(8)Unit 4《信息管理与信息系统专业英语》PM(精品).ppt

信息管理与信息系统专业英语信息管理与信息系统专业英语Unit2PM and SDLC-Part I(PM)SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project managementLearning outlines:A joke of PM.What is project management?How many stages are included in Project Management?And what are they?PM primer SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerA joke of PM A tourist walked into a pet shop and was looking at the animals on display.While he was there,another customer walked in and said to the shopkeeper,Ill have a C(see)monkey please.The shopkeeper nodded,went over to a cage at the side of the shop and took out a monkey.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-Joke-JokeA joke of PM He fitted a collar（项圈）and leash,handed it to the customer,saying,“Thatll be 5,000.“The customer paid and walked out with his monkey.Startled（大吃一惊）,the tourist went over to the shopkeeper and said,That was a very expensive monkey.Most of them are only a few hundred pounds.Why did it cost so much?SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerA joke of PM The shopkeeper answered,Ah,that monkey can program in C-very fast,tight code,no bugs,well worth the money.“The tourist looked at a monkey in another cage.Hey,that ones even more expensive!10,000!What does it do?“Oh,that ones a C+monkey;it can manage object-oriented programming,Visual C+,even some Java.All the really useful stuff,said the shopkeeper.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerA joke of PM The tourist looked around for a little longer and saw a third monkey in a cage of its own.The price tag around its neck read 50,000.The tourist gasped(气呼呼)to the shopkeeper,That one costs more than all the others put together!What on earth does it do?“The shopkeeper replied,Well,I havent actually seen it do anything,but it says its a project manager.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project Management-Thinking Questions-Thinking QuestionsWhat is PM?How many phases are included in PM?Is anything else related to PM?SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-The definition of PM-The definition of PMWhat is PM?.PM is the abbreviation of project management.definition of PM are as following:is the discipline of planning,organizing,and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives.(retrieved from:http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management#Project_management_activities)SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-The stages of PM-The stages of PMThe phases of PM are following,but no fixed phases!Project initiation and PID Requirements engineering System design Software construction Hardware purchase Integration&system testing Installation&cut-over Project close-down Maintenance SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-The stages of PM-The stages of PMWhat is PID?PID is abbreviation of project initiation Document,it is agreement to run project.Project initiation&PID will include:Statement of Aim The objectives Initial estimates of tasks Initial plan Proposed allocation of work SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-The stages of PM-The stages of PMRequirement Engineering:Requirements elicitation(获取)&collectionRequirements collation(校对)&conflict managementProblem solving Functional analysisSpecification SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-The stages of PM-The stages of PMSystem Design-methodsTop-DownBottom-UpHybridEvolutionary PrototypingAny else.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-The stages of PM-The stages of PMSoftware Construction Procedural programmingFunctional programmingLogic programmingChoice of appropriate programming languageO-O programmingParallel programming SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-The stages of PM-The stages of PMSoftware Construction Actual coding Modularity（模块化）Complexity（复杂性）Coupling（耦合性）else.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-The stages of PM-The stages of PMHardware purchase Prime Contractor（主承包商）Computer EquipmentCabling&Wiring（布电缆和电线）else。SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-The stages of PM-The stages of PMIntegration and System testingEach software unit and hardware unit has been individually tested during development Now put the pieces together and test how the system reacts to the new inclusions(加入部分)Test for timing and time delays,compatibility（兼容性）with other parts of the existing system,any unexpected interference(干扰)and side-effects(副作用)SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-The stages of PM-The stages of PMInstallation and cut-overDirect cut-over to new part of systemParallel running of new part with previous partPilot(试点)cut-over of one departmentPiecewise(分段)cut-over SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-The stages of PM-The stages of PMProject Close-downPrepare rolling plan(后续计划)for future upgrades Pay all outstanding accounts(未付清的帐)Relocate staff Receive final payment SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-The stages of PM-The stages of PMMaintenance divides into four areas:Support maintenance makes the system run as intendedAdaptive maintenance moves the system from one environment to anotherCorrective maintenance removes bugsEnhancement maintenance adds new functionality after installation SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerTen axioms for successI.Know your goal It may sound obvious,but if you dont have an end-point in mind youll never get there.You should be able to clearly state the goal of your project in a single sentence.If you cant,your chance of achieving it is slim.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerTen axioms for successII.Know your team Your team is the most important resource you have available and their enthusiastic contribution will make or break your project.Look after them and make sure the team operates as a unit and not as a collection of individuals.Communications are vital!Invest time in promoting trust and ensuring that everyone knows what they have to contribute to the bigger picture.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerTen axioms for successIII.Know your stakeholders Spend time with your stakeholders.Stakeholders either contribute expert knowledge offer their political or commercial endorsement(Approval/Support)which will be essential to success.Shake hands and kiss babies as necessary and grease the wheels of the bureaucratic machine so that your project has the smoothest ride possible.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerTen axioms for successIV.Spend time on planning and design A traditional mistake is to leap before you are ready.When youre under pressure to deliver,the temptation(诱惑)is to get the ball rolling.The ball is big and heavy and its very,very difficult to change its direction once it gets moving.So spend some time deciding exactly how youre going to solve your problem in the most efficient and elegant way.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerTen axioms for successV.Promise low and deliver high Try and deliver happy surprises and not unpleasant ones.By promising low(understating your goals)and delivering high(delivering more than your promised)you:Build confidence in yourself,the project and the team Buy yourself contingency(不测事件)in the event that something goes wrong Generate a positive and receptive atmosphere SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerTen axioms for success Consider:if everything goes right you will finish early everyone will be happy;if something goes wrong you might still finish on time;if things goes really badly you might still not deliver what you anticipated(期望)but it will still be better than if you over-promised!VI.Iterate!Increment!Evolve!Most problems worth solving are too big to swallow in one lump.Any serious project will require some kind of decomposition(break up/separate)of the problem in order to solve it.You must pay close attention to how each piece fits the overall solution.Without a systematic approach you end up with a hundred different solutions instead of one big one.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerTen axioms for successVII.Manage change We live in a changing world.As your project progresses the temptation(Attractive things)to deviate(偏离轨道)from the plan will become irresistible(无法抗拒).Customer will come up(consider)with new and interesting ideas,your original goal will have all the permanence(state of being permanent)of a snowflake in quicksand.Scope creep or drift(随风漂流)is a major source of project failure and you need to manage or control changes if you want to succeed.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerTen axioms for success This doesnt imply(to express/suggest indirectly)that there should be single,immutable(unchangeable)plan which is written down and all other ideas must be stifled(to prevent from happening or developing).You need to build a flexible approach that absorbs changes as they arise.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerTen axioms for success If you are too flexible your project will meander(wander in a slow easy aimless way)like a horse without a rider and if you are too rigid(not easy to bend)your project will shatter(to break suddenly into very small pieces)like a pane of glass the first time a stakeholder tosses(throw)you a new requirement.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerTen axioms for successIX.Test Early,Test Often Projects involve creative disciplines burdened with assumptions and mistakes.Sure you can do a lot of valuable work to prevent mistakes being introduced(to bring into practice or use),but to err is human and some of errors will make it into your finished product.Testing is the best way to find and eliminate(to remove or get rid of completely)errors.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerTen axioms for successX.Keep an open mind!Be flexible!The desired outcome is the delivery of the finished project to a customer who is satisfied with the result.Any means necessary can be used to achieve this and every rule listed above can be broken in the right(most suitable)circumstances,for the right reasons.Dont get locked into an ideology(a set of ideas)if the circumstances dictate(要求).SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerTen axioms for successX.Keep an open mind!Focus on delivering the project and use all the tools and people available to you.Keep an eye on the schedule and adjust your expectations and your plan to suit the conditions.Deliver the finished product,promote its use,celebrate your success and then move on to the next project.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerScope Triangle Called the Scope Triangle or the Quality Triangle this shows the trade-offs(权衡)inherent(不可分割)in any project.The triangle illustrates the relationship between three primary forces in a project.Time is the available time to deliver the project,cost represents the amount of money or resources available and quality represents the“fit-to-purpose”that the project must achieve to be a success.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerScope Triangle The normal situation is that one of these factors is fixed and the other two will vary in proportion to each other.For example“Time”is often fixed and the“Quality”of the end product will depend on the“Cost”or resources available.Similarly if you are working to a fixed level of“Quality”then the“Cost”of the project will largely be dependent upon the“Time”available(if you have longer you can do it with fewer people).SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerScope Triangle A phenomenon(现象)known as“scope creep”can be linked to the triangle too.Scope creep is the almost unstoppable tendency a project has to accumulate new functionality.Some scope creep is inevitable(can not avoid to be happen)since,early on,your project will be poorly defined and will need to evolve.A large amount of scope creep however can be disastrous(being or causing a disaster).When the scope starts to creep,new functionality must be added to cover the increased scope.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerScope Triangle This is representing the ability of the product to fulfil users requirements.More requirements fulfilled=a better quality product.In this situation you have three,and only three options:1.Add time delay the project to give you more time to add the functionality 2.Add cost recruit,hire or acquire more people to do the extra work 3.Cut quality trade off some non-essential requirements for the new requirements SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerScope Triangle If the art of management lies in making decisions,then the art of project management lies in making decisions quickly!When faced with scope creep you cannot ignore it.You need to tackle(to take action to deal with)it in one of the ways described above and the sooner the better.Delaying raises the risk of your project failing.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerScope Triangle A poor project manager will see the scope triangle as a strait-jacket by which their project is irrevocably(can not be changed)constrained.A better project manager will make better use of one or more of the axes(中心)and will shift the emphasis in the project to one of the other axes.The best project managers will juggle(杂耍)all three like hot potatoes and will make decisions every day which effectively trade-off time vs quality vs resources.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerRequirements Requirements specification is the process of refining the goals of a project to decide what must be achieved to satisfy the customers.Sometimes requirements specification takes place before the formal commencement(beginning)of a project to help identify and select the right for a solution and technology.Often this is known as a feasibility study or project analysis.More typically however some requirements are thrown together(maybe in a proposal)and the real requirements specification occurs only after the project has started.SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerFunctional Requirements Functional requirements are the obvious day-to-day requirements which end-users and stakeholders will have for the product.They revolve around the functionality that must be present in the project for it to be of use to them.A functional requirement typically states as“the system X must perform function Y”.This is known as an assertion(statement or claim).SQL Server 数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系Project management-PM primer-PM primerFunctional Requirements An assertion asserts or affirms(to declare aga