高考英语一轮语法讲义：定语从句.docx

高考英语一轮语法讲义：定语从句精讲什么是定语？-只要听到的+名词，. 的就是修饰这个名词的定语成分-定语的成分-1.形容词作定语The innocent /naive nightingale died.The nightingale (brave and innocent) died.2.名词（短语）作定语The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.3.介词短语作定语The nightingale (out of the window) heard the sighs of the youngster. 4.非谓语动词作定语The singing nightingale lost his life.5.从句作定语- 定语的位置“前小后大”-当一个单词修饰名词时，通常放在名词前；当多个单词修饰名词时，通常放在名词后。o 这是一个关于夜莺和玫瑰的故事。This is a fiction (about a nightingale and a rose).o 那个懂爱的年轻人离开了王子的舞会。The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince.o 被拒绝的那个男生看上去很可怜。The boy rejected looks pitiful.当过去分词修饰名词时，即使只有一个单词，也通常放在名词后。o 我有重要的事要告诉你。I have something important to tell you.当形容词修饰不定代词时，即使只有一个单词，也通常放在名词后。谁决定引导词的用法？-o  I will never forget the day when I met you.因为从句不缺主谓宾，that在定语从句中扮演代词的成分，代词只能作主或宾语，when为副词，所以不可以=o  I will never forget the day that we spent.缺宾语所以填that思考以下句子中的引导词为什么这么用？o  You had better have some reason why you are left.o  You had better have some reason that sounds perfect.方法：1. 看先行词，确定范围（3选1）2. 引导词在从句中能够充当的成分优点：缩小选择范围 缺点：依旧得不到正确答案- 定语从句引导词的分类新标准 -引导词还可以按照引导词本身的词性分类，一共把引导词分成三类：1. 代词（在从句中一定要充当主语或宾语的成分）: who, whom, that, which2. 副词（在从句中不能充当任何主干成分）: where, when, why3. 形容词（在从句中修饰离它最近的那个名词）: whose- 练习- 夜莺用生命换来的玫瑰被扔掉了。The rose that/which the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.- 这些圆顶的建筑看上去很漂亮。Buildings whose roods are round look beautiful.- 成功属于有梦想的人已经被无数事实所证明了。It has been validated by numerous facts that glories belong to those with dreams.those在此表示不特指的多数人- 穿自己的鞋不仅方便而且还确保了一点不用去管别人的态度。Wearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.- 问题的关键是谁应该为道德的沦丧负责呢。The point of the issue seems who should be responsible for the decline of ethics.- 外表看起来十分邋遢的他其实内心很高尚。He whose appearance looks indecent proves noble in his mind.- 那些全力以赴去实现梦想的人，即使最终没有成功也不会感到遗憾，这很重要。It seems indispensable that those who spare no efforts to realize their dreams never feel pitiful although glories fail to be achieved.- 上课不集中精力而又想通过考试的同学往往会发现结果很糟糕。Students (who fail to concentrate in class but wish to pass examinations smoothly) tend to find that the consequence proves less impressive.定语从句的特殊用法- that-that 在引导定语从句的时候，如果是在从句中充当是宾语，that可以省略例：我喜欢我妈妈给我买的这本书。I enjoy the book that my mother bought for me.考试诀窍：在分析长难句的时候，如果见到有两个名词或者是代词直接放到一起，中间没有被连词或标点符号隔开，通常都是省略了that的定语从句。-区别限制和非限制性定语从句- I love Liu, who is beautiful. 非限制 我喜欢刘，她很漂亮。 I love Liu who is beautiful.  限制 我喜欢漂亮的刘。在分析长难句的时候，非限制性定语从句就相当于插入语，完全可以不看。如果先行词是物，既可以用that，又可以用which时，非限制性定语从句就只能用which，不能用that- 先行词和引导词之间有介词的情况-人不用who，只能用whom；物不用that，只能用which。He is the man _ we should learn from. 此时空格中who/whom都可以但如果是 He is the man from_ we should learn. 这里介词“from”前置，此时就只能用whom了- 区别the same as; the same that引导的定语从句- He is the same man as I love. 他就像我爱的那个男人。 He is the same man that I love. 他就是我爱的那个男人。as 翻译成“像”；that翻译成“是” 考试时根据语境来选- as 和which 引导的非限制性定语从句-which 引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面整个句子，as也可以，但是which只能放到主句的后面，而as可前可后。He enjoys talking with young ladies, which/as drives me mad.区分定语从句和同位语从句- I have a dream that sounds funny. （定从） I have a dream that I will become a rich lady. （同位从）相同点：都是先行词+引导词+句子不同点：1. 看从句本身的意思，定语从句是对前面名词的修饰，而同位语从句是对前面名词的解释2. 看引导词that在从句中是否充当了成分，如果充当了成分就是定语从句，如果没有充当成分就是同位语从句。3. 定语从句的先行词可以是所有的名词，而同位语从句的先行词只能是抽象名词。4. 定语从句的引导词一共有8个（加上万年不遇的as就是9个）而同位语从句的引导词一般都是that（也会见到which）定语从句的至难点寻找先行词如何寻找先行词？（5种情况）1. 定语从句的先行词就是离它最近的那个名词2. 定语从句的先行词是它前面的几个名词3. 定语从句的先行词是它前面的一个从句4. 定语从句的先行词是它前面的一个句子5. 定语从句的先行词和引导词被隔开了定语从句的考点分析- 写作-只要在作文中见到名词都可以有意识地给它加上定语的成分，把句子拉长Pets can reduce loneliness.Pets which look cute, as well as healthy, can reduce the loneliness of senior citizens without any descendants who can take care of them.Reading books can add knowledge.Reading books which keep beneficial to our physical and mental health can add knowledge of all children and adults.万能定语（是在写不出别的再写）：which/who look(s) adj. as well as adj.必须是名词复数时才行：such as (Pets such as books such as)英汉差异对比汉语讲究意合，英语讲究形合A. 句子结构上B.逻辑关系词的使用上 汉语多主动，英语多被动In the past decades, a variety of actions were adopted by the authorities to prevent disasters. 在过去的几十年里， 政府采取了各种措施来预防灾害的发生。 汉语多短句，英语多长句乌镇是浙江的一个水镇，它位于京杭大运河旁。Wuzhen is a water town in ZJ province. It locates near the river form Beijing to Hangzhou.把短句合成长句第一个方法是非谓语动词Wuzhen is a water town in ZJ province, locating near第二个方法是加连词Wuzhen is a water town in ZJ province and locates near the 第三个方法是从句Wuzhen which locates near Hangzhou is a water town in ZJ province.练习我昨天去踢球了，我在操场上遇见一个女人，她的儿子在跑步。When I played football yesterday, I came across a lady on the playground whose son was running.人们会在门上粘贴有健康、发财、好运的春联。Doors will be decorated by couplets whose topics are involved in health, wealth and good luck.-长难句分析-能够到一句话当中的定语成分，并且把它们通顺地翻译出来。如何找到定语呢？关键是找名词。只要名词有一坨东西，只要不是动词，就暂定为这个名词的定语成分（还有可能是状语）。状语可能性很低，定语从名词后开始到主语的谓语动词之前结束。如果定语在主句谓语动词之后的话，定语就从名词后开始，通常到句末结束。如果定语后有连词的话，定语不再是到句末结束，而是到连词之前结束。一个大定语中通常都会有无数的小定语，每一个小定语都是到下一个名词后结束。名词+定语/同位语X(就把它当定语)/插入语(前后会有逗号，可以通过这个直接排除)/状语/动词学科网（北京）股份有限公司