(精品)英语虚拟语气最全讲解.ppt

虚拟语气 1 1 语气概述语气概述在英语中，随着说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和在英语中，随着说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度不同，谓语动词就用不同的形式，即称为语态度不同，谓语动词就用不同的形式，即称为语气。英语语气有三种：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚气。英语语气有三种：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。拟语气。虚拟语气表示只存在于讲话人想象中的假设或推测，虚拟语气表示只存在于讲话人想象中的假设或推测，而不是客观现实中的真实事件。它表示怀疑、忧而不是客观现实中的真实事件。它表示怀疑、忧虑、推测、假设、想象或祝愿等，如虑、推测、假设、想象或祝愿等，如n n I wish you were more careful.I wish you were more careful.n n If I were not so busy,I would go and help him.If I were not so busy,I would go and help him.2 2 虚拟语气在虚拟条件句与结果主句中的谓语动词虚拟语气在虚拟条件句与结果主句中的谓语动词形式。形式。条件句中的条件句中的 结果主句中的结果主句中的 谓语动词谓语动词 谓语动词谓语动词与现在事实相反与现在事实相反 动词过去式动词过去式 should/wouldshould/would (be (be用用were)were)could/might+could/might+动词原形动词原形 与过去事实相反与过去事实相反 had+had+过去分词过去分词 should/would/couldshould/would/could might+have+might+have+过去分词过去分词与将来事实可能与将来事实可能 动词过去式动词过去式相反相反 should+should+动词原形动词原形 should/would/could/should/would/could/were+were+动词原形动词原形 might+might+动词原形动词原形 注意：注意：1 1主句中的主句中的shouldshould通常用于第一人称，通常用于第一人称，wouldwould可用可用于各种人称。根据意义上的需要可用情态动词于各种人称。根据意义上的需要可用情态动词could,mightcould,might代替代替should,would.should,would.2 2 条件从句中如果谓语动词是条件从句中如果谓语动词是be,be,其过去式所有人称其过去式所有人称的单复数都用的单复数都用were,were,但在口语中，第一人称和第三人称单数但在口语中，第一人称和第三人称单数可用可用waswas代替代替were.were.但在但在if I were youif I were you中，必须用中，必须用were,were,不不能用能用waswas代替。代替。3.3.虚拟语气在条件从句中和结果主句中的用法虚拟语气在条件从句中和结果主句中的用法（1 1）与现在事实相反时）与现在事实相反时1.1.I I m very busy now.If I had time,I would certainly go to the m very busy now.If I had time,I would certainly go to the movies with you.movies with you.我很忙，我很忙，如果我有时间，我就当然会与你一起去看电影。（事实上我没如果我有时间，我就当然会与你一起去看电影。（事实上我没有时间，也不能与你一起看电影）有时间，也不能与你一起看电影）2.2.If I were you,I should go and see the dentist at once.If I were you,I should go and see the dentist at once.如果我是你，我就马上去看牙医。（事实上我不是你，也不会去看牙医）如果我是你，我就马上去看牙医。（事实上我不是你，也不会去看牙医）3.3.If there were no gravity,we should not be able to walk.If there were no gravity,we should not be able to walk.如果没有引力，我们就不能走路。（事实上有引力，我们也能走路。）如果没有引力，我们就不能走路。（事实上有引力，我们也能走路。）（2 2）与过去事实相反）与过去事实相反1.1.If you had come a few minutes earlier,you would If you had come a few minutes earlier,you would have met her.have met her.如果你早来几分钟，就会见到她了。（事实上没有早来，也如果你早来几分钟，就会见到她了。（事实上没有早来，也没有见到她）没有见到她）2.2.If I hadnIf I hadn t taken your advice,I would have made a t taken your advice,I would have made a big mistake.big mistake.(3)(3)与将来事实可能相反与将来事实可能相反1.1.If it were Sunday tomorrow,I would go to see my If it were Sunday tomorrow,I would go to see my friend there.friend there.2.2.If I should do it,I would do it another way.If I should do it,I would do it another way.3.3.If I were to see him,I would speak to him about it.If I were to see him,I would speak to him about it.4.4.I I dropped the glass,it would break.I I dropped the glass,it would break.4 4 省掉省掉if if 的条件从句结构的条件从句结构在书面语中，有时可不用连词在书面语中，有时可不用连词if,if,而把而把were,had were,had 或或should should 移到主语前，形成没有移到主语前，形成没有if if 的条件从句，其的条件从句，其意义不变。意义不变。n nIf you had invited us,we should have If you had invited us,we should have come to your e to your party.n nHad you invited us,we should have come Had you invited us,we should have come to your party.to your party.n nHad you invited us,we would have come Had you invited us,we would have come to your party.to your party.5 5 混合虚拟条件句混合虚拟条件句如果虚拟条件句与结果主语的动作发生的时间不一致，主从如果虚拟条件句与结果主语的动作发生的时间不一致，主从句的谓语动词就要根据各自动作发生的时间选用相应的虚句的谓语动词就要根据各自动作发生的时间选用相应的虚拟语气形式，如拟语气形式，如n nIf he had followed the doctorIf he had followed the doctor s advice,he would s advice,he would be quite all right now.be quite all right now.他若当时听医生的话，他现在就痊愈了。他若当时听医生的话，他现在就痊愈了。n nHad I taken my umbrella with me when I came Had I taken my umbrella with me when I came out this morning,I should not be wet now.out this morning,I should not be wet now.如果我早上出来时带了伞，如果我早上出来时带了伞，现在就不会淋湿了。现在就不会淋湿了。6 6 含蓄虚拟条件句含蓄虚拟条件句有时虚拟语气不用条件从句，而是通过上下文或用介词短语有时虚拟语气不用条件从句，而是通过上下文或用介词短语等表示出来，这种虚拟语气叫含蓄等表示出来，这种虚拟语气叫含蓄 虚拟条件句，如虚拟条件句，如n nThe gifts to him would have filled a railroad freight The gifts to him would have filled a railroad freight car.(car.(货车）货车）n nI couldnI couldn t have lived through Christmas without t have lived through Christmas without giving you a present.giving you a present.n nBur for the leadership of the party,we would not Bur for the leadership of the party,we would not live a happy life today.live a happy life today.n nMan would die without air and water.Man would die without air and water.7 7 虚拟语气的其它用法虚拟语气的其它用法（1 1）在主语从句中的用法）在主语从句中的用法在这类句型里，在这类句型里，that that 所引导的主语从句的谓语动词，常用所引导的主语从句的谓语动词，常用shouldshould动词原形，动词原形，should should 可省去，但不换为可省去，但不换为wouldwould。主句里谓语动词时态不限，这类句型常用一下三种形式：主句里谓语动词时态不限，这类句型常用一下三种形式：A.It is/was+A.It is/was+形容词形容词+that+that适用于这一句型的常用形容适用于这一句型的常用形容词有：词有：necessary,important,natural,strange,necessary,important,natural,strange,imperative,urgent,essential,probable,better,imperative,urgent,essential,probable,better,keen,possible,eager,anxious,unthinkable,keen,possible,eager,anxious,unthinkable,astonishingastonishing等等 n nIt is necessary that the question(should)be It is necessary that the question(should)be settled at once.settled at once.n nIt seems incredible that he should have finished It seems incredible that he should have finished the work so soon.the work so soon.n nIt was quite natural that he should think so.It was quite natural that he should think so.B.It is/was+B.It is/was+名词名词thatthat 适用于这一句型的名词常有：适用于这一句型的名词常有：a pity,a shame,no wondera pity,a shame,no wonder等，如等，如n nItIt s a great pity that he(should)be so hard on s a great pity that he(should)be so hard on her.her.真遗憾，他会对她这样苛刻。真遗憾，他会对她这样苛刻。n nItIt s a shame that he should have done such a s a shame that he should have done such a thing.thing.C.It is/was C.It is/was 某些动词的过去分词某些动词的过去分词thatthat适用于这一句型适用于这一句型的动词的过去分词常用：的动词的过去分词常用：suggested,requested,suggested,requested,proposed,desired,ordered,decidedproposed,desired,ordered,decided等，如：等，如：n nItIt s requested that Mr.Wang(should)give a s requested that Mr.Wang(should)give a performance at the party.performance at the party.n nIt was arranged that they should leave the It was arranged that they should leave the following week.following week.n nIt has been decided that the meeting should be It has been decided that the meeting should be postponed till next Saturday.postponed till next Saturday.(2)(2)在宾语从句中的用法在宾语从句中的用法A.wish A.wish 后的宾语从句应用虚拟语气，来表示未实现或不大可能实现的愿望。后的宾语从句应用虚拟语气，来表示未实现或不大可能实现的愿望。WishWish的时态不影像其后宾语从句的时态，引导宾语从句的的时态不影像其后宾语从句的时态，引导宾语从句的that that 可省去，其可省去，其构成形式如下：构成形式如下：主句谓语动词主句谓语动词 从句谓语动词从句谓语动词wish wish 时态时态 谓语动词形式谓语动词形式 现在式现在式 动词过去式动词过去式 （与主句谓语动词同时发生）（与主句谓语动词同时发生）（bebe用用were/was)were/was)过去式过去式 （在主句谓语动词之前发生）（在主句谓语动词之前发生）had+had+过去分词过去分词 将来式将来式 should/would/might/could+should/would/might/could+动词原形动词原形 （在主句谓语动词之前发生）（在主句谓语动词之前发生）n nI wish I were/was as strange as you.I wish I were/was as strange as you.我希望象你一样健壮。我希望象你一样健壮。n nHow I wish it was not raining!How I wish it was not raining!现在如果不下雨多好啊。现在如果不下雨多好啊。n nI wish I remembered the address.I wish I remembered the address.我要是记得地址就好了。我要是记得地址就好了。n nI wish he hadnI wish he hadn t gone.t gone.他要是没去该多好。他要是没去该多好。n nHe wished you would go and see him.He wished you would go and see him.他愿你去看看他。他愿你去看看他。n nMonica wished she hadnMonica wished she hadn t come.t come.莫妮卡愿她没来过。莫妮卡愿她没来过。B.B.某些动词后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，这类动词常用某些动词后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，这类动词常用的有的有demand,suggest,order,insist,propose,demand,suggest,order,insist,propose,request,command,desire,require,ask,move request,command,desire,require,ask,move等。等。其谓语动词形式是其谓语动词形式是(should)+(should)+动词原形，如动词原形，如:n nI requested that you(should)not eat the meat.I requested that you(should)not eat the meat.n nShe insisted that the seats(should)be booked in She insisted that the seats(should)be booked in advance.advance.n nHe suggested that the doctor(should)be sent for.He suggested that the doctor(should)be sent for.这类动词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，并不考虑是否与这类动词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，并不考虑是否与事实相符或相反，或愿望有无实现可能。而只是用事实相符或相反，或愿望有无实现可能。而只是用（should)+should)+动词原形这种形式。动词原形这种形式。上述上述suggest,insistsuggest,insist等动词后的宾语从句有时根据意义可不等动词后的宾语从句有时根据意义可不用虚拟语气，如：用虚拟语气，如：n nThe boyThe boy s looks suggested that he was happy to s looks suggested that he was happy to have given his life for his country.(suggest have given his life for his country.(suggest 表示、表示、表明、暗示之意）表明、暗示之意）n nHe insisted that liming was right.He insisted that liming was right.他坚持认为黎明是他坚持认为黎明是正确的。正确的。(3)(3)在状语从句中的用法在状语从句中的用法A.A.以以as if,as thoughas if,as though引起的状语从句用虚拟语气，谓语动引起的状语从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词形式与词形式与wishwish后的宾语从句相同，后的宾语从句相同，be be 用用werewere或或waswas，如，如n nThey talked/are talking as if/though they had They talked/are talking as if/though they had been friends for years.been friends for years.n nHe spoke to me as if/though I were/was deaf.He spoke to me as if/though I were/was deaf.n nShe acted as if she would come and help us She acted as if she would come and help us tomorrow.tomorrow.B.B.以以in order that,so that,thatin order that,so that,that引起的目的状语从句可引起的目的状语从句可以用虚拟语气，其谓语动词多用以用虚拟语气，其谓语动词多用may,might,can,may,might,can,could+could+动词原形，如果状语从句是否定句，可用动词原形，如果状语从句是否定句，可用shouldshould动词原形，如动词原形，如n nShe stayed at home for a few days so that she She stayed at home for a few days so that she might/could take care of her mother.might/could take care of her mother.n nThe teacher spoke slowly in order that the The teacher spoke slowly in order that the students could/might hear him clearly.students could/might hear him clearly.n nShe took a taxi to the station so that she should She took a taxi to the station so that she should not miss the train.not miss the train.C.C.以以whatever,whoever,no matter what/who whatever,whoever,no matter what/who 之类代之类代词或词组引起的让步状语从句中用虚拟语气，谓语动词多词或词组引起的让步状语从句中用虚拟语气，谓语动词多用用maymay动词原形，如动词原形，如n nI wonI won t let you in whoever you may be.t let you in whoever you may be.n nNo matter what you may say,INo matter what you may say,I m determined to m determined to do what I think is right.do what I think is right.n nYou mustnYou mustn t be proud,however much you may t be proud,however much you may have achieved.have achieved.D.D.以以lest,for fear that,in case lest,for fear that,in case 引起的从句用虚拟语气，引起的从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词多用谓语动词多用should+should+动词原形构成，如动词原形构成，如n nHe took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.n nHe put his coat over the soldier for fear that/lest He put his coat over the soldier for fear that/lest he should catch cold.he should catch cold.n nI I ll keep a seat for you in case you should change ll keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind.your mind.(4)(4)在表语从句中，主句的主语如果是在表语从句中，主句的主语如果是suggestion,suggestion,proposal,request,order,idea,advice,demand,proposal,request,order,idea,advice,demand,necessity,plan,decisionnecessity,plan,decision等，其后的表语从句用虚拟语等，其后的表语从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用气，谓语动词用shouldshould动词原形动词原形动词原形动词原形，n nHis suggestion is that we(should)plant more His suggestion is that we(should)plant more trees.trees.n nMy idea is that we(should)go without him.My idea is that we(should)go without him.As if/thoughAs if/though引导的表语从句中也可用虚拟语气，如：引导的表语从句中也可用虚拟语气，如：n nShe looks as though she were sick.She looks as though she were sick.n nI feel/felt as if we had known each other for I feel/felt as if we had known each other for years.years.但但as if/as thoughas if/as though后面的从句的情况如果是可能发生的后面的从句的情况如果是可能发生的或被认为是真实的，或被认为是真实的，常用陈述语气，如常用陈述语气，如n nHe walks as if he is drunk(=he is probably drunk)He walks as if he is drunk(=he is probably drunk)n nHe walks as if he were drunk,(=he walks as if he He walks as if he were drunk,(=he walks as if he were drunk but he is not)were drunk but he is not)(5)(5)虚拟语气在虚拟语气在同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句中的用法中的用法在在suggestion,proposal,idea,order,plan,request,suggestion,proposal,idea,order,plan,request,requirerequire等名词后的同位语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语动词等名词后的同位语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语动词用用should+should+动词原形动词原形动词原形动词原形，如，如n nWhat do you think of Mr.Li What do you think of Mr.Li s proposal that we s proposal that we(should)put on a play at the English evening?(should)put on a play at the English evening?n nThey received orders that the work(should)be They received orders that the work(should)be done at once.done at once.(6)It is(high,about)time(6)It is(high,about)time句型要用虚拟语气，其谓语句型要用虚拟语气，其谓语动词用动词用shouldshould动词原形（动词原形（shouldshould不省略不省略)，或动词过或动词过去式，如去式，如n nIt is time we were/should be off.It is time we were/should be off.n nIt is high time that we went/should go to bed.It is high time that we went/should go to bed.(7)(7)虚拟语气在简单句中的用法虚拟语气在简单句中的用法A.A.用用may+may+动词原形表示祝愿，但愿等。动词原形表示祝愿，但愿等。May May 放在句首，放在句首，如如n nMay good luck be yours!May good luck be yours!祝你顺利祝你顺利n nMay you succeed!May you succeed!祝你成功。祝你成功。n nMay you be happy!May you be happy!祝你幸福。祝你幸福。B.B.动词原形动词原形livelive用在用在long livelong live中，表示强烈的愿望，祝愿中，表示强烈的愿望，祝愿n nLong live the people!Long live the people!人民万岁！人民万岁！n nLong live the peopleLong live the people s republic of china!s republic of china!中华人民中华人民共和国万岁！共和国万岁！C C 情态动词的过去式用于现在时间，表示说话人的谦虚，客情态动词的过去式用于现在时间，表示说话人的谦虚，客气，有礼貌，或语气婉转，常用于日常用语气，有礼貌，或语气婉转，常用于日常用语n nWould you leave a note for her?Would you leave a note for her?n nYou might as well put the meeting off for a new You might as well put the meeting off for a new days.days.n nCould you tell me the way to the station.Could you tell me the way to the station.n nIt would be better for you not to stay up too late.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.n nI would rather not tell you.I would rather not tell you.1.1.-It is a secret.Mr.Wang wont let anybody know about it.It is a secret.Mr.Wang wont let anybody know about it.-But its important to me that you But its important to me that you _me all the me all the information.information.a.a.shall give b shall give b.give c give c.gave d gave d.will give will give2.John insisted that his teacher 2.John insisted that his teacher _ _ not wrong.not wrong.a.a.should be should be b b.be be c c.is is d d.was was 3 3-Y Yo ou u didnt tell me that you wanted to go to the concert.didnt tell me that you wanted to go to the concert.-If youIf you_me,I would have booked a seat for you.me,I would have booked a seat for you.a.a.told told b b.had told had told c c.have told have told d d.should tell should tell 4 4 H Her worried look suggests that her mother er worried look suggests that her mother _ badly ill.badly ill.a.a.be be b b.should be should be c c.is is d d.was was5 5 T The manager insisted that they he manager insisted that they _another shoe factory.another shoe factory.a.a.should build should build b b.built built c c.would build would build d d.be built be built7 What a pity it was that you didn7 What a pity it was that you didn t tell me about t tell me about the accident.If you had told me,I _you.the accident.If you had told me,I _you.a.would help b.helped c.had helped a.would help b.helped c.had helped d.would have helped d.would have helped 8 8 P Professor Wang suggested that the patient _at rofessor Wang suggested that the patient _at once.once.a.be operated on b.must operate on a.be operated on b.must operate on c.should be operated d.had to operate c.should be operated d.had to operate9 _you to see your girl friend,what would you 9 _you to see your girl friend,what would you say to her.say to her.a.if b.when c.were d.was a.if b.when c.were d.was 10 10 I It _ hard now,or else we _go out and play f