高三英语一轮复习分词讲义.docx

高中英语语法讲义-分词一、概说英语分词分现在分词和过去分词。现在分词与动名词相同，规则动词的过去分词与过去式相同，不规则动词的过去分词没有特别规则，需特别记忆。分词是非谓语动词的一种，它一方面具有动词性质，可以有自己的状语，另一方面又具有形容词和副词功能，可用作定语和状语等。二、现在分词的句法功能1.作表语The news is encouraging. 这消息令人鼓舞。The present situation is terrifying.目前形势令人惊恐。Please be seated. 请坐好。The window was broken.窗户破了。注:(1)有的用作表语的分词具有形容词性质，有的甚至已转化为形容词。(2)现在分词和动名词作表语的区别:现在分词作表语主要表示主语的性质和特征，而动名词作表语则主要是对主语内容的进一步说明和解释。另外，动名词作表语时它可与主语交换位置，而现在分词作表语则不可与主语交换位置:误:Very interesting is my job.:Looking after the children is my job.还有，作表语的现在分词不能带宾语，而作表语用的动名词可以带宾语(如上例)。2. 作定语What disappointing news!多么令人失望的消息!The story had a satisfying ending. 这故事有一个令人满意的结局。She is a trained nurse.她是一个受过训练的护士。All these are required subjects.所有这些都是必修课。注:(1)单个的分词作定语可以置于被修饰词语之前，但若是分词短语作定语则应置于被修饰名词之后。There is a gentleman asking to see you.有一位先生要求见你。She bought a computer produced in China. 她买了一台中国生产的电脑。(2) 由现在分词being构成的短语通常不能用作后置定语，除非这个being是构成被动结构的肋动词:误:Anvone being ill can take the medicine.:Anyone who is ill can take the medicine. 任何人病了都可服这药。:He isn't interested in the question being discussed. 他对讨论的问题不感兴趣。(3) 现在分词作后需定语时，它所表示的动作通常不能发生在谓语动作之前(这也就是为什么现在分词的完成式不能用作后置定语的原因):误:The man stealing having stolen the car was caught.正:The man who stole the car was caught. 偷汽车的那个人被抓了。(4) 现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别:现在分词作定语时，它所修饰的名词通常就是现在分词的逻辑主语，并且通常可转换成一个定语从句;而动名词作定语表示的是被修饰名词的作用、作途等。比较:a moving truck 正在移动的汽车(moving为现在分词，与truck有主谓关系)a moving truck 搬家汽车(moving为动名词，说明truck的用途)a hunting dog 正在猎物的狗(hunting为现在分词，与dog有主谓关系)a hunting dog 猎狗(hunting为动名词，说明dog的用途)3.作状语分词作状语可以表示多种关系:(1) 表时间:Seeing the cat. the mouse ran off.见到猫，老鼠就跑了。The work finished. he went home. 工作做完后，他就回家了。(2) 表原因:Being very weak. she couldn't move. 她由于身体虚弱而不能行动。His car broken down. he had to walk他的车坏了，所以只好走路。Much discouraged， she moved on to London. 她很沮丧，搬到了伦敦。(3) 表条件:United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。Given more time, we could have done it better. 如果多给点时间，我们可以做得更好。Working hard, you will succeed.如果努力工作，你就可以成功。Adding them all up, we can find the answer. 如果把它们加起来，我们就可以得到答案。(4) 表让步:Although living miles away. he attended the course.虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。Defeated,he remained a popular boxer.虽然被击败了，他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。(5) 表方式:He earns a living driving a truck 他靠开卡车谋取生。I'm returning you letter as requested.我按要求给你退信。(6) 表伴随:He sat in the chair reading newspapers. 他坐在椅子上看报。Don't you sit there doing nothing.别什么也不干坐在那里。He came in, followed by his wife.他走了进来，后面跟着他的妻子。(7) 表结果:He fired, killing one of the passers-by.他开枪了，打死了一个过路人。He died. leaving his wife with five children,他死了，留下他妻子和五个儿子。It rained and rained vehicles bogged and bridges washed out雨不停地下，车辆陷入泥沼，桥边被水冲去。4.作宾语补足语He soon had them all laughing. 他很快逗得大家都笑了。I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。We found him greatly changed. 我们发现他变化很大。I heard my name called. 我听到有人叫我的名字。All these are required subjects.所有这些都是必修课。三、分词的时态和语态1.现在分词一般式的用法现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与主语动作同时发生:When we arrived, we found him sleeping.我们到达时发现他在睡觉。Living in the suburbs, we have few visitors.因为住在郊外，我们没什么访客。注:有时现在分词所表示的动作也可略早干或迟干谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔:Seeing nobodv at home. he decided to leave a note.发现没有在家，他决定留个字条。He went home, finding the door locked.他回到家，发现门是锁着的。当现在分词所表示的动作略迟于谓语动作时，现在分词通常位于句末。2.现在分词完成式的用法现在分词的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作:Having been there once,she knew the place quite well.由于去过那儿一次，她对那地方很熟悉。Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again.他已经失败了两次，不想再试了。注:(1)现在分词的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先干谓语的动作，但有区别;现在分词所表示的动作虽然可以先干谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔，而现在分词的完成式所表示先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔:Locking the door, he went out.锁好门之后，他就出去了。Having invited him here to speak, we'd better go to his lecture. 既然我们请了他来作报告，我们最好去听一下。有时即使是分词动作与谓语动作几乎同时发生，但如果要强调分词动作的完成性，也应用现在分词的完成式:Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我们买好票后就走进剧场。(2) 现在分词的完成式一般不用作定语:误:Do you know anyone having lost a cat?你知道有谁丢了一只猫吗?误:I want to talk to the person having broken the window.我想同打破窗户的人谈谈。若将以上现分词的完成式改为一般式也不可以(因为现在分词作后置定语时通常只表示与谓语动作同时或八平同时发生的动作，而不能先于谓语动作而发生):3.现在分词被动式的用法当要表示一个被动动作时，现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式:(1) 现在分词一般式的被动式:主要表示现在正在进行的动作，也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作:Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁?I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看见他被警察带走。注:有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前(此时的现在分词通常用干表示原因，目多为状态动词):Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around.由于没车，她感到行动很困难。(2) 现在分词完成式的被动式:主要表示发生在谓语动词之前日已经完成的动作。如:The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it.话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。Having been written in haste. the book has many mistakes.这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。比较:Being so ill. she can't go to school.由于病得那么严重，她不能去上学。Having been ill for along time, he needed time to recover.由于病了很长时间，他需要一段恢复的时间。3.过去分词一般式的用法过去分词只有一般式，没有完成式。过去分词在意义上最主要特点是表被动，在时间上它可以表示多种关系:(1)表示已经发生的动作:Born in a poor family, he could not go to schoo1.因生于贫穷家庭，他上不起学。Builtin1501,the bridge is over 500 years old这座桥建于1501年，已有五百多年的历史。(2)表示经常性动作或泛指概论:He is a man loved bv al1.他是一个受大家爱戴的人。The woman talked about is very rich. 人们经常谈论的那个女人很有钱。注:the woman talked about也,可表示“已被人们谈论过的那个女人”。(3) 表示与谓动词动词同时(几乎同时)发生的动作:Asked whv he came. he kept silent.问他为什么要来，他一言不发。He came in. followed by his secretary.他走了进来，后面跟着他的秘书。(4)表示现在或过去(当时)的状态:The murderer was brought in. his hands tied behind.凶手被带了进来，双手被绑在后面。4.过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别两者均可表示被动，其区别主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同(参见以上有关用法)，但有时它们也可表示相同的意思Written in haste, the book has many mistakes.这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。Having been written in haste. the book has many mistakes.这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同，但有细微区别:Having been show the lab.we left.被领着看了实验室后，我们就离开了。Shown the lab. we lef被领着一看完实验室，我们就离开了。有一种急促感”学科网（北京）股份有限公司