02质量管理第2章 数据统计处理(新)(精品).ppt

第二章 数据的统计处理数据的取得与整理质量管理中常用的统计分析方法质量变异的描述与模型过程参数的估计过程参数的假设检验回归分析第一节 数据的取得与整理一、搜集数据的目的1、用于控制现场的数据；2、用于分析的数据；3、用于调节的数据；4、用于检查的数据。二、数据的分类顺序数据计件数据计量数据优劣数据计点数据计数数据点数数据三、数据的可靠性与搜集数据的注意事项数据不可靠比没有数据还要糟糕！为取得准确可靠的数据，应注意：1、明确搜集数据的目的与整理数据的方法；2、取得数据之后需加修正的情况很多；应保留原始记录和计算过程；3、字迹要写清楚；4、抽样与测定工作应该进行标准化，一定要按照标准或规范进行操作。四、数据的修整数值修整法的比较：原始数据序号组平均数112.425212.550312.475412.500512.400612.375712.625812.650912.4751012.450合计124.925总平均12.4925四舍五入后的平均数序号组平均数四舍五入后的平均数112.425 12.43212.550 12.55312.475 12.48412.500 12.50512.400 12.40612.375 12.38712.625 12.63812.650 12.65912.475 12.481012.450 12.45合计124.925124.95总平均12.4925 12.495数值修整后的平均数序号组平均数数值修整后的平均数112.425 12.42212.550 12.55312.475 12.48412.500 12.50512.400 12.40612.375 12.38712.625 12.62812.650 12.65912.475 12.481012.450 12.45合计124.925124.9312.4925 12.495 12.493序号组平均数四舍五入后的平均数数值修整后的平均数112.425 12.43 12.42212.550 12.55 12.55312.475 12.48 12.48412.500 12.50 12.50512.400 12.40 12.40612.375 12.38 12.38712.625 12.63 12.62812.650 12.65 12.65912.475 12.48 12.481012.450 12.45 12.45合计124.925124.95124.93总平均12.4925 12.495 12.493不得连续进行修整修整方法：设保留n位，则第n+1位大于五进位小于五舍弃等于五：第n位为奇数时进位第n位为偶数时舍弃五、数据的整理方法第二节 质量管理中常用的统计分析方法质量管理中常用的统计分析方法常用的七种工具：排列图因果图散布图直方图控制图检查表分层法头脑风暴法系统图过程决策程序图（PDPC）网络图矩阵图KJ图流程图 新七种工具 帕累托图法将误差、问题或缺陷归纳起来以助于生产人员解决问题。企业80%的问题是由20%的原因造成的！帕累托图法 科罗拉多利德维尔的卡斯特姆酒杯制造公司从某日生产出现的75个缺陷中采集有关数据。公司老板打算对其做帕累托分析。数据表明75个缺陷中划痕61个，小孔5个，缺口4个，沾污3个和杂质2个。卡斯特姆酒杯制造公司频率/数量81.3%6.6%5.3%4.0%2.6%五种原因及其所占百分比615432酒杯缺陷的排列图分析（1月5日数据）不合格品排列图100%81.3%累计比率件数划痕小孔缺口沾污杂质也叫石川图或鱼刺图航空公司乘客服务鱼刺图因果分析图鱼刺图类型A、整理问题型鱼刺图（各要素与特性值间不存在原因关系，而是结构构成关系）B、原因型鱼刺图（鱼头在右，特性值通常以“为什么”来写）C、对策型鱼刺图（鱼头在左，特性值通常以“如何提高/改善”来写）原料机器方法人员提供杂志不恰当提供饭菜不恰当枕头和毛毯不够干净飞机机械故障行李传送带破损除冰装置失灵订票程序防气流颠簸措施繁琐的检票程序标错行李标签乘务员不足售票点不足未经良好培训的乘务员不满意的顾客环境60强正相关弱正相关强负相关弱负相关不相关非线性相关温度（x）与产量（y）数据表序号温度x(c)产量y(kg)序号温度x(c)产量y(kg)12013.264518.722515.175019.633016.485521.243517.196022.554017.9106524.3温度与产量散布图20406010152025零件名称（代号）AZ105-004检查日期95年5月10工序最终检查加工单位1车间3工序检查总数2420生产批号95-1-3检查方式全数检查检查者童 祥不合格种类检查记录小计表面缺陷正正正正正正正35裂 纹正正正正正27加工不良正正正正正正正37形状不良正7其 他正9总 计115不合格品总数正正正正正正正正正正正正正正正正正正86汽车车身缺陷位置检查表车型检查部位车身工序检查人童祥 年 月 日检查目的喷漆缺陷检查件数872色斑流漆尘粒分层法分层法目标值上控制限下控制限正常情况目标值上控制限下控制限一点在控制线之上（或之下），查明原因上控制限目标值下控制限每五点有方向趋势，查明这种累积变动原因上控制限目标值下控制限连续5点在中心线之下（或之上），查明原因上控制限目标值下控制限两点靠近下（或上）控制限，查明原因上控制限目标值下控制限散乱情况，查明原因第三节 质量变异的描述与模型一、产品质量的统计观点1、认识到产品质量的变异性；2、可以掌握产品质量变异的统计规律性。二、质量因素的分类不同来源操作人员(Men)环境（Environment）设备（Machine）原材料（Material）测量(Measurement)操作方法（Method）计算机软件辅助材料水、电公用设施影响大小、作用性质偶然因素异常因素影响微小始终存在逐件不同难以除去影响较大有时存在一系列产品受同一方向的影响不难除去三、直方图74.03074.00274.01973.99274.00873.99573.99274.00174.01174.00473.98874.02474.02174.00574.00274.00273.99673.99374.01574.00973.99274.00774.01573.98974.01474.00973.99473.99473.99773.98573.99574.00673.99474.00074.00573.98574.00373.99374.01573.98874.00873.99574.00974.00574.00473.99874.00073.99074.00773.99573.99473.99873.99473.99573.99074.00474.00074.00774.00073.99673.98374.00273.99873.99774.01274.00673.96773.99474.00073.98474.01274.01473.99873.99974.00774.00073.98474.00573.99873.99673.99474.01273.98674.00574.00774.00674.01074.01874.00374.00073.98474.00274.00374.00573.99774.00074.01074.01374.02074.00373.98874.00174.00974.00573.99674.00473.99973.99074.00674.00974.01073.98973.99074.00974.01474.01574.00873.99374.00074.01073.98273.98473.99574.01774.013活塞环直径观测值数据作直方图：1、分组组数通常取420组；2、取等组距；3、第一组的组下限要取得比数据中的最小值稍小些。1、找出最大值xmax与最小值xmin,并计算极差。、根据n确定分组数k和组距h.k=1+3.322lg(n)、决定各组组限和组中值。、计算频数和频率，列出频数（频率）分布表及累计分布表。数据个数n推荐组数k50100781012008920150091050110001011活塞环直径的频数分布直径频数统计频数累计频数频率累积频率73.966573.9715110.0080.00873.971573.9765010.0000.00873.976573.9815010.0000.00873.981573.98659100.0720.08073.986573.99159190.0720.15273.991573.996523420.1840.33673.996574.001521630.1680.50474.001574.006524870.1920.69674.006574.0115191060.1520.84874.011574.0165121180.0960.94474.016574.021551230.0400.98474.021574.026511240.0080.99274.026574.031511250.0081.000合计1251.000活塞环直径的直方图73.966573.971573.976573.981573.986573.991573.996574.001574.006574.011574.016574.021574.026574.0315组号直径组中值频数统计 频数累计频数频率累积频率73.981以下73.978110.0080.00873.981,73.988)73.9859100.0720.08073.988,73.995)73.99222320.1760.25673.995,74.002)73.99931630.2480.50474.002,74.009)74.00632950.2560.76074.009,74.016)74.013231180.1840.94474.016,74.023)74.02051230.0400.98474.023,74.03074.02721250.0161.000合计1251.000性质：1、形状；2、位置或中心倾向；3、分散或变异程度。X=74.001mmS=0.010mm离散分布四、质量管理中常见的概率分布二项分布泊松分布超几何分布 对于从无限总体中抽样而以P表示总体不合格率的情况，二项分布是适宜的概率模型。二项分布 泊松分布的典型用途是用作单位产品上所发生的缺陷数目的数学模型。（用来描述单位产品上的记点个数的分布。）泊松分布 超几何分布主要用于从一个有限总体中进行不放回抽样的数学模型。超几何分布连续分布正态分布均匀分布对数正态分布指数分布 正态分布是在质量管理中使用最为频繁的分布，它能描述很多质量特性随机取值的统计规律性。正态分布统计方法：过程参数估计 点估计、区间估计过程参数的假设检验回归分析课程作业：某同学的论文打印得错误百出，请画一鱼刺图分析其原因。画一鱼刺图分析一装配线上螺栓无法与螺母匹配原因。自选一例This is just the Memory and Experience of us,But it is the Life of them Just as planned,we arrived at the Train Station of Xichang City on 3rd July,when a fine drizzle was falling.We brought alone with us some packs of stuff(candies,footballs,basketballs,pin-pang,books,dictionaries,food),which were purchased with money we raised from students,pedestrians,residents and even foreign visitors in Chengdu,the capital city of Sichuan,which was 800 kilometers,or 10 hours train ride,away from Xichang.By driving for another hour,we finally reached our destination,the Hope Primary School of Daqing Village.Went through an old school gate,we came to the newly painted Teaching Building.“Although some of the hardware has been replaced by new ones,but the conditions of accommodation are still worrying.”said the principle of the young principle.This is just the Memory and Experience of us,But it is the Life of them Just as planned,we arrived at the Train Station of Xichang City on 3rd July,when a fine drizzle was falling.We brought alone with us some packs of stuff(candies,footballs,basketballs,pin-pang,books,dictionaries,food),which were purchased with money we raised from students,pedestrians,residents and even foreign visitors in Chengdu,the capital city of Sichuan,which was 800 kilometers,or 10 hours train ride,away from Xichang.By driving for another hour,we finally reached our destination,the Hope Primary School of Daqing Village.Went through an old school gate,we came to the newly painted Teaching Building.“Although some of the hardware has been replaced by new ones,but the conditions of accommodation are still worrying.”said the principle of the young principle.It is hard for anyone in our team to imagine how poor the condition is before we went to the so-called restaurant.As we came to the back of the teaching building,a long stairway with naked cement surface heads to a restaurant,a big but empty room with no chairs,no tables.Students in different ages and grades sit or just squat there in groups,holding an elastic lunch box,staring at us,as if we are from another world.Seeing this scenary,our girls eyes brimmed over with sympathetic tears.We are allowed to visit the bedrooms of the students.The rooms shocked us too when we came near.Though as residential student,we did expect high,their living conditions were still far worse than what we expected.Their bedrooms were just a dark tiny room with six shabby bunk beds.No lights,no air conditioner,even an electric fan.The only furniture is just a long rectangular table in the center with old toothbrushes and a flat tube of toothpaste on.The towels were hanged on the bedsides.Thats what they got.A boy suspired.Teachers have already showed us all the equipment in the school,a small basketball court,an old-fashioned radio as the media equipment of the school.Whats more?The classrooms were dense arranged(紧密地安排上了陈旧的座子和椅子)with some broken brown desks and chairs.When asked the future purposes by us,while the girls in the classroom were too shy to answer the questions,braver boys told us they want to be sports players.Because they can always play basketballs after they become sports players.Then,we shared the sweets with them,we laughed and sang songs together.And they invited us to their homes at weekends.The next day,we took a hour-long bus ride into the mountains to do a home visiting.The teachers told us the road will be too rough to let cars get in.So,the final trip,we walked for half an hour on the lanes.Due to the heavy rain yesterday,the lanes were actually a mud-way.We struggled in the trip and finally came to the top of the mountain.There,we met the local residents and kids.The conditions were even worse than what we saw in the school.No furniture,no lights,only beds inside,and pigpens outside of the house,actually a run-down thatched shelter is rather accurate than a house.After stayed and studied with the kids in the school for days,we had to leave.When the principle heard that,he let other teachers kill a pig to cook some dishes to hold a farewell feast.Lets hold on the cups,fill them with white spirits.In Yis tradition,white spirits is the best staff to welcome visitors and say good bye to friends.In the ethnic regions,we do not have the good food to treat you well.Please make yourselves at home,enjoying the last meal!Thanks for everything youve done for us.The students and us will remember your kindness!After that meal,we left Xichang by train.I was slightly drunk after drinking with the teachers,that night,sitting on the train,watching the scenes passing by.I was thinking that my life is far better than theirs,we stay with them in poor conditions only for days,but they have grown up there.Yes,we did indeed donate them the charitable money and some sports equipment.But,we did not change their live conditions at all With the tears slipped down my face,I realized that what I have seen is just a short piece of life experience in my memory,but it is the real and unchangable life of them.