高考英语语法复习——名词.ppt
来安县半塔中学来安县半塔中学 梅崇兵梅崇兵 高高 考考 英英 语语 语语 法法 复复 习习名名 词词【考点概述考点概述】高考主要考查:名词的可数与不可数;抽象名词具体化;名词的普通格、所高考主要考查:名词的可数与不可数;抽象名词具体化;名词的普通格、所有格以及双重所有格、名词和其他词类组成的固定短语,以及在具体情景中有格以及双重所有格、名词和其他词类组成的固定短语,以及在具体情景中名词词义的辨析等知识的综合运用。近几年来高考命题对名词的考查实行了名词词义的辨析等知识的综合运用。近几年来高考命题对名词的考查实行了由注重形由注重形(单复数的变化单复数的变化)到注重意到注重意(名词意思名词意思)的转变。所以我们在复习名词时的转变。所以我们在复习名词时要重点掌握常用名词单复数要重点掌握常用名词单复数“可数与不可数可数与不可数”的意义和近义词的辨析以及有关的意义和近义词的辨析以及有关名词的习惯搭配。名词的习惯搭配。【真题体验真题体验】1.(95 全国卷全国卷)He gained his by printing of famous writers.A.wealth;work B.wealths;works C.wealths;work D.wealth;works 2.(05 福建卷福建卷,22)-Would you like ,sir?-No,thanks.I have had much.A.some more oranges B.any more oranges C.some more orange D.any more orange 3.(08 天津卷天津卷,11)Most air pollution is caused by the burning of like coal,gas and oil.A.fuels B.articles C.goods D.products 4.(08 安徽卷,安徽卷,24)To save some of the human languages before they are forgotten,the students in our school started a discussion“Save Our ”.A.Sky B.Life C.Arts D.Voices 5.(04上海卷,上海卷,27)The village is far from her indeed.Its walk.A.a four hour B.a four hours C.a four-hours D.a four hours6.(09,6)The system has been designed to give students quick and easy to the digital resources of the library.A.access B.passage C.way D.approach 7.(09 天津卷天津卷,1)Im trying to break the of getting up too late.A.tradition B.convenience C.habit D.leisure 8.(09 山东卷山东卷,29)-He says that my new car is a of money.-Dont you think those words are just sour grapes?A.lack B.load C.question D.waste 9.(09 陕西卷陕西卷,20)From their on the top of the TV Tower,visitors can have a better view of the city.A.stage B.position C.condition D.situation 10.(09湖北卷湖北卷,25)Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health.It may also be good for building.A.respect B.friendship C.reputation D.character Key:1.D 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.D【考点扫描考点扫描】考点一:名词的数考点一:名词的数 1.1.常考的不可数名词常考的不可数名词 如如:advice,bread,butter,baggage,clothing,furniture,fun,homework,harm,information,paper,sugar,music,news,progress,traffic,trouble,weather,wealth,work,value 等。等。这些名词不能直接用不定冠词或数词修饰,而应该与某些特定的单位名词连用,来表这些名词不能直接用不定冠词或数词修饰,而应该与某些特定的单位名词连用,来表示量的概念。如:示量的概念。如:a piece of news /advice,an article of clothing /furniture。2.2.有些名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义有些名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义 如:如:papers 文件、试卷、文件、试卷、报纸、论文报纸、论文;goods 货物、商品;货物、商品;ashes 骨灰、遗骸;骨灰、遗骸;glasses 眼镜;眼镜;sands 沙滩;沙滩;woods 树林;树林;greens 青菜;青菜;times 时代;时代;drinks 饮料;饮料;arms 武器;武器;looks 外表;外表;manners 礼貌;礼貌;lines 台词;台词;works 工厂、著作工厂、著作真题真题 1 1 中中 wealth“财富财富”,为不可数名词,为不可数名词,works “著作著作”为可数名词,因此答为可数名词,因此答案为。案为。D D3.有些词既可以作可数名词有些词既可以作可数名词,又可以作不可数名词又可以作不可数名词,但意思不一样但意思不一样.如真题如真题 2 orange 橘汁橘汁,an orange 一个橘子一个橘子,根据下文的根据下文的“much”应选应选 orange 的不可数形式的不可数形式,所所以应选以应选 C。又如真题。又如真题 3 中中 A 项项“fuels”指各种各样的燃料,根据后面的指各种各样的燃料,根据后面的 coal,gas and oil 可知可知 A 项正确。项正确。4.可以具体化的抽象名词可以具体化的抽象名词 如:如:surprise,knowledge,success,failure,pleasure,interest,joy,help,honor等。这类名等。这类名词如果仅仅表示词如果仅仅表示“概念概念”,是不可数名词,如果表示具体的人和事,特别是前面出现形容词修饰时,是不可数名词,如果表示具体的人和事,特别是前面出现形容词修饰时,就成了可数名词,前面需加冠词。就成了可数名词,前面需加冠词。如:如:His eyes almost popped out of his head in surprise.It was a pleasant surprise to see him again.又如真题又如真题 4 中中 D 项项 Voices 在这里意为在这里意为“languages”,故,故 D 项最合题意。项最合题意。5.单复数同形的词单复数同形的词 如:如:means (方式方式),sheep(绵羊),(绵羊),deer(鹿(鹿)等。注意要正确区分它们的数,如:等。注意要正确区分它们的数,如:every means (单数),(单数),all Means(复数)(复数)例如例如:By all ,you must try every to help him.A.mean,mean B.means,means C.means,mean D.mean,means 答案为答案为 B。考点二:集体名词和学科名词作主语的意义考点二:集体名词和学科名词作主语的意义 有些集体名词通常只用作复数。如:有些集体名词通常只用作复数。如:people,cattle,police 等。等。有些集体名词只用作单数。如:有些集体名词只用作单数。如:machinery,furniture,mankind,jewellery 等。等。有些集体名词既可用作单数又可用作复数,单数看作整体,复数看作集体的有些集体名词既可用作单数又可用作复数,单数看作整体,复数看作集体的各个成员。如:各个成员。如:family,class,crew,team,group,public,audience,crowd,government,committee,company 等。等。有些学科名词以有些学科名词以 s 结尾,但是是单数形式。结尾,但是是单数形式。如:如:maths,Physics,politics等。等。注意:上述这些词作主语时,其谓语动词的数要根据其语意来决定,即:单注意:上述这些词作主语时,其谓语动词的数要根据其语意来决定,即:单数意义则其谓语动词用单数,复数意义则其谓语动词用复数。数意义则其谓语动词用单数,复数意义则其谓语动词用复数。如:如:The committee is made up of temembers.The committee are all for the proposal.考点三:名词的格考点三:名词的格 1.表示有生命的物体名词的所有格表示有生命的物体名词的所有格(1)一般在单数或复数名词后加一般在单数或复数名词后加-s.如如:Wei Fangs chair;the childrens bedroom(2)以以 s结尾的复数名词后加结尾的复数名词后加“”,如如”:the students reading room;grown-up sclothes(3)并列名词表示各自所属时并列名词表示各自所属时,在两个名词之后都加在两个名词之后都加-s;表示共同所属时,在最后一个名词后加表示共同所属时,在最后一个名词后加“s”。如:如:Tom and Mikes father (俩人共同的父亲俩人共同的父亲)Toms and Mikes fathers (汤姆的父亲和迈克的父亲汤姆的父亲和迈克的父亲)(4)表示店铺、某人的家、私人开的诊所、餐馆等,其所有格表示店铺、某人的家、私人开的诊所、餐馆等,其所有格 后的名词可以省略。如:后的名词可以省略。如:at the tailors (在裁缝店在裁缝店)at a chemists (在药店在药店)2.表示无生命的物体名词的所有格表示无生命的物体名词的所有格 常常用常常用“of+名词名词”的形式的形式,如:如:a leg of the chair;the cover of the book;但表;但表示时间、距离等的所有格可以加示时间、距离等的所有格可以加“”号表示,如真题号表示,如真题5,“四个小时的路程四个小时的路程”,据此选,据此选D 项。项。另外:数词另外:数词+连字号连字号“-”+名词作定语时,名词一般用单数形式。如:名词作定语时,名词一般用单数形式。如:a five-year plan 一个五年计划;一个五年计划;a ten-mile walk十里路;十里路;a three-hour journey 三小时的旅三小时的旅3.双重所有格双重所有格 (1)双重所有格的构成:)双重所有格的构成:名词名词+of+名词所有格名词所有格 如:如:a friend of my mothers 名词名词+of+名词性物主代词名词性物主代词 如:如:a friend of mine(2)双重所有格的概念及用法双重所有格的概念及用法:表示部分概念常用数词或表示部分概念常用数词或 some,any,no,many等修饰等修饰,如:如:some (two)friends of my brothers 表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩常用指示代词修饰,如:表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩常用指示代词修饰,如:This little cat of your sisters is really a dear.That dog of hers is always making troubles.考点四:名词作定语考点四:名词作定语名词作定语时,一般用单数。名词作定语时,一般用单数。如:如:apple trees 苹果树苹果树,book marks 书签书签 The bicycle shop is just around the corner and you wont miss it.但也有例外,如:但也有例外,如:a sports car 赛车;赛车;a customs officer 海关海关 官员;官员;clothes shop 服装店;服装店;a sales girl 女售货员;女售货员;accounts department会计部门会计部门 考点五:名词词义辨析考点五:名词词义辨析词义辨析是高考必考的重点项目,而且针对词义测试的题量近年呈上升趋势。试题的词义辨析是高考必考的重点项目,而且针对词义测试的题量近年呈上升趋势。试题的立意是词义辨析和语义识别。立意是词义辨析和语义识别。如真题如真题 6,本题句意为,本题句意为“程序已设计好了程序已设计好了要能让学生们快捷地运用图书馆内的数字要能让学生们快捷地运用图书馆内的数字库库”。access 进入,通道;进入,通道;passage 过道,通道;过道,通道;way 方式、方法;方式、方法;approach 方法、方法、步骤。根据语境选步骤。根据语境选 A。真题真题 7,本题句意,本题句意“我努力改掉起床太晚的习惯我努力改掉起床太晚的习惯”。tradition 传统;传统;convenience 方便;方便;leisure 闲暇均不符合上下文。根据语境选闲暇均不符合上下文。根据语境选C。habit (习惯)。(习惯)。真题真题8,本题句意本题句意“他认为我买新车是浪费钱他认为我买新车是浪费钱”。lack 缺乏;缺乏;load 负担,负担,question 问题均不符合上下文。根据语境选问题均不符合上下文。根据语境选D。真题真题9,本题句意,本题句意“从他们在电视塔顶的位置,游客可以清晰看到城市的全貌从他们在电视塔顶的位置,游客可以清晰看到城市的全貌”。stage 舞台;舞台;condition 条件;条件;situation 局势均不符合上下文。根据语境选局势均不符合上下文。根据语境选B。真题真题 10,本题句意,本题句意“这可能对性格培养有好处这可能对性格培养有好处”。respect尊重;尊重;friendship 友谊;友谊;reputation 声誉均不符合上下文。声誉均不符合上下文。根据语境选根据语境选 D。【考点训练考点训练】一、单项填空一、单项填空 1.(09 湖北卷,湖北卷,26)In our class,when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book,it was a for everyone to stand up.A.signal B.chance C.mark D.measure 2.(09 安徽卷,安徽卷,31)China has got a good for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization.A.reputation B.influence C.impression D.knowledge 3.(09福建卷福建卷,29)The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April,2009.A.delay B.effort C.schedule D.consideration 4.Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make for our new students.A.place B.area C.spaces D.room 5.(09江西卷江西卷,23)The shoes were covered with mud,so I asked them to take them off before they got into car.A.girls;Toms B.girls;Toms C.girls;Toms D.girls;Toms6.Early of a disease can prevent death and illness.A.edition B.immigration C.identification D.starvation 7.Micky bought an old car cheaply,cleaned it up and sold it the next week at a .A.benefit B.bargain C.profit D.prize 8.I wrote him a letter to show my of his thoughtfulness.A.achievement B.agreement C.attention D.appreciation 9.I saw Bob play the piano at Johns party and on that he was simply brilliant.A.scene B.circumstance C.occasion D.situation 10.She is always ready to help people in trouble because she thinks it a .A.decision B.chance C.pride D.pleasure 11.-Your ,please.-Why dont you ring and ask Mr.King inside the hall?It was he who asked me to come to the party.A.food B.money C.invitation D.suggestion 12.How much would you for repairing my watch?A.spend B.cost C.charge D.pay 13.Teachers are not happy when they find in class their students sending to their friends by mobile phone.A.notes B.messages C.letters D.informations 14.Is there a for rising prices?A.way B.cure C.medicine D.method 15.Life is tough in the city.In order to reduce their ,some people drink alcohol.A.temper B.mood C.pressure D.consciousness 二、根据提示完成句子二、根据提示完成句子 16.I am sure David will be able to find the library he has a pretty _(方向感好方向感好).17.He dropped _(咖啡杯咖啡杯)and broke it.18.The environmentalists said _(“生山羊的出现生山羊的出现)on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.19.You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly _(变形变形).20.Nowadays,people usually think if you enter a key university,you are your _(父母的骄傲父母的骄傲).21.It is said that dogs will _(陪伴你陪伴你)for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely.22.The Beijing Olympics was _.(success)23.Beijing has about ten million_.(population)24.If by any chance someone comes to see me,ask them _(留下口信留下口信).(message)25.We have worked out the plan and now we must _(使它付诸实施使它付诸实施).(practice)【考点训练答案考点训练答案】一、单项填空一、单项填空 1.A.本题考查名词辨析。此处本题考查名词辨析。此处 signal的意思是的意思是“信号信号”。响下课铃,老师合书是学生起。响下课铃,老师合书是学生起立的信号。立的信号。2.A.考查名词辨义及用法。考查名词辨义及用法。reputation “名声、名誉名声、名誉”;influence “影响影响”;impression “印象印象”;knowledge “知识知识”;get a good reputation“获得一个好的名获得一个好的名声声”符合题意。符合题意。“在抗击流感的斗争中,中国以她认真快速的组织获得了较好名声。在抗击流感的斗争中,中国以她认真快速的组织获得了较好名声。”故故选选 A。3.A.此题考查名词辨义。此题考查名词辨义。Delay“延误、耽搁延误、耽搁”;effort“精力、努力精力、努力”;schedule“进度进度表、日程表表、日程表”;consideration“考虑、思考考虑、思考”。without any delay 是是“立即、立刻立即、立刻”、合、合乎题意。乎题意。“当当 H1N1 于于2009 年年4 月袭击墨西哥时,世界卫生组织立即给公众发出了警告。月袭击墨西哥时,世界卫生组织立即给公众发出了警告。”故此题选故此题选A。4.D.考查名词词义及用法。考查名词词义及用法。place “地方地方”;area“地区地区”;Spaces“空间空间”;room“空间空间”。根据搭配应选根据搭配应选D。5.C.考查名词的所有格及代词的指代关系。考查名词的所有格及代词的指代关系。由由 they 指代女孩知应用指代女孩知应用 girls,Tom 的的所有格为所有格为 Toms,如表示一家则为,如表示一家则为 the Toms,故,故C 正确。正确。6.C.句意为:疾病的早期确诊能防止死亡和病情的恶化。句意为:疾病的早期确诊能防止死亡和病情的恶化。identification 验明、鉴定、确认验明、鉴定、确认;edition 版本;版本;immigration 移民;移民;starvation 饥饥饿。饿。7.C.句意为:句意为:Micky 很便宜地买了一部旧车、彻底清理了一下、在第二周就卖了、获很便宜地买了一部旧车、彻底清理了一下、在第二周就卖了、获得了利润。得了利润。at a profit 为固定短语,意为为固定短语,意为“获利获利”,benefit 为不可数名词。为不可数名词。8.D.achievement成就;成就;agreement 赞同;赞同;attention 注意,专注意,专 心;心;appreciation 感感谢、欣赏。谢、欣赏。9.C.scene 场景、出事地点;场景、出事地点;circumstance 环境,情况,形势(通常以复数出环境,情况,形势(通常以复数出现);现);occasion 场合;场合;situation 形势,局面。形势,局面。on that occasion 习语,习语,“在那在那个时候个时候”。10.D.pleasure 是不可数名词,意为是不可数名词,意为“快乐,愉快,满足快乐,愉快,满足”,与,与a 连用表示连用表示“一件令一件令人愉快的事人愉快的事”。11.C.invitation 请柬。请柬。根据意思可知是别人请他来的。根据意思可知是别人请他来的。12.C.charge“收费收费”;pay“付费付费”。句意:你要收我多少钱的修理费?句意:你要收我多少钱的修理费?13.B.message“口信,短信口信,短信”;information“信息信息”,不可数名词。,不可数名词。14.B.a cure for rising prices 治理物价上涨的对策。治理物价上涨的对策。15.C.人们喝酒是为了排解心中的压力。人们喝酒是为了排解心中的压力。二、根据提示完成句子二、根据提示完成句子 16.good sense of direction 17.the coffee cup 18.wild goats appearance 19.out of shape 20.parents pride 21.keep you company 22.a success 23.a population of 24.to leave a message 25.put it into practice