高考英语一轮语法定语从句关系词的用法讲义.docx

高考英语语法精讲：定语从句关系词的用法一、定语从句关系词的用法与选择1、关系词的用法关系词分关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等，其中who和whom 只用于指人，which和as 只用于指事物，whose和 that既可于指人也可用于指物，它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语；关系副词主要有when, where 和why，其中when表示时间，where表地点，why表原因，它们在定语从句中均用作状语：A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞行的机器。(that指物，在从句中用作主语)I have forgotten everything that I learn t at school. 我把学校学的所有东西都给忘了。(that指物，在从句中句作宾语)The man who lives in that house is my uncle. 住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔。(who指人，在从句中作主语)The house whose windows are broken is empty. 破了窗户的那座房子是空的。(whose指物，在从句中作定语)There are some students whose questions I cant answer. 有些学生提出的问题我回答不了。(whose指人，在从句中作定语)He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像他看起来那么傻。(as指人，在从句作表语)2、关系词的选择 选择关系词可考虑以下四点：(1) 一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等)。(2) 二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when, where, why)。(3) 三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。(4) 四看文体，即分清是正式文体还是非正式文体，是书面语体还是口语体。二、“介词+关系代词”的用法 1、用法说明介词+whom只能指人；介词+ which只能指物。如：Look, there comes Tom, for whom I have waiting for an hour. 瞧，汤姆来啦，我等他等了一个小时。Last Saturday evening, I went to Wu Dongs birthday party, in which I met a foreigner named Jim. 上周星期六的晚上我去参加了吴东的生日聚会，在会上我会到了一个叫吉姆的外国人。She came into the house, on whose wall there was a portrait of Einstein. 她进入了房间，房子的墙壁上有一张爱因斯坦的画像。2、注意事项(1) 有时，前面的介词可移到定语从句的中间或后面，此时whom可用who, that代替；which可以用that代替。而且who, whom, which, that都可省略。如：The man with whom you talked just now is our manager. The man who you talked with just now is our manager. 你刚才与他谈话的那个人就是我们的经理。He handed me a pen, with which I wrote down my address for him. He handed me a pen, which I wrote down my address with for him. 他递给我一支钢笔，我就用那支钢笔给他写下了我的地址。(2) 当先行词是时间、地点、原因从句时，介词+ which一般在定语从句中分别做时间、地点、原因状语，于是介词+ which可以分别用when, where, why代替。但若介词+ which不是作时间、地点、原因状语，则不能用when, where, why代替。如：Last week, I visited Shanghai, in which I have made several friends. Last week, I visited Shanghai, where I have made several friends. 上周我参观了上海，在那儿我叫上几个朋友。I will remember the day forever on which I won the first place in the contest. I will remember the day forever when I won the first place in the contest. 我将永远记住我在竞赛中获得第一名的那一天。3、介词的选用介词+关系代词引导定语从句时，介词往往受上下文的约束，究竟使用哪个介词时得从下面几方面来进行考虑。(1) 从先行词跟介词的搭配习惯出发。如：In front of my house, there is a tree, in which some birds are singing. 我的房子前有一棵树，鸟儿正在树上唱歌。(在树上一般用介词in)(2) 从定语从句中的动词、形容词对介词的习惯要求出发。如：The computer for which I paid 5,000yuan is made in Shenzhen. 我花了五千元所买的这台电脑使深圳造的。( pay 与for搭配)(3) 从先行词、定语从句中的动词或形容词两方面同时考虑出发。如：Do you know the girl with whom the man talked just now? 你认识跟那个男谈话的女孩吗？(talk 究竟接to, with还是接about, 这该由动词及现行词一起决定)(4) 复合介词+关系代词。如：Go down this road, at the end of which you can see a high building and it is our office building. 沿着条路走，在路的尽头你会看到一座高大的建筑，那就是我们的办公大楼。(5) 名词+介词+ 关系代词。如：He has three children, one of whose children is studying abroad now. 他又三个小孩，其中一个在国外读书。注意：当定语从句的动词与介词是不可分割的固定搭配时，介词不能放到关系代词之前。如：She has a little daughter, who is looked after by her grandma. 就不能写成：She has a little daughter, after whom is looked by her grandma. 因为，look after 是不可分开的固定短语。三、whose, of whom与of which用法区别1、 关系代词 whose，引导定语从句时，既可指人，又可指物，在从句中只能作定语；of whom 只能指人；of which 只能指物，有时 whose 可以与 of whom 和 of which 互换使用。如：The girl whose hair is golden is from England. 头发金色的那个女孩是英国人。The house whose doors are green is an office building. 门是绿色的那座房子是办公楼。2、 “介词 + whose +名词” 引导定语从句。如：I love my motherland, for whose good future I will work hard. 我爱我的祖国，为了她美好的未来我要努力工作。3、在下列情况下，一般只用 of whom 和 of which。(1) 定语从句的主语是 few, little, some, most, many, much等时，一般只用of whom和of which。In the room are lots of people, many of whom I dont know. 房间里有很多人，很多人我不认识。He has a lot of story-books, a few of which I have never read. 他有很多故事书，有几本故事书我还从未看过。(2) 定语从句的主语是数词、形容词的最高级时，一般只用of whom和of which。如：The old man has three children, two of whom are college students and one of whom is a manager. 那个老人有三个小孩，其中两个是大学生，另一个是经理。(3) 定语从句的主语是all, none, both, neither, each等不定代词时，一般只用of whom和of which。如：There are fifty students in our class, all of whom are working hard. 我们班有五十个学生，所有这五十个学生学习都刻苦。He planted two trees last year, both of which are growing well. 去年他栽了两棵树，这两棵树都长得好。(4) 在定语从句中作表语的定语时，一般只用of whom和of which。如：He has three brothers, of whom Li Lei is the youngest one. 它有三兄弟，李蕾是他们中最小的一个。There are many countries in Asia, of which China is the largest one. 亚洲有很多国家，中国是最大的一个。学科网（北京）股份有限公司