fidic质量下降的原因.ppt

Quality Outcomes The FIDIC PerspectivePresented at BIMILACI 2005Washington,DCApril 7,2005Gregs G.Thomopulos,P.E.,FACECThe IssueGeneralobservationthatthequalityoftheconstructedprojecthasbeendeteriorating.ThisobservationisconfirmedbytheBanksProjectManagers,ExecutingAgenciesandInternationalConsultants.ItisalsoperceivedthatgoodInternationalConsultantsarelosinginterestinBank-fundedprojects.ThecurrenttrendindiminishedQualityOutcomeoftheconstructedprojectneedstobereversed.What are the causes of deterioration in Quality?Amajorcauseisthediminishedqualityofdesign.Lowerqualitydesignresultsinlowerqualityconstructionandincreasedvariationorders,resultinginincreasedcostoftheproject.Otherfactorscontributeaswell,including:Corruption;IncompetentContractors;PoorProjectManagement;LackofResourcestoManageContractors.BackgroundForseveraldecades,FIDIC,theBanksandtheconsultingindustryachievedgoodQualityOutcomesbyfocusingonthelife-cyclecostoftheconstructedprojects.Thisalignmentwasachievedthroughtheuseofqualityprocurementprocedures.Morerecently,thefocusoncosthasshiftedfromtheprojectslife-cyclecosttothecostofdesign.Thefocusonthecostofdesignhasresultedinlesserqualitydesign.“It is unwise to pay too much,but its worse to pay too little.When you pay too little,you sometimes lose everything because the thing you bought was incapable of doing the thing you bought it to do.“The common law of business balance prohibits paying a little and getting a lot it cant be done.”“It is unwise to pay too much,but its worse to pay too little.When you pay too little,you sometimes lose everything because the thing you bought was incapable of doing the thing you bought it to do.John Ruskin(1819-1900)British Poet,Scientist and Philosopher“Price has no meaning except in terms of the quality of the product.”Dr.W.Edwards Deming(1900-1993)What is a Quality Outcome?AQualityOutcomeisacompletedprojectthat:SuccessfullyachievestheOwnersvisionfortheproject;Incorporatesthelong-termdevelopmentalneedsofthelocalpopulaceandtheglobalenvironment;Accomplishestheaboveatthelowestpossiblelife-cyclecost.AQualityOutcomeissignificantlymorelikelywhenaprojectisexecutedusingQuality-BasedPrinciples.The FIDIC Strategy“Duringallphasesoftheprojectlife-cycle,theoverridingconcernshouldbethequalityoftheservicesprovided.”Quality-Based PrinciplesInformedPurchaser;Quality-BasedSelectionofConsultants;Employer/Consultant&Employer/ContractorContracts;BusinessIntegrityManagement;CapacityBuildingandSustainability;Quality-BasedProjectManagementandConstruction;andMonitoringofOutcomes.Informed PurchaserAnInformedPurchaserisanOwnerwhoeitherhasthein-housetechnicalexpertiseorengagesoutsideexpertsnecessaryto:clearlyconveyprojectvision;evaluateandselectconsultants;understandtherisksandproceduresinherentinprojectexecution;andfollowthroughwithproperO&Mproceduresandmonitoringofoutcomes.Informed PurchaserTheInformedPurchaserwillbebetterequippedtoincorporateotherQuality-BasedPrinciplesattheprojectdevelopmentphase,including:CapacityBuilding;Sustainability;andMonitoringofOutcomes.Procurement of Engineering ServicesThe procurement of engineering services is one of the most important aspects of,and has the greatest impact on,ensuring quality in the constructed project.The Clients challenge is to get a good“return on investment”in design services.Quality-Based Selection of Consulting EngineersQualityOutcomeissignificantlymoreobtainablewhenQBSisemployed.Thisistrueforallprojects.TheQBS/QCBSdecisionisnotamatterofwhichprocurementprocessleadstogreaterquality;itisamatteroftowhatdegreequalitymatters.ToachieveaQualityOutcome,Life-CycleCostmustbeconsidered;QBSresultsinlowerLife-CycleCosts.TheprocurementofconsultingengineerserviceshasthegreatestimpactontheLife-CycleCostoftheproject,yetistheleastcostlycomponent.TheOwnerschallengeistogetagood“returnoninvestment”indesignservices.Quality-Based Selection of Consulting EngineersTheQBSprocessalsoprovidesagreateropportunitytosuccessfullyrealizetheprojectvisionthrough:Innovation.ThenegotiationphaseprovidestheOwnerwiththeopportunitytoconsideralternativeapproaches,whichcanimprovetheprojectandsavecosts.Greaterpublicsafetyandwelfare.Themorequalifiedtheconsultant,thegreatertheassurancethattheprojectwillpromoteandprotectthepublichealth,safetyandwelfare.Quality-Based Selection of Consulting EngineersQuality-Based Selection of Consulting EngineersTheQBSprocessgenerallyincludestheselectionofthebestqualifiedfirmbyobjectivecriteriaandthennegotiatesscopeofworkandprice.RefertoFIDICGuidelinesfortheSelectionofConsultants.Thebestqualifiedfirmisselected;Ascopeofservicesfullyunderstoodbybothpartiesisnegotiated;Afairandreasonablefeeisnegotiated;Failingagreement,negotiationsareterminatedandaninvitationofferedtothenext-rankedfirmtonegotiate.Result of Good Quality OutcomeQBSproducesqualitydesigns.Qualitydesignsproducequalityprojects.Qualityprojectshavefewervariationordersduringconstruction.Fewervariationordersresultinlowerconstructioncosts.Qualitydesignsandlowerconstructioncostsresultinlowerlife-cyclecosts.QBSisintheOwnersbestinterest.Result of Poor Quality OutcomeHighmaintenancecosts.Projectsfail,e.g.,roadpavementscollapse.Costandtimeoverruns.Disputationsandlitigation.Contractorsdefaultanddonotcompleteprojects.“selection of an Architect or Engineer solely on price-competition basis provides the potential for reductions in quality due to initial underestimation of the costs and resources required to adequately perform the work.”U.S.House of RepresentativeSubcommittee Report on Structural FailuresCONTRACTS(Employer/Consultant and Employer/Contractor)Fairtobothparties.Transparentandplainlanguage.Harmonized(standardforms).Risksandresponsibilitiesclearlyidentified.Meticulousinidentifyingscope/extent.Business Integrity ManagementCorruptionunderminestheachievementofaQualityOutcome,andthepracticeofbusinessintegrityiscrucialtofightingcorruption.FIDICrecommendsthatconsultingengineersadopttheFIDICBusinessIntegrityManagementSystem(BIMS),andthatOwnershaveregardtothispolicyduringselection.Business Integrity ManagementBIMSisapracticalinternaltooldesignedtopreventcorruptbehaviourandencourageintegritybyfocusingon:Aclearcommitmentbyleadershipdemonstrated,amongotherways,throughadoptionandrequiredadherencetoaBIMS.Involvementofstaff.Aplannedprocessapproachthatanticipatespotentialopportunitiesforcorruption,incorporatespreventativemeasures,andrequiresdocumentationoftheadministrativemanagementofeachactivity.Capacity BuildingImprovestheQualityOutcomeoftheconstructedproject.FeecompetitionisdetrimentaltoCapacityBuilding.Asaresultoffeecompetition,localfirmsarenotadequatelycompensated.Banksmaywanttoexaminetheneedfor“set-asides”ofprojectsforlocalconsultants.Theprocurementforsuch“set-asides”shouldbebasedonqualityprinciples.SustainabilitySustainabilityintegratestheenvironmental,economic,andsocialdimensionsofdevelopment,andisthereforefundamentaltoaQualityOutcome.TheFIDICProjectSustainabilityManagement(PSM)processprovidesaframeworkfortheOwnerandEngineertobalanceprojectvisionagainstcostandavailablealternatives,andselectappropriateprojectgoalsandindicatorsforsustainabledevelopment.Theindicatorsarelinkedbacktohigherlevelgoalssuchasglobalwarming,biodiversity,accesstofreshwater,andmaterialsandenergyuse.Quality-Based Project ManagementFIDICrecommendsthatconsultingengineersadoptaQualityManagementSystem,andthatOwnershaveregardtothispolicyduringselection.AQualityManagementSystemisaformalizedprojectmanagementstructurethatincorporates:Customer-focusedleadershipandorganization;Employeeinvolvement;Aprocessandfactualapproachtodecisionmaking;Continuousimprovement;and Mutuallybeneficialsupplier(subconsultant)relationships.Quality-Based ConstructionQualityprinciplesextendtothetenderingandconstructionphase.Meanstoincorporatequalityprinciplesinclude:Prequalificationofcontractors;Quality-basedconstructionmanagementprocedures;and Documentationofcontractorperformance.Monitoring of OutcomesAQualityOutcomerequiresalong-termcommitmentonthepartoftheOwnertoQuality-BasedPrinciplesduringtheoperationallifeoftheproject,includingSustainabilityandCapacityBuilding.ThesuccessoftheotherQuality-BasedPrinciplesshouldbemonitoredandanalyzed,andthisinformationshouldbeusedtorefinetheprinciples.ConclusionTheincorporationofQuality-BasedPrinciplesintheexecutionofBank-fundedprojectsisessentialtotheachievementofthestatedgoal:areversalofthetrendofdiminishedQualityOutcomesonBank-fundedprojects.“End the practice of awarding business on price tag alone.”Dr.W.Edwards Deming“There is scarcely anything in the world that some man cannot make a little worse,and sell a little more cheaply.The person who buys on price alone is this mans lawful prey.”John Ruskin(1819-1900)British Poet,Scientist and Philosopher“I told you to use QBS to build this bridge.”Thank YouThank You