chain with the greatest number of substituents as the parent body.n规则1.选择最长、取代基最多的碳链作为主链.支链烃的命名3-methylheptane(3-甲基庚烷)2,3,5-trimethyl-4-propylheptaneRule ii.Give the lowest position numbers for substituents.规则2.取代基的位置数目总和最小。支链烃的命名2,3,3-trimethylpentane2,2,4-trimethylpentane2,3,5-trimethylhexanenRuleiii.Give the first listed substituent a lower position number;the sum of the position numbers for all sbustituents should be as low as possible.n规则3.数字较小的取代基排在前面,表示取代基位置的数字总和尽可能小。支链烃的命名支链烃的命名(Branched-alkyl group)nThe names of the substituents are given in alphabetical order in the systematic names of organic compounds.nExcept the prefixes iso-and neo-,the other prefixes,such as di-,tri-,sec-,tert-are not involved in alphabetical listing.支链烃的命名 2,3,5-trichlorohexaneNot 2,4,5-trichlorohexane 2,7,8-trimethyldecaneNot 3,4,9-trimethyldecane烃基取代基的命名n如果是枝状的烷基,用前缀iso-,neo-,sec-,tert-表示n-normal(正)iso-isomeric(异)tert-tertiary(叔)烃基取代基的命名nneo-neos(新),nsec-secondary(仲)烃基取代基的命名nsec-(仲),tert-(叔)只用于丁基:sec-butyl,tert-butyl niso-(异),neo-(新)既可以用于化合物的命名,又可以用于取代基 的命名。isobutyl,isobutane,isohexyl,neopentyl,neopentane烃基取代基的命名nExercises:2-methylpentane5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyloctane2,2-dimethyl-5-ethyloctane4-sec-butyl-3-methylnonane(壬烷)3-methyl-4-sec-butylnonane5-isopropyl-4-propyldecane(癸烷)4-propyl-5-isopropyldecane3-propyl-1,3,5-hexatriene4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2-methyloctane(叔丁基)5-sec-butylnonane 仲丁基5-(2-butyl)nonane5-2-butylnonane2-methyl-4,4-bis(tert-butyl)octane4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2-methyloctane(叔丁基)4-vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne3-acetylenyl-1,5-hexadiene3-vinyl-4-propyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne2单环化合物(Monocyclic compounds)的命名n命名规则:环烷烃 cyclo+alkane cyclo+alkyl 环烯烃 cyclo+alkene cyclo+alkenyl 环炔烃 cyclo+alkyne cyclo+alkynyl cyclohexane cyclohexenemonocyclic compounds cyclo+the name of alkane cyclopropane cyclopentane cyclohexane monosubstituted:chlorocyclohexane methylcyclopentanemultisubstituted:Give the functional group the lowestposition number.The sum of position numbers for all substituents should be as low as possible.cyclopentylcyclohexanetrans-1-ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane5-cyclopentyl-2-methylheptane环烷烃环烯烃1,3 cyclohexadiene3-ethyl-1,4,5-trimethylcyclohexene支链取代基的命名xyleneo,m,p-benzenetoluene芳香化合物Arometic compounds邻位-ortho 间位-meta 对位-paramesitylenestyrene单取代苯 Monosubstituted benzenesnitrobenzeneethylbenzenechlorobenzeneanilinecyanobenzenephenol一些重要的取代基Other important substituentshydroxy-alkoxy-(C1-C4 methoxy,ethoxy,Propoxy,butoxy;C5 pentyloxy decyl oxy)phenoxymercapto(巯基)AlkylthioaminoformylcyanonitronitrosylacetyloxoAlkanoyl(acyl,hexanoyl)C1-C5酰基(acyl)俗名:formyl,acetyl,propionyl,butyryl valerylbenzoyl3-oxobutyric acidbenzoic acido-(ethylthio)phenol多取代的芳香化合物 Multisubstituented aromatic compoundsp-acetylbenzoic acido-hydroxybenzoic acidm-sec-butyl(仲丁基)chlorobenzenep-bromomethoxybenzene3-ethyl-4-phenyl cyclohexenep-ethyltoluenem-methylanilineo-cyanophenolperfluorobenzeneo-xylenephthalic acid