有机人名反应(1).ppt
Name Reaction in Organic SAcyloin CondensationAldol CondensationArbuzov ReactionBaeyer-Villiger Oxidation过氧酸氧化过氧酸氧化过氧酸氧化过氧酸氧化生成酯(生成酯(生成酯(生成酯(Baeyer-Baeyer-Baeyer-Baeyer-VilligerVilligerVilligerVilliger反应)反应)反应)反应)Baeyer-Villiger反应反应O O 插入插入插入插入常用过氧酸:常用过氧酸:常用过氧酸:常用过氧酸:l lBaeyer-Baeyer-VilligerVilliger氧化机理氧化机理氧化机理氧化机理关键:关键:关键:关键:R R向缺电子向缺电子向缺电子向缺电子 中心中心中心中心 的迁移的迁移的迁移的迁移缺电子中心缺电子中心缺电子中心缺电子中心 l l不对称酮的不对称酮的不对称酮的不对称酮的Baeyer-Baeyer-VilligerVilliger氧化氧化氧化氧化 不同基团的迁移问题不同基团的迁移问题不同基团的迁移问题不同基团的迁移问题 “O”“O”插入取代基多的基团一边(取代基多的基团易迁移)插入取代基多的基团一边(取代基多的基团易迁移)插入取代基多的基团一边(取代基多的基团易迁移)插入取代基多的基团一边(取代基多的基团易迁移)迁移能力:迁移能力:迁移能力:迁移能力:l lBaeyer-Baeyer-VilligerVilliger氧化在合成上应用氧化在合成上应用氧化在合成上应用氧化在合成上应用 合成酯类化合物(特别是内酯)合成酯类化合物(特别是内酯)合成酯类化合物(特别是内酯)合成酯类化合物(特别是内酯)Baeyer-Villiger氧化在合成上应用氧化在合成上应用Barbier ReactionBeckmann Rearrangement迁移基团如果是手性碳原子,则在迁移前后其构型不变,Benzilic Acid RearrangementBenzoin CondensationBlanc ReactionCannizzaro ReactionClaisen CondensationClaisen RearrangementClemensen ReductionCope RearrangementCope重排是3,3s-迁移反应,反应过程是经过一个环状过渡态进行的协同反应:在立体化学上,表现为经过椅式环状过渡态:Cope RearrangementArthur Clay Cope BornJune 27,1909,Dunreith,Indiana,United StatesDiedJune 4,1966(aged 56),Washington,D.C.,United StatesNationalityAmericanFieldsOrganic chemistryInstitutionsColumbia University,Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyAlma materButler University in Indianapolis BS;University of WisconsinMadison Ph.D.Doctoral advisorSamuel M.McElvainNotable awardsMember of the National Academy of SciencesArthur C.Cope(1909-1966)nA highly successful and influential organic chemist and member of the National Academy of Sciences.He is credited with the development of several important chemical reactions which bear his name including the Cope elimination and the Cope rearrangement.nwas born on June 27,1909 in Dunreith,Indiana.na bachelors degree in chemistry from Butler University in Indianapolis in 1929 and a PhD in 1932 from the University of WisconsinMadison.nHis research continued at Harvard University in 1933 as a National Research Council Fellow.In 1934,he joined the faculty of Bryn Mawr College.There his research included the first syntheses of a number of barbiturates including delvinyl sodium.At Bryn Mawr,Cope also developed a reaction involving the thermal rearrangement of an allyl group which eventually became known as the Cope rearrangement.nIn 1941,Cope moved to Columbia University where he worked on projects associated with the war effect including chemical warfare agents,antimalarial drugs,and treatments for mustard gas poisoning.nIn 1945,he moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to become the head of the Department of Chemistry.nIn 1947,he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.nArthur C.Cope Award,in honor of his memory,is given out annually by the American Chemical Society to the most outstanding organic chemist.Arthur C.Cope Award2009 Manfred T.Reetz 2008 James F.Stoddart2007 Jean M.J.Frchet2006 Peter G.Schultz2005 K.C.Nicolaou2004 Barry M.Trost2003 Larry E.Overman2002 Robert H.Grubbs2001 George A.Olah2000 David A.Evans1999 Ralph F.Hirschmann1998 Samuel J.Danishefsky1997 Ryoji Noyori1996 Robert G.Bergman1995 George M.Whitesides1994 John D.Roberts1993 Peter B.Dervan1992 K.Barry Sharpless1991 Gerhard L.Closs1990 Koji Nakanishi1989 William S.Johnson1988 Kenneth B.Wiberg1987 Ronald Breslow1986 Duilio Arigoni1984 Albert J.Eschenmoser1982 Frank H.Westheimer1980 Gilbert J.Stork1978 Orville L.Chapman1976 Elias J.Corey1974 Donald J.Cram1973 Roald Hoffmann and Robert B.WoodwardThe award consists of$25,000,a medallion with a presentation box,and a certificate.Arthur C.Cope Scholar Awards(1984-nThe award consists of$5,000,a certificate,and a$40,000 unrestricted research grant to be assigned by the recipient to any university or nonprofit institution.The recipient is required to deliver an awards address at the Arthur C.Cope Symposium.Reasonable travel expenses to the fall national meeting will be reimbursed.nTen Arthur C.Cope Scholars will be named annually:nfour between the ages of 36 and 49,nfour age 50 or older,and ntwo 35 and younger all inclusive before April 30,of the year in which the award is presented.nNo individual may receive a second Arthur C.Cope Scholar Award.nRecipients of an Arthur C.Cope Award are ineligible to be named an Arthur C.Cope Scholar.Dakin ReactionDarzen Reactionn达参反应达参反应(Darzens反应反应、Darzen反应反应)是醛或酮在强碱强碱(如氨基钠、醇钠)作用下与-卤代羧酸酯反应,生成,-环氧环氧酸酯(缩水甘油酸酯,经水解可以得到醛和酮)的反应。n以发现者奥古斯特奥古斯特乔治乔治达金达金(1867-1954)命名。Darzens Reaction mechanism 碱作用下,反应物-卤代酯失去质子,生成稳定的碳负离子。接着与醛/酮羰基进行亲亲核核加加成成,得到一个烷氧负离子,氧上的负电荷以分子内SN2机理进攻 -碳,卤 离 子 离 去,形 成,-环 氧 酸 酯。Darzens Reaction mechanism 碱作用下,反应物-卤代酯失去质子,生成稳定的碳负离子。接着与醛/酮羰基进行亲亲核核加加成成,得到一个烷氧负离子,氧上的负电荷以分子内SN2机理进攻 -碳,卤 离 子 离 去,形 成,-环 氧 酸 酯。Darzens Reaction mechanism环氧酸酯在温和条件下水解,生成不稳定的游离 酸,很容易失去二氧化碳,变为烯醇,再经酮-烯醇互变异构生成醛或酮。Dieckmann CondensationDieckmann缩合缩合,是二酯在碱作用下发生分子内分子内缩合缩合生成-酮酯的反应,即分子内的Claisen缩合反应缩合反应。以德国化学家沃特尔沃特尔狄克曼狄克曼(1869-1925)命名。Dieckmann Condensation Mechannismn 碱夺取酯羰基的-氢,生成碳负,进攻另一个羰基碳,发生加成,烷氧负离子离去。碱再夺取一个-氢,不可逆地生成稳定的烯醇负离子,最后经酸处理得到产物。Diels-Alder Reaction Diels-Alder反应,又名双烯加成,由反应,又名双烯加成,由共轭双烯共轭双烯与与烯烃烯烃或或炔烃炔烃反应生成六反应生成六元环的反应,是元环的反应,是有机有机合成反应合成反应中非常重要的中非常重要的碳碳键碳碳键形成的手段之一。反应有丰形成的手段之一。反应有丰富的富的立体化学立体化学呈现,兼有呈现,兼有立体选择性立体选择性、立体专一性立体专一性和和区域选择性区域选择性等。等。1928年年由由德国德国化学家化学家奥托奥托迪尔斯迪尔斯(Otto Paul Hermann Diels)和他的)和他的学生学生库尔特库尔特阿尔德阿尔德(Kurt Alder)发现的,他们因此获得)发现的,他们因此获得1950年年的的诺贝尔化诺贝尔化学奖学奖。Diels-Alder反应的规律区域选择性区域选择性反应产物往往以反应产物往往以“假邻对位假邻对位”产物为主产物为主立体选择性立体选择性反应产物以反应产物以“内型内型(即即5)”为主,为主,即反应主产物是经过即反应主产物是经过“内型内型”过渡态得到的过渡态得到的 Diels-Alder 反应主要生成内型产物,可以用形成六元环状过度态时反应主要生成内型产物,可以用形成六元环状过度态时双烯体的双烯体的 HOMO和亲双烯体的和亲双烯体的 LUMO 次级轨道作用来解释。次级轨道作用来解释。Favorskii Rearrangement Favorskii重排是重排是-卤代酮卤代酮在在碱碱作用下作用下重排重排为为羧酸衍生物羧酸衍生物(如(如羧酸羧酸、酯酯和和酰胺酰胺)的反应。)的反应。环酮反应得到少一个碳的环烷基羧酸。使用的碱可以是环酮反应得到少一个碳的环烷基羧酸。使用的碱可以是氢氧氢氧根根离子、离子、醇盐醇盐负离子或负离子或胺胺,产物分别为羧酸、酯和酰胺。,产物分别为羧酸、酯和酰胺。,-二二卤代酮在反应条件下卤代酮在反应条件下消除消除HX生成生成,-不饱和羰基化合物不饱和羰基化合物。首先在氯原子另一侧形成首先在氯原子另一侧形成烯醇烯醇负离子,负离子进攻另一侧的碳原子,氯离负离子,负离子进攻另一侧的碳原子,氯离子离去,形成一个子离去,形成一个环丙酮环丙酮并五元环的中间体。受并五元环的中间体。受氢氧根氢氧根离子进攻,羰基打开,离子进攻,羰基打开,打开三元环,得到羧基邻位的碳负离子,最后获得一个质子得到产物打开三元环,得到羧基邻位的碳负离子,最后获得一个质子得到产物。Favorskii Rearrangement Mechanism 广谱性杀虫剂广谱性杀虫剂-甲氰菊酯(甲氰菊酯(S-3206)