高三英语阅读专题加强练之说明文（含答案详解）.doc

2022高三英语阅读专题加强练之说明文（含答案详解）（A）Ever since humanity began to farm our own food, we've faced the unpredictable rain that is both friend and enemy. It comes and goes without much warning, and a field of leafy greens one year can dry up and blow away the next. Food security and fortunes depend on sufficient rain, and nowhere more so than in Africa, where 96% of farmland depends on rain instead of the irrigation common in more-developed places. It has consequences: South Africa's ongoing drought the worst in three decades will cost it at least a quarter of its corn harvest this year.Biologist Jill Farrant of the University of Cap Town in South Africa says that nature has plenty of answers for people who want to grow crops in places with unpredictable rainfall. She is hard at work finding a way to take qualities from rare wild plants that are adapted to extreme dry weather and use them in food crops." The type of farming I am aiming for is literally so that people can survive as it's going to get drier and drier," Farrant says.Extreme conditions produce extremely tough plants and a few fierce plants are highly adaptable to the everchanging conditions. Farrant calls one of them resurrection plants (复苏植物). During months without water under a harsh sun, they fade and contract until they look like a pile of dead green leaves but rainfall can revive them in the matter of hours. That is to say, when they detect and extend dry period, they produce sugars and certain stress-associated proteins and other materials in their tissues to enter a glass-like state that is “the most stable state that a plant can maintain”.Last year, after Chinese team published a draft genome (基因组)of rock violet, one of the best studied resurrection plants, Farrant and colleagues published a detailed study of another candidate. One or both of these models will help researchers test their ideas-so far mostly done in the lab-on test plots.1. Which can be responsible for the reduction in corn crop in South Africa?A. Facing unpredictable rain.B. Lacking advanced irrigation.C. The food security.D. The ongoing drought.2. Why does Jill Farrar conduct the relevant study?A. To maintain the most stable state of tough plants.B. To grow crops in places with unpredictable rainfall.C. To apply the special quality of wild plants to human farming.D. To survive extreme dry weather and ever-changing conditions.3. What does the underlined word “contract” in paragraph 3 refer to?A. shrink B. die C. withdraw D. rest4. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. The research is still on trial.B Chinese team worked harder.C. One of the candidates has been put into use.D. The results contribute to resurrection plants.（B）Imagine wearing high-tech body armour that makes you super strong and tireless. Such technology, more specifically called an exoskeleton, sounds like the preserve of the Iron Man series of superhero movies.Yet the equipment is increasingly being worn in real life around the world. And one manufacturer-Californias SuitX-expects it to go mainstream. “There is no doubt in my mind that these devices will eventually be sold at hardware stores,” says SuitXs founder Homayoon Kazerooni. In simple explanation, an exoskeleton is an external device that supports, covers and protects its user, giving greater levels of strength and endurance. Sometimes also referred to as “wearable robots”, they can be battery-powered and computer-operated, incorporating motors and hydraulics. Or they can be more simple, passive designs that use springs and dampeners.“Integrating machines with humans opens up a new realm of opportunity,” says Adrian Spragg, an expert on the technology at management consultancy Accenture. “Many of the early applications have been focused on military and medical applications, but in the last several years theres been an explosion of use in a range of cases.” This expansion, which has come together with rapid advances in the technology, has seen exoskeletons increasingly used by manufacturing workers. Versions for consumers are also now being developed to help people more easily do everything from DIY, to walking, climbing stairs, and other daily activities.One report says sales are now due to rocket as a result. Global exoskeleton revenues are expected to rise from $392m in 2020 to $6.8bn in 2030, according to a study by ABI Research. SuitXs “suits” are now being tested by car manufacturers General Motors and Fiat. Prof Kazerooni, who is also the director of the University of Californias Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory, says that the primary benefit of the firms exoskeletons is to prevent muscle fatigue. “Weve shown that muscle activity in the back, shoulder and knees drops by 50%,” he says. “If muscle activities drop, that means the risk of muscle injury is less. This means that factory or plant managers get more productivity, their insurance costs are lower, and there are less workdays lost to injury. Theres less cost and more productivity.”General Motors is also looking at a battery-powered exoskeleton glove developed by Bioservo. This glove, called the Iron Hand, has sensors and motors in each finger, which automatically respond to the level of force that the wearer applies to his or her hand when lifting or gripping something. The glove therefore takes up some of the strain. BioServo says it can increase the wearers hand strength by 20% for extended periods.1. According to Homayoon Kazerooni, the equipment will go mainstream because _.A. the device can give extra strength and enduranceB. the machine will eventually be sold at hardware storesC. the equipment is increasingly being worn in real lifeD. the exoskeleton is an external device that is supportive2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to “Integrating” in Para. 3?A. Presenting B. Linking C. Supplying D. Combining3. Whats Prof Kazeroonis feeling towards “exoskeleton”?A Sympathetic B. Promising C. Concerned D. Astonished4. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?A. Wearable robots may help the disabled in the future.B. The new device will cost less and produce more.C. The battery-powered exoskeleton will change our life.D. The Iron Man has really come into our life.（C）The British Museum's rich collection of ancient Chinese paintings has attracted many visitors. At the heart of this preservation and revival of Chinese art history is senior conservator (文物修复员) Qiu Jinxian.Joanna Kosek, head of Pictorial Art Conservation at the British Museum, told the Times Publications that Qiu is considered one of the museum's most priceless treasures. "We let the treasure treat the treasure," Kosek said.In 1987, Qiu was introduced to Mrs. Jessica Rawson, director of the British Museum. At the time there were no conservators specializing in ancient Chinese art at the British Museum. The large collection of Chinese ancient paintings and cultural relics in the museum was mainly repaired by Japanese and British methods and materials. As these methods were not suitable for Chinese paintings, the art collection was kept in storage for a long time instead of on pubic display.Just before Christmas in 1987, Qiu Jinxian had her first appointment at the British Museum. She was asked to repair an ancient scroll (卷轴) by Fu Baoshi, which had been badly damaged by fire. Qiu's methods, which included washing with warm water to separate the glue in order to repair the paper, stunned people on the spot. Some of them even got out the camera to record her methods as they'd never seen this way of restoring ancient art. Mrs. Rawson was completely amazed by Qiu Jinxian's incredible skills. She immediately invited Qiu to join the British Museum. Chinese ancient paintings are notoriously difficult to repair because of their large size, complex materials, diverse colors, and rich composition. The most important thing is to understand the long history, meaning and culture behind the painting. Repair is an extremely time-and-energy intensive process.Each painting normally takes several months from cleaning to restoration and drying. Since 1987, Qiu has repaired more than 400 artworks.Oiu told the media that she is very proud of her work. She wants more people to understand and appreciate Chinese history and culture through art. Although the artworks originated from China, they now belong to the people of the world.1. Why is Qiu considered a treasure at the British Museum?A. She understands Chinese history well.B. She is the only Chinese conservator there.C. She repaired the Chinese scroll successfully.D. She has special skills to repair the treasures.2. What does the underlined word "stunned" in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A. Panicked.B. Inspired. C. Shocked. D. Influenced.3. What matters most for repairing Chinese artworks?A. A deep understanding of the objects.B. Incredible painting skills.C. Strong determination.D. A sound knowledge of Chinese history.4. What is the best title for the text?A. The Well-known Chinese ConservatorB. The Protector of Chinese Treasures at the British MuseumC. The Chinese Treasures Repaired at the British MuseumD. The Ancient Chinese Artworks Exhibited at the British Museum（D）TANAKA KANE became the third person ever to turn 118, according to the Gerontology Research Group, a team of academics. She is also the first citizen of Japan to reach 118but is unlikely to be the last. The country has the world's longest life expectancy, and 80,000 people aged at 100 years old or older.The unusual longevity enjoyed in Japan is credited to diet. Japan largely banned meat for l,200 years, and still consumes relatively little meat and dairy. Too much of these can be damaging, since they contain saturated fatty acids(饱和脂肪酸)，which correlate to heart disease. Studies have also tied eating lots of processed red meat to a greater risk of stroke. But too little may be unwise as well, because they provide chemical substance that may be needed for our blood-tube walls. In a study of 48,000 Britons, vegetarians were unusually resistant to heart disease, but likely to suffer from strokes.In theory, a lack of animal-based food could have contributed to Japan's historical cerebrovascular(脑血管)death rate. In 1960-2013, as the country's deaths from strokes reduced, its annual meat intake rose from near zero to 52kg per person (45% of America's level). Tsugane Shoichiro of the National Cancer Centre in Tokyo says that his citizens may need meat and dairy to keep their blood tubes strongthough not so much that those tubes get blocked.Some evidence supports this view. One paper from the 1990s found that the parts of Japan where diets had changed most also had the biggest drops in cerebrovascular death rate. Another study, which tracked 80,000 Japanese people in 1995-2009, showed that strokes were most common among those who ate the least chops and cream. Although Japan's decline in cerebrovascular deaths could stem from other causes, these data suggest that nutritional shifts may have helped.The unhappy irony is that Japan's health gains, paired with a low birth rate, threaten its economy. By 2060, 40% of Japanese could be 60 or older. That would produce more birthday cakes with 118 candlesand fewer great-grandchildren to blow them out.1. What is the purpose of the first paragraph?A. To provide evidence.B. To introduce the topic.C. To promote an idea.D. To make comparison.2. What message is conveyed in paragraph 2?A. A light heart lives long.B. Diet cures more than doctors.C. Happiness lies first of all in health.D. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.3. What do the studies in paragraph 4 show?A. It is vital to have meat and dairy.B. It is common to suffer from strokes.C. It is beneficial to change diet habit.D. It is important to eat least cream.4. What can be learned from the last paragraph?A. The less meat and dairy the better.B. More cakes and candles are needed.C. Medical demand for heart disease is met.D. Longevity and low birth rate affect economy.（E）When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地).In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival.Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.1. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?A. Loss of wetlands.B. Popularity of water sports.C. Pollution of rivers.D. Arrival of other wild animals.2. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?A. Acquire.B. Export.C. Destroy.D. Distribute.3. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?A. The stamp price has gone down.B. The migratory birds have flown away.C. The hunters have stopped hunting.D. The government has collected money.4. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A. The Federal Duck Stamp StoryB. The National Wildlife Refuge SystemC. The Benefits of Saving WaterfowlD. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting（F）Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the r